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        <title>Posts on Law is Freedom</title>
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        <description>Recent content in Posts on Law is Freedom</description>
        <generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
        <copyright>Copyright &amp;copy; 2008-2021 - Carlo Piana</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title>New website</title>
            <link>/posts/2021-01-10_new-website/</link>
            <pubDate>Sun, 10 Jan 2021 15:45:58 +0100</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/posts/2021-01-10_new-website/</guid>
            <description>This website went through a number of changes
From a blog with a decent updating pace, it became more of a repository of old writings.
This is why I have decided to transform it into a static blog using Hugo.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This website went through a number of changes</p>
<p>From a blog with a decent updating pace, it became more of a repository of old writings.</p>
<p>This is why I have decided to transform it into a static blog using <a href="https://gohugo.io/">Hugo</a>.</p>
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            <title>Book</title>
            <link>/posts/book/</link>
            <pubDate>Sat, 01 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/posts/book/</guid>
            <description>I&amp;rsquo;ve published a book on Digital Freedoms for Ledizioni: Open Source, Software Libero e Altre Libertà, in Simone Aliprandi&amp;rsquo;s series Copyleft-Italia.
  </description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I&rsquo;ve published a book on Digital Freedoms for Ledizioni: <a href="https://www.ledizioni.it/prodotto/c-piana-open-source-software-libero-altre-liberta/">Open Source, Software Libero e Altre Libertà</a>, in Simone Aliprandi&rsquo;s series <a href="http://www.ledizioni.it/collane/diritto/240-2/">Copyleft-Italia</a>.</p>
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    <img src="/img/book_piana.jpg"/> 
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            <title>Linee guida nazionali e licenze per l’Open Data</title>
            <link>/linee-guida-nazionali-e-licenze-per-lopen-data/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 05 Dec 2017 09:06:45 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/linee-guida-nazionali-e-licenze-per-lopen-data/</guid>
            <description>Torniamo su una materia che ci ha occupati in passato, ovvero se la pubblicazione di open data da parte della pubblica amministrazione richieda una licenza “attribution” (come quella predicata dalle Linee guida nazionali, ancora nell’ultima versione del 2016), oppure se sia ammissibile una licenza più “liberale”.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Torniamo su una materia che ci ha occupati in passato, ovvero se la pubblicazione di open data da parte della pubblica amministrazione richieda una licenza “attribution” (come quella predicata dalle Linee guida nazionali, ancora nell’ultima versione del 2016), oppure se sia ammissibile una licenza più “liberale”. Già ho espresso la mia preferenza, in documenti pubblici, ma vale ribadire la questione, visto che ancora recentemente ho dovuto contraddire amici molto preparati su ciò che sia ammissibile.</p>
<h2 id="breve-ricapitolazione">Breve ricapitolazione</h2>
<p>Gli open data sono in definitiva set di dati prodotti dalla pubblica amministrazione e messi a disposizione di tutti sotto condizioni che consentano il riuso dei dati per qualsiasi scopo, anche commerciale. La previsione fondamentale è l’Art. 52 del Codice dell’amministrazione digitale.</p>
<p>Al fine di essere disponibili per gli scopi enunciati, devono avere determinate caratteristiche di qualità, usabilità e – per quello che qui rileva – diritti legali. Vedremo in seguito che i diritti legali che si frapporrebero alla piena riusabilità sono quelli definiti “sui generis” o “database rights”. Non c’entra quasi niente il copyright come lo intendiamo solitamente.</p>
<p>Le due alternative che si propongono, come già con Aliprandi descrivemmo nello studio del Freegis.net, sono:</p>
<ul>
<li>licenze permissive (“Attribution”)</li>
<li>waiver</li>
</ul>
<p>Per una migliore comprensione rimando all’<a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/2016/01/11/contenuti-open-le-creative-commons/">articolo</a> su queste colonne e alle <a href="https://freegis.net/documents/10157/14646/FreeGIS+data+licence+1?version=1.0">linee guida</a> per la scelta delle licenze nel progetto Freegis.net.</p>
<h2 id="le-linee-guida-del-2014" class="">Le linee guida del 2014.</h2>
<p>L’art. 52 del CAD rinvia, per gli open data, alla definizione contenuta nell’art. 68 CAD, facendo riferimento alle emanande linee guida nazionali, a cui chi rilascia un dataset come open data dovrebbe conformarsi.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>L’Agenzia definisce e aggiorna annualmente le linee guida nazionali che individuano gli standard tecnici, compresa la determinazione delle ontologie dei servizi e dei dati, le procedure e le modalità di attuazione delle disposizioni del Capo V del presente Codice con l’obiettivo di rendere il processo omogeneo a livello nazionale, efficiente ed efficace. Le pubbliche amministrazioni di cui all’articolo 2, comma 2, del presente Codice si uniformano alle suddette linee guida.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>La vincolatività tendenziale delle linee guida si riferisce, dunque, normativamente, solo alla parte tecnica, non (espressamente) alla parte legale delle linee guida. Le linee guida del 2014 si preoccupano di stabilire un framework legale, e dunque si occupano ‒ secondo me correttamente ‒ della tematica di quali licenze di preferenza adottare. Sennonché adottano una scelta che secondo me è errata, ovvero raccomandano di utilizzare una Creative Commons ‒ attribuzione (CC-by). Lo fanno con motivazioni che secondo me hanno dell’incredibile:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Infine, occorre ricordare che alla maggior parte dei dati e dei documenti necessari per lo svolgimento delle funzioni tipiche delle pubbliche amministrazioni non è opportuno applicare la CC0, in quanto questa prevede il rilascio dei diritti morali che sono inalienabili, indisponibili, imprescrittibili secondo le norme nazionali ed europee</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ho già criticato ampiamente l’idea secondo cui ci possa essere un diritto morale da proteggere, in particolare su queste colonne nell’articolo sugli <a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/2016/04/21/dati-aperti-o-open-data/">open data</a> in generale, mi pare ci sia poco da aggiungere. Anzi, no. Nella <strong>nuova versione</strong> delle linee guida, questa parte <strong>è sparita</strong>. Evidentemente qualcuno si è reso conto della topica, mi fa piacere, non me ne prendo il merito, spero di aver comunque dato un contributo utile alla discussione.</p>
<p>Siamo a posto? No. Siamo a metà del guado.</p>
<h2 id="le-linee-guida-del-20162017">Le linee guida del 2016/2017</h2>
<p>Le nuove linee guida continuano a consigliare la licenza CC-by 4.0, anche se a questo punto il tutto viene effettivamente formulato più di un consiglio che un’imposizione. Anche se, discutendone con persone competenti, viene interpretato come qualcosa di più di un consiglio. Si fa <a href="http://lg-patrimonio-pubblico.readthedocs.io/it/latest/licenzecosti.html#licenze">riferimento</a> a un rimasuglio della vecchia motivazione, che impone non più tre, ma due motivi per scegliere una “attribution”.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In relazione a quanto sopra riportato, tenuto conto del contesto normativo di riferimento, delle indicazioni in tema di licenze contenute nella <strong>Comunicazione della Commissione 2014/C – 240/01</strong> e dei principi di <strong>indisponibilità dei beni del demanio culturale</strong> espresso negli artt. 10 e 53 del Codice dei beni culturali (D.lgs. 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42), si ritiene opportuno fare riferimento ad una licenza unica aperta, che garantisca libertà di riutilizzo, che sia internazionalmente riconosciuta e che consenta di attribuire la paternità dei dataset (attribuire la fonte). Pertanto, si suggerisce l’adozione generalizzata della licenza CC-BY nella sua versione 4.0, presupponendo altresì l’attribuzione automatica di tale licenza nel caso di applicazione del principio “Open Data by default”, espresso nelle disposizioni contenute nell’articolo 52 del CAD.In relazione a quanto sopra riportato, tenuto conto del contesto normativo di riferimento, delle indicazioni in tema di licenze contenute nella Comunicazione della Commissione 2014/C – 240/01 e dei principi di indisponibilità dei beni del demanio culturale espresso negli artt. 10 e 53 del Codice dei beni culturali (D.lgs. 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42), si ritiene opportuno fare riferimento ad una licenza unica aperta, che garantisca libertà di riutilizzo, che sia internazionalmente riconosciuta e <strong>che consenta di attribuire la paternità</strong> dei dataset (attribuire la fonte). Pertanto, si suggerisce l’adozione generalizzata della licenza CC-BY nella sua versione 4.0, presupponendo altresì l’attribuzione automatica di tale licenza nel caso di applicazione del principio “Open Data by default”, espresso nelle disposizioni contenute nell’articolo 52 del CAD. [enfasi aggiunta]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Dunque le motivazioni per suggerire una attribution risiedono nelle due seguenti motivazioni:</p>
<ul>
<li>Raccomandazione della comunicazione</li>
<li>Demanio culturale</li>
</ul>
<p>Lo dico cercando di non offendere: nessuna di queste due motivazioni supera la soglia minima di accettabilità di un discorso giuridico.</p>
<h2 id="la-comunicazione-2014c---24001">la comunicazione 2014/C – 240/01</h2>
<p>Il puro testo della comunicazione citata (in riferimento alla pubblicazione di documenti, ma è l’unica parte che si occupa di <em>licensing</em>) è già abbastanza chiaro da non meritare troppe chiose:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In questa tipologia riveste particolare interesse la devoluzione al dominio pubblico CC0 (7), strumento giuridico che, consentendo di rinunciare ai diritti di proprietà intellettuale e ai diritti sulle banche dati per le informazioni del settore pubblico, offre ai riutilizzatori una flessibilità totale e riduce le complicazioni collegate all’operatività su varie e diverse licenze con il potenziale conflitto di disposizioni che comporta. <strong>Se non possono usare la devoluzione al dominio pubblico CC0</strong>, gli enti pubblici sono incoraggiati a ricorrere a licenze aperte standard [enfasi aggiunta]</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="il-demanio-culturale">Il demanio culturale</h2>
<p>Francamente, scorrendo la lista dei “beni culturali” non ci rinvengo dati, banche dati e dataset. I beni del demanio culturale sono quei beni culturali che appartengono allo Stato. Anche qui non trovo niente che ci illumini.</p>
<p>Faccio un esempio: mi spiega qualcuno cosa c’entri il demanio culturale con la banca dati contenente l’<a href="http://www.dati.salute.gov.it/dati/dettaglioDataset.jsp?menu=dati&amp;idPag=90">elenco dei Medicinali veterinari autorizzati alla commercializzazione o in stato di sospensione</a> o quello contente l’analisi delle <a href="http://www1.finanze.gov.it/finanze2/analisi_stat/index.php?opendata=yes">dichiarazioni dei redditi delle persone fisiche</a>?</p>
<p>Già questo basterebbe. Nella maggior parte dei casi il demanio culturale c’entra come il cavolo a merenda. Non si legifera partendo da un caso eccezionale per regolare l’intera materia sulla base di quel caso. Si creano regole il più possibile generali, e poi si introducono, se necessario, eccezioni. Che qui peraltro non sono nemmeno necessarie!</p>
<p>È chiaro infatti che <strong>altro è</strong> un bene culturale, <strong>altro è</strong> un dato o un insieme di dati (ma anche una riproduzione digitale! di questo vedremo appresso). Un dataset contenente un insieme di informazioni su beni culturali:</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<p>Qui c’è una profonda confusione tra il concetto di dataset, che è sostanzialmente ciò che è protetto dal diritto <em>sui generis</em> e i singoli componenti del dataset, le informazioni, che potrebbero ad esempio essere fotografie. Il dataset <strong>non è un’opera derivata</strong> dei singoli componenti. La distinzione è stata operata una volta per tutte dalla stessa Direttiva sui <em>database rights</em>,</p>
<blockquote>
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</blockquote>
<blockquote>
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</blockquote>
<blockquote>
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</blockquote>
<p>Quando si parla di banche dati, si parla di un oggetto sul quale possono insistere tre distinti diritti:</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<p>Posto che gli open data ben difficilmente si occupano di banche dati originali per scelta o disposizione di opere (considerando 27), e che i diritti sui singoli elementi contenuti in una banca dati sono comunque coperti da una loro licenza individuale, che non è pregiudicata dal loro inserimento in una banca dati (considerando 26), ciò di cui ci occupiamo è solo o principalmente (ma molto principalmente) il diritto sui generis. Si tratta di <strong>dati</strong>, informazioni, le quali hanno una loro consistenza solo in quanto raccolti, non in quanto individualmente considerati (se non sotto altre forme di protezione).</p>
<p>Dalla lettura della versione originale delle linee guida si evince che ci sia stata una confusione tra i tre punti sopra elencati. Se nel dataset è contenuto qualcosa che merita una protezione particolare (ed è l’eccezione), allora a quel dato o categoria di dati conviene dare una puntuale informazione sulla relativa licenza (e attribuzione di paternità se soggetta a diritto d’autore, cosa che non è di per sé garantita dalla semplice attribuzione di una licenza CC-by a tutto il dataset).</p>
<h2 id="la-finalità-dellopen-data">La finalità dell’open data</h2>
<p>Un’ultima valutazione sul perché va preferita una licenza “waiver” rispetto a una “attribution”. La risposta non la do io. La dà la normativa dell’art. 52 CAD (che non parla di attribuzione). La norma non è un capolavoro di chiarezza, anche perché fa riferimenti incrociati ad altre norme, confondendo il piano della licenza sui diritti e il piano della tutela della privacy (che sono due elementi radicalmente differenti e vanno trattati con strumenti radicalmente differenti). La norma prevede (by default) che i dati siano liberamente riutilizzabili da chiunque, anche per finalità commerciali, anche in formato disaggregato. Un giorno faremo un discorso sull’uso fuorviante di “anche” nella normativa, ma quel giorno non è oggi.</p>
<p>La risposta la dà anche la comunicazione della Commissione citata dalle Line guida:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[…] offre ai riutilizzatori una flessibilità totale e riduce le complicazioni collegate all’operatività su varie e diverse licenze con il potenziale conflitto di disposizioni che comporta.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Inoltre, laddove si occupa di tutti gli scenari:</p>
<p>Si raccomanda di prevedere, compatibilmente con il diritto applicabile, obblighi di minima imponendo tutt’al più: a) una frase che identifica la fonte del documento; b) un collegamento alle pertinenti informazioni sulla licenza (ove fattibile).</p>
<p>Quel tutt’alpiù (“at most”, nella versione inglese; “tout au plus en”, in quella francese) non significa ovviamente “come minimo”, ma significa “come massimo”, enfatizzando invece che la tendenza debba essere al minimo delle complicazioni, stabilendo come tetto l’attribuzione. In coerenza, deve essere data la precedenza alle licenze che, compatibilmente con i diritti che interferiscono con il rilascio, privilegi il minimo di frizione.</p>
<p>Questa licenza è il modello di waiver, è la CC0.</p>
<p>Il mio consiglio sempre e comunque in tutti i casi in cui ciò sia possibile è quello di usare la CC0 quale licenza preferita per l’open data.</p>
<p>Questo articolo è stato pubblicato originariamente sulla rivista online Ingenium ‒ <a href="http://www.ingenium-magazine.it/linee-guida-nazionali-e-licenze-per-lopen-data/">http://www.ingenium-magazine.it/linee-guida-nazionali-e-licenze-per-lopen-data/</a></p>
<p>Viene licenziato sotto le condizioni Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike 2-5 (cc by-SA-NC 2.5) <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/legalcode</a></p>
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            <title>Nuvole aperte, nuvole chiuse e nuvole nere</title>
            <link>/nuvole-aperte-nuvole-chiuse-e-nuvole-nere/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 12 Apr 2017 14:25:08 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/nuvole-aperte-nuvole-chiuse-e-nuvole-nere/</guid>
            <description>Proseguiamo il discorso iniziato – con particolare riferimento alle API e alla loro disponibilità – sul cloud computing, in particolare sul cosiddetto cloud pubblico. 1{#fnref1.footnoteRef}
Cos’è il cloud Il cloud non esiste.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Proseguiamo il discorso iniziato – con particolare riferimento alle API e alla loro disponibilità – sul <strong>cloud computing</strong>, in particolare sul cosiddetto <strong>cloud pubblico</strong>. <a href="#fn1"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->1<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref1.footnoteRef}</p>
<h2 id="cosè-il-cloud">Cos’è il cloud</h2>
<p>Il cloud non esiste.</p>
<p>Esiste una serie di tecnologie di virtualizzazione, di condivisione e di interscambio di dati e di servizi che vanno sotto il nome comune di “cloud”, ma da un punto di vista tecnico e giuridico sono molto diverse tra loro. Qui ci occupiamo esclusivamente di quella tipologia di cloud denominata “<strong>pubblica</strong>”, ovvero in cui il software e i dati sono in tutto o in parte “ospitati” da fornitori di servizi non controllati da chi li utilizza, e sono regolati da rapporti contrattuali in cui non vi è (se non marginalmente) consegna di software. Le cloud private sono, invece, solamente un modo di organizzare il software, con tecnologie magari identiche a quelle usate nel pubblico, ma in cui non vi è una <strong>separazione tra il fornitore e l’utilizzatore</strong> del servizio a sua volta fornito dal software, che è in gran parte la ragione per cui ci occupiamo specificamente di cloud con gli accenti a volte negativi che troveremo in seguito.</p>
<p>“Pubblico”, in questa accezione, non riguarda dunque la natura legale del soggetto che si avvale o che fornisce i servizi in cloud, ma si riferisce al fatto che i servizi siano <strong>offerti</strong> “<strong>pubblicamente</strong>”. Dunque “pubblico” nel senso di “sulla (metaforica) pubblica piazza”.</p>
<p>In particolarmente ci occupiamo di “<strong>Software as a Service</strong>” (SaaS) e di “<strong>Platform as a Service</strong>” (Paas), secondo una nomenclatura ormai accettata universalmente. Servizi <em>in luogo</em> di software.</p>
<h2 id="le-libertà-del-cloud">Le libertà del cloud</h2>
<p>Nel cloud, e da qui avanti useremo questo termine per intendere solo PaaS e SaaS, tutto quello che abbiamo <a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/author/carlo-piana/">detto in precedenza</a> in termini di openness nel software <strong>non vale</strong>. Nel software ottenuto via cloud, infatti, non vi è distribuzione di software, ma soltanto un’esposizione via rete dei servizi che il fornitore decide di mettere a disposizione, e solo con le interfacce e i protocolli da questi predisposti. Pertanto, il “cliente” non può certamente beneficiare delle <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">quattro libertà</a>: non può usare il software, se non per quello che gli è consentito dal fornitore; non può distribuire il software, perché non lo riceve lui stesso; non può studiare né modificare il software, perché non ha né il codice oggetto, né il codice sorgente; non può infine distribuire copie modificate, perché non le può modificare.</p>
<p>Con una disponibilità di banda sempre più elevata a costi sempre più bassi, lo spostamento di un sempre maggior numero di servizi dal software gestito in locale a software gestito in remoto via Internet, dunque “nella nuvola”, diventa un paradigma con il quale fare i conti, ma verso il quale gli strumenti ormai consolidati e che abbiamo analizzato in precedenza hanno poco impatto.</p>
<p>È dunque tutto perduto, tutto inutile? Non dobbiamo usare il cloud o rassegnarci a un mondo non libero? Andiamoci piano.</p>
<p>Se nel cloud dunque non possiamo utilizzare le categorie logiche e giuridiche del software “distribuito”, abbiamo tuttavia alcune caratteristiche che ci consentono di discriminare un “buon” cloud da uno non poi troppo buono.Vi sono una serie di “libertà” che dobbiamo tenere presente per valutare se, giuridicamente e tecnicamente, si possa ottenere una situazione simile a quella che avremmo in una situazione di software libero.</p>
<h2 id="migrazione-anche-una-questione-di-costi">Migrazione: anche una questione di costi</h2>
<p>Una cosa è certa: non staremo per sempre con lo stesso fornitore di servizi. Dunque i costi di migrazione sono “<em>sunk cost</em>”. Significa che si tratta di costi inevitabili, in quanto che non dipendono da una decisione futura, ma dipendono da una decisione decisione passata e non più modificabile. Ad esempio, i costi di migrazione devono essere valutati sin dal giorno in cui concludo un contratto con il nuovo fornitore. “Addebitare” i costi di migrazione al vecchio fornitore comporta scelte irrazionali, in quanto induce a scegliere il fornitore con i costi di ingresso più bassi, ma i costi di uscita alti. Il che è irrazionale.</p>
<p>Vi è infatti un incentivo per il fornitore ad alzare i costi di uscita, abbassando l’interoperabilità e la migrabilità dei servizi. Ciò crea una <strong>dipendenza dal fornitore</strong> in capo al cliente: anche se vi fosse una soluzione più efficiente ed economica, aggiungendo i costi di migrazione la nuova soluzione sarebbe sempre handicappata rispetto a quella attuale, perché sopporterebbe costi di migrazione che restare presso l’attuale fornitore non affronta.</p>
<p>Come evitare i costi della migrazione? Purtroppo non è possibile se non affrontando sin da subito gli aspetti <strong>contrattuali</strong>, ad esempio, addossando al fornitore attuale il costo e gli oneri di migrare i servizi verso una soluzione standard. La migrazione non deve essere dalla soluzione “proprietaria” ad ogni n soluzioni proprietarie di operatori, ciò sarebbe assurdo e impossibile. La migrazione a carico del fornitore uscente deve essere contrattualmente stabilita fino a un “<strong>Punto di raccolta</strong>”. Questo punto di raccolta deve essere visto in una situazione standard di dati e di servizi. Usando questa strategia il futuro fornitore uscente è incentivato a usare sin da subito <strong>open standard</strong>, o quantomeno a usare soluzioni che consentano di realizzare in modo sufficientemente spedito ed economico soluzioni <a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/2016/02/10/standard-open-standard-diavolo-si-annida-nei-dettagli/" title="Open Standard">basate su standard aperti</a> <!-- raw HTML omitted --> che garantiscano una piena interoperabilità. Invece di avere incentivi congruenti verso il lock-in, abbiamo un incentivo naturale verso il lock-in equilibrato da un incentivo opposto ad evitarlo, perché il costo del lock-in viene pagato alla fine dal fornitore attuale.</p>
<h2 id="interoperabilità">Interoperabilità</h2>
<p>Anche nei servizi cloud esiste una tematica di interoperabilità, ovvero di far “parlare” i servizi per scambiarsi dati e funzionalità. Per avere interoperabilità occorrerà dunque avere anche qui servizi standard, o quantomeno adeguatamente documentati (standard <em>de facto</em>), e formati altrettanto standard (per i documenti latamente intesi).</p>
<p>L’interoperabilità deve essere valutata sia durante la fase di conduzione <em>normale</em> del servizio, sia durante la fase di <strong>migrazione</strong> (o cosiddetta “ripresa” dei dati e di servizi). L’interoperabilità in fase di conduzione consente di utilizzare i servizi del fornitore considerato <em>in congiunzione</em> con i servizi di un terzo. Ciò riduce la dipendenza in caso di aumento delle esigenze e di nuovi <em>workload</em> che dovessero rendersi necessari.</p>
<p>L’interoperabilità in fase di migrazione, invece, consente di esportare e importare sia i dati che i servizi (il concetto di migrazione dei servizi può sembrare ostico, ma è una cosa abbastanza naturale) senza perdita di fedeltà né nei dati, né nella <em>business logic</em> associata ai servizi. Nei costi di migrazione da considerare è ovviamente da comprendere quello di indisponibilità del sistema nella fase di migrazione (totale o parziale). È appunto di questa situazione che abbiamo parlato nel punto precedente.</p>
<p>Certo, non sarà possibile ottenere una piena interoperabilità e migrabilità sulla base di interfacce e soluzioni di interscambio valide per tutti, ma sempre di più si stanno affacciando tecnologie mature ed esempi di successo di approcci basati su interfacce standard e persino open source nei servizi cloud. La loro adozione diretta è una soluzione per determinare l’interoperabilità, certo, ma la presenza di tali iniziative fa sì che ci sia un sistema (o più sistemi) di riferimento verso i quali i produttori di soluzioni proprietarie possono creare interfacce. Una di queste soluzioni è il progetto <a href="https://www.openstack.org/" title="Open Stack">Open Stack</a>.</p>
<h2 id="sicurezza-e-privacy">Sicurezza e privacy</h2>
<p>Mentre scrivo queste righe, arriva la notizia che Amazon (AWS) sta <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2017/2/28/14765042/amazon-s3-outage-causing-trouble" title="Amazon down">sperimentando</a> estese interruzioni del servizio. Come noto, sui servizi di Amazon sono basati migliaia di siti di tutti i tipi. Un adagio vuole che non si mettano tutte le uova nello stesso cesto, ma è esattamente ciò che stiamo facendo. Certo, è conveniente. Certo, è comodo. Certo, è sicuro. Dipende però da ciò che si considera “sicuro”. La sicurezza non è una dimensione lineare, è un insieme di fattori che vanno bilanciati. Si suole dire che la sicurezza di un sistema è simile alla robustezza di una catena: si misura dal più debole dei suoi anelli.</p>
<p>Con la concentrazione di servizi e funzioni (“<em>workload</em>”), si fa esattamente questo: si mettono un sacco di uova in uno stesso cesto. Il problema è che quando i sistemi su cui questo cesto si fonda si interrompono, un pezzo rilevante di Internet se ne va a fare un giro per un po’. E con esso un sacco di gente che ci lavora sopra. Il rischio di cui parliamo è dunque quello di <strong>indisponibilità</strong> (<em>business continuity</em>), che è un rischio esattamente come lo è quello di perdita e di diffusione involontaria di dati.</p>
<p>Parlando di diffusione, o meglio, di rivelazione involontaria, essa è un fatto indipendente dalla conoscenza “psicologica” di una persona determinata, è sufficiente che i dati siano conoscibili da un soggetto, ecco che per le leggi sulla protezione dei dati personali non sono conservati correttamente. Il nuovo <a href="http://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/5187723" title="regolamento privacy">Regolamento</a> sulla privacy obbligherà in molti casi a fare un auto-accertamento dei livelli di rischio (frequenza, gravità dell’incidente e delle potenziali conseguenze) e la sicurezza andrà parametrata al livello auto-accertato, senza una soluzione unica per tutti. Per questo, i livelli di sicurezza da adottare potranno essere minori, ma in moltissimi casi saranno più elevati.</p>
<p>La possibilità che un terzo venga a conoscenza dei dati conservati è solo una delle possibili conseguenze di una cattiva conservazione. Anche la mancanza di “<strong>trasparenza</strong>” sulla <strong>catena di responsabilità</strong> nella gestione dei servizi è un elemento da tenere presente. Per dare trasparenza (ai propri interessati) occorre avere trasparenza in proprio. In altre parole, è necessario conoscere chi è investito dei compiti di rendere le varie componenti dei servizi resi, in tutta la catena di fornitura.</p>
<p>Tornando alla questione delle uova tutte in un cesto, però, ancora l’interoperabilità e la possibilità di migrare, o meglio, <strong>federare</strong> sevizi diversi, senza avere degradata la qualità del servizio, è ciò che riduce di gran lunga anche il rischio di dipendenza da un unico fornitore esterno. I servizi che per loro natura sono “commodity”, ovvero forniti da un numero non limitato di soggetti e intercambiabile, danno intrinsecamente maggiore sicurezza e indipendenza, consentendo la ridondanza dei sistemi e dei fornitori. Si pensi alla connessione Internet, ai DNS, all’archiviazione dei dati, ai servizi di database eccetera. Tutti questi servizi sono disponibili e accessibili in quanto sono basati su <strong>standard interoperabili</strong>. Il che è un modo di definire una caratteristica degli standard aperti.</p>
<h2 id="conclusioni">Conclusioni</h2>
<p>L’uso di sistemi basati su paradigmi nuovi porta sfide e possibilità prima non concepibili. La tendenza a sfruttare sempre di più SaaS e PaaS nei servizi ad ogni livello, anche da parte della Pubblica Amministrazione, crea una serie di possibili punti di fallimento che – pur anticipati da molti – vengono accettati come reali solo quando gli eventi, come quello di questa sera in cui concludo queste righe, rendono evidente.</p>
<p>Non si tratta di essere Cassandre o teorici del complotto. Né si tratta di essere faciloni improvvisati. Conoscere le sfide, appunto, è il modo migliore di affrontarle. Siamo ancora in larga parte in <strong>terra incognita</strong>, questo fatto da solo merita rispetto e attenzione, e fa sì che solo un atteggiamento prudente – né luddista, né tantomeno stupidamente entusiasta e incosciente – sia quello da tenere.</p>
<p>Il faro che ci ha guidati sin qui, quello di prediligere sempre e comunque una scelta di apertura nella tecnologia e di tendenziale condivisione, dove possibile, sembra non aver ancora esaurito la sua luce. Se c’è una cosa su cui mi sento di scommettere è che questa luce ci guiderà ancora per tanto tempo, con buona pace di chi, decenni fa come oggi, pensa di avere la verità in tasca e scuote la testa quando parliamo di questi temi.</p>
<p>La storia ci ha dato ragione in passato, ci darà ragione anche in futuro.</p>
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            <title>Occhio all’email in giudizio</title>
            <link>/prova_email/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2017 10:47:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/prova_email/</guid>
            <description>Cosa devo fare per far valere in giudizio il mio diritto, se l’unica prova che ho è un’email? Spesso ci si trova in giudizio a discutere della validità di una comunicazione elettronica semplice.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Cosa devo fare per far valere in giudizio il mio diritto, se l’unica prova che ho è <strong>un’email</strong>? Spesso ci si trova in giudizio a discutere della validità di una comunicazione elettronica semplice. Ma se siamo in giudizio, è troppo tardi per pensarci, e la validità in questione dipende spesso dalle circostanze e dalle prove a corredo. <strong>Meglio pensarci prima</strong>, possibilmente, ma questo non avverrà mai.</p>
<h2 id="il-caso"><strong>Il caso</strong></h2>
<p>Il Tribunale di Milano (sez. V Civile, <a href="https://aliprandi.blogspot.it/2017/01/email-semplice-prova-valida-sentenza-milano.html">sentenza n. 11402</a> del 16 – 18 ottobre 2016, Giudice: dott. Consolandi) ritiene che per quanto riguarda un’email</p>
<blockquote>
<p>si tratta di posta elettronica spedita dall’indirizzo della società attrice e quindi poiché in forza dell’articolo 46 del regolamento europeo EIDAS (n.910 del 2014) “a un documento elettronico non sono negati gli effetti giuridici e la ammissibilità come prova in procedimenti giudiziali per il solo motivo della sua forma elettronica” l’argomento della carenza di sottoscrizione, connaturato ai documenti informatici, non può essere considerato. […] La spedizione da un indirizzo riferibile ad una certa società d’azienda deve essere ritenuto firma elettronica ai sensi delle definizioni contenute nell’articolo 3 del regolamento EIDAS […] Vero è quanto eccepisce la parte attrice opponente che si tratta di caratteri facilmente modificabili, ad opera di chiunque avesse accesso alla casella di posta o anche successivamente, ma la parte attrice non ipotizza concretamente che questa modifica possa essere intervenuta e soprattutto nell’ambito complessivo delle risultanze processuali quella lettera appare pienamente confermata dalle testimonianze.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="cosè-un-documento-scritto"><strong>Cos’è un documento scritto</strong></h2>
<p>Nel regime delle prove per il diritto italiano, il documento scritto è la fonte considerata più efficace. Sul documento scritto vi è lunga esperienza, frutto di secoli di casi e stratificazioni giurisprudenziali. L’attribuzione del documento al suo autore può essere effettuata tramite una firma, un sigillo, una registrazione (ad esempio nella contabilità aziendale) o altri elementi che nella comune esperienza sono sufficienti per attribuirne la paternità</p>
<p>A seconda del tipo di documento che si può presentare in giudizio, l’onere probatorio può dirsi assolto e incontestabile a diverso grado. Grosso modo abbiamo questi casi:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Scrittura privata autenticata</strong> o atto pubblico: un notaio certifica con fede pubblica che Tizio ha scritto quel documento, e dunque può essere impugnato solo con <strong>querela di falso</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Scrittura privata</strong>: Tizio ha sottoscritto con la sua firma da qualche parte un documento (anche con uno pseudonimo); vi è un <strong>onere di disconoscimento</strong> del documento, ovvero la parte contro la quale il documento è prodotto deve dire “non è mio” sin dalla prima difesa;
<ul>
<li>Se la parte non disconosce la firma, questa è riconosciuta contro di essa, la quale a quel punto non può che utilizzare la querela di falso per rimuovere tale certezza giuridica;</li>
<li>Se la scrittura viene disconosciuta, la parte che intende valersi della scrittura richiede una <strong>verificazione</strong>, che è un processo simile alla querela di falso, solo a parti invertite;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Copia di una scrittura privata</strong>: in questo caso non si produce l’originale, ma una copia. Essa si presume conforme all’originale salvo che la conformità non venga disconosciuta. Non vi è un procedimento formale nel processo, il giudice può valutare ogni elemento di prova;</li>
<li><strong>Altra prova scritta</strong>: le scritture private non sono sono le uniche forme di documento scritto che conosciamo. Le <strong>fatture</strong> ad esempio possono essere considerate tali. Nel decreto ingiuntivo, anche quelle emesse dal creditore, purché debitamente registrate, sono prova scritta (nella fase monitoria; nella fase di pieno merito l’onere di provare rivive).</li>
<li><strong>Nessuna prova scritta</strong>: occorre sperare che la controparte ammetta, oppure fidarsi di testimoni e della loro credibilità (e pure di un sistema rigido e formalistico di ammissione e assunzione della prova), ovvero di presunzioni e inferenze logiche.</li>
</ul>
<p>Questo nel mondo fisico. E nel mondo digitale? La cosa è molto complicata.</p>
<h2 id="come-munirsi-di-un-documento-scritto-nel-mondo-digitale"><strong>Come munirsi di un documento scritto nel mondo digitale</strong></h2>
<p>Un documento elettronico può avere la stessa efficacia di un documento scritto “analogico” se rispetta alcune regole di base. Anche qui la prova viene associata a un certo tipo di <strong>firma</strong>, ma a differenza della firma di pugno, la firma elettronica si basa su elementi digitali, quali la crittografia a chiave asimmetrica e altri elementi che legano indissolubilmente un dato documento a un dato autore (possesso fisico di un oggetto, conoscenza di una componente segreta, dato biometrico, eccetera).</p>
<p>Ora in Europa, dopo una fase in cui era una Direttiva a dettare legge e gli stati andavano un po’ per conto loro, esiste un Regolamento (<strong>EIDAS</strong>) che consente la libera circolazione dei documenti elettronici nell’Unione Europea, con obbligo di reciproco riconoscimento.</p>
<p>In Italia la norma è stata consolidata nel Codice dell’Amministrazione Digitale (CAD) che è stato di nuovo modificato nel 2016, rimuovendo le parti in contrasto con <a href="http://www.agid.gov.it/">EIDAS</a> (o semplicemente sovrapponibili).</p>
<p>In EIDAS abbiamo tre tipi di firma:</p>
<ul>
<li>Firma elettronica basata su un <strong>certificato qualificato</strong> (emesso da un certificatore accreditato dall’autorità competente, in Italia <a href="http://www.agid.gov.it/">AgID</a>);</li>
<li>Firma elettronica <strong>avanzata</strong>, basata su un’altra forma (libera) di firma,  idonea a conferire sufficiente fiducia nel fatto che essa sia attribuibile al supposto firmatario, in maniera univoca, e che non sia stata modificata successivamente;</li>
<li>Firma elettronica (<strong>semplice</strong>), basata su un qualsiasi elemento idoneo a far attribuire, anche in connessione con altri dati elettronici, la paternità a un soggetto identificato.</li>
</ul>
<p>Solo le prime due sono considerate forma scritta, con diversi gradi di certezza. La terza invece <em>può</em> avere efficacia, EIDAS semplicemente prevede che ad essa non possono essere negati effetti giuridici solo perché è elettronica, ma spetta al singolo ordinamento determinare a quali condizioni essa è efficace.</p>
<p>Nel caso del Tribunale di Milano è stata considerata firma elettronica semplice il fatto che il documento <strong>proveniva da un’email usata dal debitore</strong>.</p>
<p>Purtroppo (ma neppure tanto “purtroppo”) tale decisione dipende da una serie di elementi estrinseci, di per sé non appare sufficiente a consolidare una giurisprudenza che faccia equiparare <em>ogni</em> email a un atto scritto,  ma soltanto alcune e alla luce di una certa condotta processuale delle parti coinvolte.</p>
<h2 id="la-conservazione-per-provare-le-email"><strong>La conservazione per provare le email</strong></h2>
<p>Un documento digitale si “corrompe” molto prima di uno fisico. La firma elettronica qualificata si basa come detto su un certificato. Questo certificato <strong>scade</strong> . Quando il certificato scade, la prova viene meno, è come se il documento fosse “perduto” o divenuto illeggibile. A meno che non si siano seguite le norme sulla <strong>conservazione digitale</strong>.</p>
<p>La firma elettronica avanzata, invece, non scade. La sua efficacia però nel tempo diventa sempre più debole, perché si basa sul presupposto che lo strumento di firma utilizzato è molto difficile da ricostruire: occorrerebbero troppo tempo e troppe risorse per falsificare la firma o il documento. Però con il trascorrere del tempo questa difficoltà si riduce, sia perché diventano disponibili strumenti più potenti e a minor costo, sia perché appunto ci potrebbe essere stato il tempo per falsificare a parità di strumenti utilizzati.</p>
<p>La firma elettronica semplice, invece, è intrinsecamente debole. Se però il documento in questione viene portato in un sistema di conservazione che lo cristallizzi, esso può assumere un’efficacia “nuova”. La conservazione, in pratica, rende inoppugnabile che un determinato documento fosse stato confezionato in una determinata forma in un determinato momento. Se questo momento è precedente al contenzioso, diventa in certi casi difficile ipotizzare che un soggetto abbia confezionato un documento in un tempo non “sospetto”, aumentando così le prove di genuinità.</p>
<p>La conservazione <strong>dell’intero archivio email</strong> che si estenda anche al tempo della “fisiologia” del rapporto e dia conto di tutti gli scambi intervenuti, rende difficile supporre che l’email prodotta in giudizio e che inchioda l’emittente sia stata creata ad arte in previsione di una possibile situazione patologica del rapporto, soprattutto se tale email è inclusa in uno scambio articolato.</p>
<p>Alternativamente, si può scegliere di includere stabilmente tra i destinatari una o più <strong>terze parti</strong>, parti che non abbiano quindi un interesse proprio e che possano essere chiamate a testimoniare sullo scambio. Anche i dipendenti dell’azienda possono essere utilizzati a questo scopo, ma è ovviamente più credibile se a questo scambio partecipi anche un <strong>terzo indipendente</strong> e che possa affermare che il contenuto della corrispondenza coincide con quello ricavato dal proprio archivio, distinto da quello della parte che agisce in giudizio.</p>
<p>Dalla parte riportata della sentenza si evince anche che, pur non ricorrendo nel caso in esame nessuno di questi casi, il giudice ha rinvenuto elementi di prova sufficienti nella mancata o imprecisa <strong>contestazione</strong> di elementi del documento e della realtà fattuale e giuridica dallo stesso rappresentata. Vale pertanto la pena, per gli avvocati che si occupano di casi in cui le prove sono email, di avere ben presente le possibilità probatorie offerte dal quadro normativo sopra evidenziato, sia per sfruttare eventuali ammissioni implicite avversarie, sia per evitare di farne non contestando o contestando male ciò su cui i documenti si basano.</p>
<p>Potrebbe infine essere interessante indagare un tema affine un post di Simone Aliprandi sul valore probatorio della pagina web: <a href="http://www.mysolutionpost.it/blogs/it-law/piana/valore-probatorio-pagina-web.aspx">http://www.mysolutionpost.it/blogs/it-law/piana/valore-probatorio-pagina-web.aspx</a></p>
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            <title>Open Standard e brevetti</title>
            <link>/open-standard-e-brevetti/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Jan 2017 17:34:46 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/open-standard-e-brevetti/</guid>
            <description>Con l’ipertrofia dei brevetti originatasi soprattutto negli Stati Uniti al volgere del millennio, e poi importata a rimorchio in Europa, ormai è pressoché impossibile realizzare una qualsiasi applicazione tecnologica senza violare un qualche tipo di brevetto.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Con l’ipertrofia dei brevetti originatasi soprattutto negli Stati Uniti al volgere del millennio, e poi importata a rimorchio in Europa, ormai è pressoché impossibile realizzare una qualsiasi applicazione tecnologica senza violare un qualche tipo di brevetto. Non importa se si tratti di uno standard di comunicazione, di uno standard sui formati, di uno standard multimediale, ogniqualvolta si tratti di normare un settore tecnologico, l’interferenza con (spesso molti) brevetti è inevitabile.</p>
<p>È un problema? Sicuramente lo è. Per capire meglio di cosa si tratti, facciamo un piccolo passo indietro e interroghiamoci a cosa servano i brevetti.</p>
<h2 id="la-funzione-dei-brevetti-nelleconomia">La funzione dei brevetti nell’economia</h2>
<h3 id="la-teoria-economica-fondamentale">La teoria economica fondamentale</h3>
<p>I brevetti vengono riconosciuti come un <strong>incentivo all’innovazione</strong>. La teoria economica è sufficientemente chiara e semplice. Tizio inventa qualcosa, ci mette anni e anni, investe ingenti capitali in ricerca e sviluppo, va sul mercato. Il suo prodotto, costa dieci euro. Ma se lo vende a dieci euro e dieci centesimi, cosa ne è di tutto l’investimento fatto? Per cui ammortizza il costo su un numero sperato di prodotti venduti. Il prodotto dunque esce a quindici euro.</p>
<p>Caio vede il prodotto di Tizio, pensa che sia una bella invenzione. Ne compra uno, lo osserva, capisce come è fatto e decide che anche lui è in grado di fare la stessa cosa. Il prodotto gli costa dieci euro, esattamente come a Tizio. Lo vende a undici, guadagna uno. Il prodotto di Tizio è fuori mercato. Allora, vista la concorrenza, Tizio abbassa il costo, ma anche così lui vende solo la metà dei prodotti che sperava, da un certo punto in poi, e per giunta con un margine molto inferiore. Tizio perde, Caio guadagna sulle spalle di Tizio. Sapendo di correre questo rischio, si dice, è probabile che Tizio nemmeno si metta a investire. È un <strong>gioco somma negativa</strong>. Non solo per Tizio e per Caio, ma per tutto il sistema, che così non riceve i benefici delle possibili invenzioni che così non verranno immesse sul mercato.</p>
<p>La soluzione trovata a questo dilemma è stata sinora quella di garantire a chi dimostri di aver dato un contributo all’avanzamento della tecnica, ovvero aver creato e concepito qualche idea che prima non esisteva, un <strong>limitato monopolio</strong> sull’utilizzo di quell’idea sul mercato. Il monopolio gli consente di estrarre la rendita del monopolista, sia direttamente, sia vendendo il permesso di praticare la stessa invenzione.</p>
<h3 id="la-limitazione-della-protezione-è-funzionale-allo-sviluppo-della-tecnologia-nel-settore-protetto" class="">La limitazione della protezione è funzionale allo sviluppo della tecnologia nel settore protetto.</h3>
<p>Il monopolio è limitato in due sensi: non si brevetta un intero prodotto (come comunemente si tende a pensare), ma solo sulla parte innovativa di esso, sull’idea che non esisteva, è dunque limitato <strong>nell’oggetto</strong>; inoltre, è limitato nel <strong>tempo</strong>: la privativa dura vent’anni, poi l’idea diventa “<strong>di pubblico dominio</strong>” e chiunque può praticarla commercialmente. Questo connubio tra la fase di privativa e la fase di pubblico dominio è importante, senza l’una non potrebbe esistere l’altra. Per ottenere questo risultato, una delle condizioni per ottenere il brevetto è quella di <strong>compiutamente descrivere</strong> l’invenzione, cosicché un esperto del ramo sia in grado di riprodurla solo leggendone la descrizione. Brevetto e <strong>segreto</strong> sono <strong>incompatibili</strong> perché l’invenzione deve entrare nello <strong>stato della tecnica</strong>.</p>
<p>La limitazione temporale è chiara, ma anche quella sull’oggetto lo è, nella teoria economica. Concentrandoci solo sulla parte che è rilevante al nostro discorso, il fatto che la protezione sia limitata solo alla parte strettamente necessaria a praticare in pace la propria invenzione e nulla più, ovvero non sia debordante (“<em>overbroad</em>”) serve allo scopo di <strong>incentivare l’ulteriore innovazione</strong>. Se il primo arrivato fosse in grado di ottenere il monopolio su tutto ciò che ha a che fare con la propria invenzione, ben difficilmente un secondo inventore investirebbe nello stesso campo, sapendo di essere alla mercè dell’arbitrio del monopolista. <a href="#fn1"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->1<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref1.footnoteRef}</p>
<p>Il gioco concorrenziale che (teoricamente) si crea è anch’esso (sempre in teoria) semplice. Chi volesse fare concorrenza a Tizio ha due strategie fondamentali: pagare il permesso (= licenza) o <strong>trovare un altro modo</strong> di praticare la stessa invenzione (“<strong><em>to invent around</em></strong>”). Se Tizio chiede troppo come compenso per praticare la propria invenzione, Caio sarà incentivato a trovare una soluzione diversa tra le varie possibili, e dunque creerà magari un modo più intelligente di risolvere lo stesso problema. In questo modo, si lascia spazio al <strong>mercato</strong>, e all’ulteriore innovazione, per cui Tizio tenderà a chiedere un prezzo ragionevole per la licenza; se non lo farà, Caio avrà un’alternativa praticabile, aggirando l’ostacolo della privativa, e in ogni caso si incentiva l’incremento tecnologico. Il gioco qui è a somma positiva e tende a calmierare i prezzi e a incentivare l’ulteriore ricerca.</p>
<p>Teniamo a mente il concetto di <em>invent around</em>, che ci servirà nella discussione più oltre.</p>
<h3 id="il-cross-licensing-il-primo-fallimento">Il cross licensing, il primo fallimento</h3>
<p>La teoria economica classica dei brevetti va avanti con una possibilità ulteriore. Poniamo che Tizio e Caio si accordino. Ancora, Caio sarà incentivato a innovare ulteriormente, perché se da un lato ora può praticare l’invenzione che gli serve, dall’altro ogni volta che vende fa un favore anche a Tizio, che guadagna con la vendita di entrambi. Se però Caio riesce a trovare un modo più raffinato di utilizzare l’invenzione originale (“<strong>invenzione di sviluppo</strong>”) egli potrà a sua volta ottenere un brevetto su quella parte innovativa a valle, e praticare in esclusiva, a parti invertite con Tizio.</p>
<p>A questo punto un terzo che dovesse cercare di entrare sul mercato, dovrebbe chiedere il permesso sia a Tizio che a Caio.</p>
<p>Ma tra Tizio e Caio, cosa succede? Molto probabilmente essi si metteranno d’accordo affinché, invece di pagarsi le licenze l’un l’altro, si paghi solo la differenza tra quello che l’uno deve all’altro e viceversa. Anche stabilire quanto Tizio debba a Caio per ciascun prodotto è difficile: vale di più l’invenzione di uno o quella dell’altro, visto che entrambe sono necessarie e non sufficienti a costruire il prodotto più avanzato? Molto spesso Tizio e Caio si mettono d’accordo per non “pesare” i rispettivi brevetti, semplicemente si dicono che i portafogli di entrambi valgono uguale e amici come prima. Questo sistema si chiama <strong><em>cross licensing</em></strong>.</p>
<p>Tutti contenti? Il terzo non è contento, perché a questo punto egli ha due concorrenti che hanno i brevetti, e lui no. Non avendo brevetti, egli non avrà moneta di scambio, non potrà entrare nel sistema del <em>cross licensing</em>. Si è creata una situazione che tende all’oligopolio, un club in cui chi è dentro tende a tenere fuori chi non lo è. Certo, anche il terzo operatore potrà mettersi di buzzo buono e inventare qualcosa di nuovo, o di cercare di aggirare i brevetti, ma più questo gioco va avanti, meno saranno le possibilità di entrare nel club, soprattutto perché i primi brevetti tendono a essere i più generici, quelli successivi ad avere qualche tipo di interferenza con i primi (più ad essere di sviluppo, che totalmente alternativi).</p>
<p>Insomma, si creano barriere all’entrata.</p>
<h2 id="i-brevetti-tecnologici">I brevetti tecnologici</h2>
<p>Nella tecnologia moderna il susseguirsi di innovazioni è sempre più tumultuoso, e ogni campo tende a essere <strong>denso di brevetti</strong>, un vero e proprio <em>campo minato</em>. Allo stesso tempo, l’innovazione sempre più spinta tende a rendere <strong>obsoleti</strong> i principi poco tempo prima ritenuti innovativi.</p>
<p>Da un primo punto di vista questa situazione crea un primo rilevante fallimento, quello di non avere più uno spazio di esercizio del <strong>pubblico dominio</strong>, che diventa privo di senso: un’invenzione di vent’anni prima difficilmente sarà da sola sufficiente ad essere praticata.</p>
<p>Il protrarsi della protezione porta anche a un secondo, <em>paradossale</em>, effetto: quello del <strong>disincentivare</strong> l’innovazione. Riconoscendo una posizione di rendita ai primi arrivati, in quanto i loro brevetti sono fondamentali per tutti gli altri, per costoro è meno conveniente concentrarsi sull’innovazione, che comunque aggiungerà poco e costerà tanto, rispetto a concentrarsi sulla massimizzazione dei proventi ottenuti dalle licenze, che non richiede più investimenti. Ciò fa sì che i primi siano in posizione asimmetrica avendo un maggior potere interdittivo generale rispetto ai nuovi venuti, coloro che hanno i brevetti più innovativi (perché più recenti) ma anche più specialistici e limitati nello scopo, se pur non necessariamente meno importanti o costosi da ottenere.</p>
<p>Nella tecnologia avanzata, infine, si tende a moltiplicare all’infinito la complessità della rete di brevetti che insistono su ogni minimo componente tecnologico, tanto da creare quello che viene definito un “roveto di brevetti” (“<strong><em>patent thicket</em></strong>”)<a href="#fn2"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->2<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref2.footnoteRef}, in cui non è più tanto importante la qualità dei brevetti che hai, ma la quantità di essi, il fatto di possedere quella massa critica che ti fa arrivare al tavolo di negoziazione per avere un <em>cross licensing</em> alla pari con gli altri.</p>
<p>Si è da varie parti evidenziato, infine, come nel software la parte inventiva sia ridicolmente meno importante della parte di esecuzione (sviluppo, testing, supporto), nel valore delle singole applicazioni, e spesso i brevetti sono un artefatto postumo, ricavati <em>ex post</em> dal realizzato, senza precisi e separati sforzi di <strong>ricerca</strong>, ma solo di <strong>sviluppo</strong>, per giunta non dedicati tanto all’innovazione, quanto all’applicazione in sé, parti innovative come parti non innovative.<a href="#fn3"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->3<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref3.footnoteRef}</p>
<h2 id="entrino-gli-standard-nel-software">Entrino gli standard (nel software)</h2>
<p>Se nella teoria classica il concetto di <em>invent around</em> è importante, nella realtà la possibilità di ricorrervi è molto minore di quella teorica. Cosa succede se tale possibilità è <strong>inesistente</strong>? Se vi fosse un impedimento assoluto ad aggirarli, non avremmo dato un eccessivo potere ai singoli brevetti? Cosa sarebbe della limitata <strong>concorrenza</strong> che il sistema brevettuale pur concede, al fine di non concedere la possibilità di innovare solo al primo venuto? La teoria economica alla base dei brevetti, verrebbe di sicuro a cadere.</p>
<p>Questa situazione avviene quando una tecnologia brevettata entra in uno <strong>standard</strong>.</p>
<p>Una volta che uno standard è stato creato e diventa di fatto inevitabile, ecco che la teorica possibilità di aggirare l’ostacolo viene meno. L’alternativa è infatti molto poco appetibile, e cioè ignorare lo standard, o crearne uno alternativo. Ma se i grandi operatori si sono messi d’accordo per seguire quello standard, la <em>chance</em> che un piccolo operatore, magari enormemente innovativo, possa farci qualcosa è spesso minima. Non tutti possiamo avere la <em>grandeur</em> che faceva dire ai Britannici, all’epoca dell’Impero:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“la Manica è in burrasca oggi, il Continente è isolato”.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="il-gioco-degli-standard-e-dei-brevetti-necessariamente-violati">Il gioco degli standard e dei brevetti “necessariamente violati”</h3>
<p>Se non puoi passargli sopra (aspettare che scadano) o girargli intorno (trovare strade alternative), ecco che concedi a chi ha brevetti che sono “<strong>necessariamente violati</strong>” da chi implementa lo standard una posizione di vero e proprio <strong>monopolio assoluto</strong> non mitigato da una limitata concorrenza tra monopoli.</p>
<p>In passato ci si è posti un serio problema di <strong>antitrust</strong> nei confronti dei partecipanti alla standardizzazione e agli stessi enti standardizzatori. D’altronde è facile intravedere nella ricerca di un <em>consenso</em> tra concorrenti (gli standard formali richiedono il consenso degli <em>stakeholder</em>) la possibilità di un accordo per sfruttare in modo anticoncorrenziale l’esistenza di brevetti. Tra un accordo, di per sé del tutto legittimo, di standardizzazione e un <strong>cartello</strong> la differenza è minima. Per quanto riguarda i brevetti, tale differenza sta nel fatto che i partecipanti allo standard si impegnino più o meno formalmente a concedere una licenza sotto condizioni ragionevoli e non discriminatorie, ovvero, con un acronimo abbastanza conosciuto <strong>RAND</strong>.</p>
<h3 id="le-licenze-rand-e-i-patent-pool">Le licenze RAND e i <em>patent pool</em></h3>
<p>Chi frequenta i trasferimenti di tecnologia e gli accordi di licenza sugli standard, conosce assai bene sia il termine “RAND” (frequentemente “FRAND”) e “<em>patent pool</em>”. Cominciamo con il primo termine.</p>
<p>(F)R ((Fair), Reasonable) :Le condizioni di licenza debbono essere ragionevoli, ovvero non richiedere un compenso eccessivo rispetto al “valore” del singolo brevetto o del portafoglio di brevetti che si ottiene. Questa valutazione deve essere effettuata <em>ex ante</em>, non tenendo conto del valore strategico che le privative licenziate hanno <em>in quanto</em> inserite nello standard (c’è chi dissente). “Fair” e “Reasonable” sono largamente sinonimi.</p>
<p>A (And) :Entrambi i requisiti legati da “and” debbono essere presenti.</p>
<p>ND (Non Discriminatory) :Le condizioni debbono essere offerte a <strong>chiunque</strong> e in modo equanime, <strong>senza favorire nessuno</strong>. Un’eccezione sovente praticata è che chi fa parte del <em>patent pool</em> (perché licenziante) non sia soggetto al pagamento di <em>royalty</em>.</p>
<p>Se il principio di non discriminazione dà luogo a pochi dissidi, il concetto di “ragionevole” è fonte sovente di diverse interpretazioni. Va ricordato che le regole sulle licenze dei brevetti “vincolano” (attraverso varie teorie, che omettiamo per brevità) il titolare dei brevetti a rispettare la sua dichiarazione. Ma la genericità di tale affermazione è tale da frustrare sin dall’inizio ogni velleità di contestarla, se non in alcuni casi. <a href="#fn4"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->4<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref4.footnoteRef}</p>
<p>Il <strong>fallimento</strong> di tale gioco può avvenire però quando uno o più titolari di brevetti non siano, almeno formalmente, coinvolti nelle attività di standardizzazione, e dunque non risultino vincolati dalla dichiarazione effettuata all’ente standardizzatore. Nel caso Rambus,<a href="#fn5"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->5<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref5.footnoteRef} la società è stata accusata di “<em>patent ambush</em>”, ovvero di aver teso un’imboscata, facendo sì che lo standard implementasse una sua tecnologia, per poi imporre <em>royalty</em> eccessive per il permesso di praticarla, senza che contro di essa fosse invocabile un obbligo RAND. Ma anche nel caso in cui un soggetto abbia effettivamente sottoscritto le condizioni RAND, vi sono spazi per abusi. Un caso piuttosto chiaro (e che richiama il caso Apple v. Motorola) mi è capitato recentemente.</p>
<p>Un noto standard, in cui si è formato un altrettanto noto <em>patent pool</em>, licenzia più di un migliaio di brevetti per una cifra poco più che simbolica (pochi centesimi a copia, con un’esenzione per un primo quantitativo annuale di copie); un noto operatore ha chiesto a un mio cliente il pagamento di una somma non molto differente per meno di una decina di brevetti. In difetto di una prova convincente, è abbastanza difficile pensare che quei brevetti valgano ciascuno più di quanto valgano in aggregato i cento brevetti più importanti conferiti nel <em>patent pool</em>, anche a voler pensare che il 90% di essi sia <em>fuffa</em>.<a href="#fn6"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->6<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref6.footnoteRef} L’obiezione che i membri del <em>patent pool</em> possano essere filantropi e aver licenziato i propri brevetti sottocosto sembra ben poco valida: proprio il fatto che si sia creato un <em>patent pool</em> che ha calmierato le pretese di ciascuno (abbia impedito il <strong><em>royalty stacking</em></strong>) ha probabilmente decretato il successo dello standard (di tale fenomeno si discute in Apple v. Motorola).</p>
<p>Come sia conclusa la vicenda parrebbe ovvio: irretito dalle mie puntuali obiezioni, convinto dall’irrefutabilità dei riferimenti alle norme e alle sentenze, il noto operatore ha receduto dal suo proposito e si è ritirato in buon ordine, accontentandosi di briciole, giusto?</p>
<p>Sbagliato. Il titolare non ha nemmeno fatto lo sforzo di replicare, ben sapendo che nessuno sano di mente avrebbe speso quello che avrebbe potuto costare una causa, con la prospettiva di essere coinvolto anche in un’ingiunzione che avrebbero impedito la commercializzazione dei prodotti che implementano lo standard, per risparmiare una somma che può rappresentare una frazione dei costi legali.<a href="#fn7"><!-- raw HTML omitted -->7<!-- raw HTML omitted --></a>{#fnref7.footnoteRef}</p>
<h3 id="le-licenze-rand-e-le-licenze-di-software-libero-open-source">Le licenze RAND e le licenze di Software Libero / Open Source</h3>
<p>Abbiamo tralasciato per un attimo il discorso della non discriminatorietà. Se Tizio viene e mi chiede una licenza, gliela do. Se Caio viene e mi chiede la stessa licenza, gliela do alle stesse condizioni, non dovrei essere discriminatorio, anche se Tizio ha uno un margine del 30% su ogni vendita, e Caio a malapena fa il <em>break even</em> e con la licenza il suo prodotto diventa diseconomico, magari perché i due sono sottoposti a pressioni concorrenziali notevolmente differenti.</p>
<p>Questo è almeno il discorso che viene effettuato tutte le volte che si avanza l’obiezione secondo cui le condizioni RAND, anche qualora prevedano <em>royalty</em> molto basse, sono incompatibili con il Software Libero / Open Source. Queste sono licenze pubbliche, in cui non esiste il concetto di “venditore” e “acquirente”, per cui è impossibile controllare quante copie del software siano in circolazione.</p>
<p>Ci si dice “è una vostra scelta quella di adottare un modello di licenze incompatibile con la nostra scelta di cosa offrire”. Tale affermazione è accettabile se la applichiamo in un modo dove la concorrenza è solo all’interno di un singolo modello di business e laddove tale modello di business sia quello di “vendere copie di software” (se applicato al software). Ma è evidente che in un modo dove il modello di vendita di licenze di software diventa sempre <em>meno</em> importante, laddove anzi nel software (e altrove!) il modello aperto è molto spesso la regola, un sistema di standardizzazione legato a modelli passati e unici risulta discriminatorio.</p>
<p>Sicuramente, ad ogni modo, un sistema che discrimina e impedisce l’accesso alla tecnologia verso una delle strategie di sviluppo e di <em>licensing</em> di maggior successo non può dirsi <strong>aperto</strong>, in quanto non può ritenersi aperto e neutrale un sistema che impedisca l’acceso a certe tecnologie e operatori legittimamente sul mercato, imponendo specifiche modalità di business. Un modello di standard che si limiti a prevedere un obbligo di (F)RAND basato su <em>royalties</em> e comunque sulla necessità di controllare il numero di copie distribuite è in aperta antitesi con un ampio settore di operatori che non solo legittimamente, ma anche con grande beneficio comune, hanno adottato un modello di rilevante successo, è chiaramente un’esclusione ingiustificata, quando parliamo di standard.</p>
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            <title>A quick hack</title>
            <link>/a-quick-hack/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Jan 2017 08:00:40 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <description>Sorry for the bad quality of this website. I needed to move away from Drupal, as my installation was unmaintained and became unsafe. Recently, I have started using WordPress and ‒ while I still have a soft spot for the marvelous work that is being done by the Drupal people ‒ having two separate CMS to take care was out of my reach and time.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Sorry for the bad quality of this website. I needed to move away from Drupal, as my installation was unmaintained and became unsafe. Recently, I have started using WordPress and ‒ while I still have a soft spot for the marvelous work that is being done by the <a href="https://www.drupal.org">Drupal</a> people ‒ having two separate CMS to take care was out of my reach and time.</p>
<p>Recently, I have started writing less and less blog entries, as the dire status of my timeline shows, and a lot more of entries in my columns elsewhere. I plan to move some of the content here, if it makes sense to me. Keep in touch and thank you for the attention you are giving to these pages.</p>
<p>Warning, the categories have gone totally amiss. They are at the bottom of the pages only for historical purposes, but they don’t work any longer (or yet?).</p>
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            <title>Una breve storia personale del software libero (open source)</title>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2017 21:31:34 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/una-breve-storia-personale-del-software-libero-open-source/</guid>
            <description>Ricordo la prima volta che ne sentii parlare. In un trafiletto su qualche ormai dimenticata rivista si parlava di alcuni tizi, prevalentemente in ambito universitario (MIT) i quali sostenevano, anatema! che il software dovesse essere libero.</description>
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<p>Ricordo la prima volta che ne sentii parlare. In un trafiletto su qualche ormai dimenticata rivista si parlava di alcuni tizi, prevalentemente in ambito universitario (MIT) i quali sostenevano, anatema! che il software dovesse essere libero. E menzionava il nome di questa accozzaglia di matti: la Free Software Foundation.</p>
<p>Per me, giovane praticante avvocato cresciuto in uno studio che faceva della tutela del software uno dei fiori all’occhiello, era cosa inaudita, che ovviamente non avrebbe mai avuto nessun seguito, se non tra questi che sicuramente erano hippy dalla dubbia igiene.</p>
<p>Avevo, in poche parole, avuto un contatto non ravvicinato con il software libero, e se a voi piace, “software open source”. Siccome la poca conoscenza è ben più pericolosa di una completa ignoranza, avevo tratto conclusioni che più sbagliate non potevano essere su quale potesse essere il futuro di quell’abominio. Come oggi, a più di vent’anni di differenza, il fatto che ne scriva su queste colonne mi porta a considerare.</p>
<h2 id="e-lignoranza-si-fece-approssimata-conoscenza-il-misterioso-codice-sorgente">E l’ignoranza si fece approssimata conoscenza: il misterioso “codice sorgente”</h2>
<p>Il primo contatto vero con il software libero fu una distribuzione marchiata Red Hat di GNU/Linux, doveva essere il 1996 o giù di lì.</p>
<p>Flash forward: anno 2000, il Millennium Bug, sul quale il giovane aveva costruito un poco di notorietà, si era dimostrato una bolla di sapone. Delle migliaia di cause che si prospettavano a seguito del malfunizonamento del software con il passaggio al nuovo millennio, neppure una. Nel frattempo però avevo avuto modo di valutare come il fatto di non avere a disposizione il codice sorgente avrebbe potuto trasformare un evento tutto sommato banale – il fatto di aver utilizzato per definire l’anno con due cifre anziché con quattro – in una catastrofe profetizzata, tanto da apparire in numerosi film (nessuno memorabile, per la verità).</p>
<p>Non avere il codice sorgente fa sì che, anche se tu hai pagato profumatamente lo sviluppo del software, il software non sia veramente “tuo”. Puoi utilizzarlo così com’è, ma non puoi modificarlo. Per coloro che non sono addentro alla programmazione, il software, ancora adesso, è sviluppato in questo modo: un programmatore usa un linguaggio di programmazione, che grosso modo sembra inglese. Righe di codice, a-capo, commenti, parentesi di ogni tipo [nota: ci andrebbe un’immagine]. Ma chi sa programmare, sa anche leggere e mettere le mani su quella roba lì. Che si chiama ‒ appunto ‒ “codice sorgente”.</p>
<h2 id="tre-protezioni-su-un-unico-oggetto">Tre protezioni su un unico oggetto</h2>
<p>Il codice sorgente va molto bene per gli umani. Sembra un testo. Sembra tanto un testo, che quando ci si chiese quale protezione il software dovesse avere (per evitarne l’appropriazione da parte di chi non aveva contribuito allo sviluppo) venne naturale pensare al copyright come se fosse un’opera letteraria. E copyright fu. Prima protezione.</p>
<p>Ma il codice sorgente non va bene affatto per le macchine. I computer vogliono le istruzioni in maniera più compatta, serve un “traduttore” che si occupi di interpretare il codice sorgente, controlli che tutto quello che serve per dare le istruzioni ci sia, traduce il tutto in un linguaggio direttamente eseguibile sul computer, metta assieme tutti i pezzi. Questo procedimento si chiama “compilazione” e il risultato è chiamato “codice macchina” o “codice eseguibile” o “codice oggetto”. Risalire al codice sorgente dal codice oggetto è estramente più difficile. In un certo senso, il codice oggetto è segreto.</p>
<p>E segreto fu. Il segreto viene tutelato da apposite norme che impediscono di cercare di risalire al codice sorgente. Dunque, questa è una seconda protezione sul software, in aggiunta al copyright.</p>
<p>Intanto particolare setta di avvocati chiamati IP Lawyers, i quali passano il giorno e la notte a inventarsi nuove protezioni, si dissero “ma perché se inventiamo un modo nuovo di far qualcosa con una macchina, possiamo ottenere un brevetto, mentre se inventiamo un modo nuovo di fare qualcosa con un computer, no? Otteniamo un brevetto”. Se lo dissero tanto spesso e con tanta convinzione, e lo dissero con altrettanta convinzione ai giudici, che un giorno un giudice diede loro ragione. E brevetto fu. Ecco la terza protezione che insiste sul software.</p>
<p>Sui brevetti potremmo fare un lungo discorso, ma ci porterebbe troppo lontano, basti dire che i brevetti sul software, per quanto di dubbia legalità, soprattutto in Europa, esistono e vengono attivamente tutelati in giudizio.</p>
<h2 id="le-licenze">Le licenze</h2>
<p>Nella distribuzione del software, una licenza non è necessaria. Se vengo in possesso legittimamente di una copia del software, ho alcuni diritti e doveri che discendono direttamente dalla legge. Di principio non posso effettuare copie o prestare il software senza permesso, non posso decompilare il software per accertarne il codice sorgente, non posso utilizzarlo se confligge con un brevetto relativamente al quale non sussiste una valida liceza o non sia posseduto dal produttore.</p>
<p>Una licenza è necessaria se il titolare dei diritti di sfruttamento esclusivo vuole restringere ciò che l’utente può fare rispetto ai divieti e ai permessi che provengono direttamente dalla legge. Ciò è possibile, a condizione di non violare le norme imperative. Una licenza è necessaria anche per espandere questi diritti, e concedere usi e azioni che non sarebbero possibili in base direttamente alla legge, incluso concedere il codice come software libero.</p>
<p>Le licenze di software libero non sono un fenomeno nuovo. In effetti, alcune tipologie di licenze, specie quelle di derivazione universitaria (MIT, BSD) risalgono a un periodo in cui non esisteva un’espressa tutela del sofware. In ambito accedmico tali licenze concedono un uso piuttosto “liberale”del software. In pratica è possibile qualsiasi utilizzo del software, inclusa la copia e la modifica, a due condizioni fondamentali: far sapere chi è l’autore del software (perché l’uso del software da parte di altri è fattore di prestigio per l’autore, e di acquisizione di “credito” universitario) e di escludere ogni forma di responsabilità. Si trattava di software libero o open source /ante litteram/.</p>
<h2 id="la-seconda-fase-il-copyleft">La seconda fase: il copyleft</h2>
<p>Richard M. Stallman, il fondatore del nuovo movimento di liberazione del software, si rese conto che in ambito “commerciale” non valeva la regola del tutti condividono tutto, salvo il dovere di attribuzione, cui era abituato in ambito universitario. Galeotta fu una stampante di rete, una fantastica stampante laser dipartimentale, che aveva però l’abitudine di incepparsi. Siccome la utilizzavano in tanti, per produrre stampe di tante pagine, a ogni inceppamento i lavori restavano in coda fino a che qualcuno non li andava a ritirare e si accorgeva dell’inghippo. A quel punto i lavori a seguire venivano ritardati anche di molto. Per ovviare a ciò Stallman aveva modificato il software in modo che, invece di un semplicemente far accendere un una lucetta sulla stampante, venisse inviato un messaggio in rete, così il proprietario del lavoro inceppato – informato – poteva alzarsi e risolvere subito l’inceppatura.</p>
<p>Quando il dipartimento di Stallman ricevette una nuova stampante, Stallman cercò il modo di effettuare l stessa modifica, ma non trovò – con sua sorpresa – il codice sorgente. Pensando a un errore, contattò il produttore, ma gli venne spiegato che quella era la politica, il software era loro e non rilasciavano i sorgenti. Niente sorgenti, niente modifiche. Stallman non la prese bene, e trovò una soluzione piuttosto radical al problema:fondò il progetto GNU per realizzare da zero un intero sistema operativo (un UNIX) interamente fatto di software libero, ovvero che rispettava le quattro libertà che individuò nel seguente tetralogo:</p>
<ul>
<li>Libertà di eseguire il programma come si desidera, per qualsiasi scopo (libertà 0).</li>
<li>Libertà di studiare come funziona il programma e di modificarlo in modo da adattarlo alle proprie necessità (libertà 1). L’accesso al codice sorgente ne è un prerequisito.</li>
<li>Libertà di ridistribuire copie in modo da aiutare il prossimo (libertà 2).</li>
<li>Libertà di migliorare il programma e distribuirne pubblicamente i miglioramenti da voi apportati (e le vostre versioni modificate in genere), in modo tale che tutta la comunità ne tragga beneficio (libertà 3). L’accesso al codice sorgente ne è un prerequisito.</li>
</ul>
<p>Di UNIX “liberi” già ce n’erano stati. Anzi, UNIX era nato libero. Poi diversi operatori avevano preso quel codice e, grazie al fatto che era licenziato con condizioni permissive, ne avevano creato diverse versioni proprietarie, ognuna incompatibile con le altre. Stallman non voleva che la propria creatura subisse la stessa sorte. E la soluzione fu il copyelft.</p>
<p>Copyleft, ne abbiamo parlato nella puntata scorsa, è un insieme di condizioni che tendono a forzare il fatto che una volta che un’opera è stata licenziata sotto una particolare licenza, tutte successive opere derivate conservino la stessa licenza. Non è però solo una questione di licenza. Occorre anche effettivamente avere la possibilità materiale di modificare il software. Averne semplicemente il diritto non è sufficiente. Ecco perché nel software è particolarmente importante avere accesso al codice sorgente. Ecco perché una delle condizioni più importanti per il copyleft nel software è quella di mettere a disposizione la versione completa del codice sorgente corrispondente alla versione modificata, così che anche lo sviluppatore iniziale possa giovarsi delle modifiche.</p>
<p>Nel software, per questa ragione, “copyleft” viene sovente tradotto con “accesso al codice sorgente”. Questa identificazione della parte con il tutto è alla base anche dell’espressione di “open source”(“sorgente aperto”) rispetto al più corretto “software libero”, in cui “copyleft” è un attributo di alcune licenze (ma ovviamente non di tutte). Non tutto il software libero, anche quello nato in tempi più recenti, infatti, pretende l’accesso al codice sorgente come condizione di licenza. Nondimeno molto spesso anche software non soggetto a condizioni di copyleft vede, di fatto, un accesso anche integrale al codice sorgente, ma senza che vi sia una garanzia che ciò avvenga, come appunto per gli UNIX nati in ambito universitario, e come più tardi accadrà con il sistema operativo dei Macintosh di Apple, MacOSX.</p>
<p>Per il proprio sistema operativo Stallman non vuole affidarsi alla buona volontà di chi lo modificherà, per ricevere gli sviluppi che altri faranno, come fecero i suoi predecessori. Vuole che ciò sia una precisa condizione, ovvero usa per primo il “copyleft”, e inventa la licenza GNU General Public License. Che avrà un successo enorme, tanto da essere applicata a più della metà dei progetti di software libero, e sarà nota sotto il nome più colloquiale di “GPL”.</p>
<p>GNU diventerà un sistema operativo di estremo successo quando al kernel originale (la parte che nel sistema operativo si occupa delle funzioni più di base e dell’interazione tra il software e l’hardware) che Stallman aveva sviluppato (Hurd) verrà preferito quello sviluppato da un giovane (allora) studente universitario finlandese, Linus Torvalds, che lo chiamerà “Linux”. Il sistema GNU + Linux verrà poi conosciuto più generalmente con il nome del solo kernel, ovvero “Linux”. Il successo di questo sistema è tanto enorme quanto in parte misconsciuto. GNU/Linux sarà il sistema operativo che fornirà la spina dorsale di Internet come la conosciamo, su di esso è fondato quasi tutto quello che sostiente Internet come infrastruttura (server, router, apparati di ogni genere) e come servizi: tutti i social network e quasi tutti i servizi in cloud sono basati sotto qualche forma di GNU/Linux, e Linux in combinazione con una variante di Java chiamata Dalvik sarà meglio nota come “Android”.</p>
<p>E’ stata una rivoluzione nata da una combinazione tra un ricercatore, una stampante e una licenza, che ha cambiato l’informatica per sempre. E lo ha fatto non solo con Linux, ma con una serie ormai quasi infinita che ne ha raccolto il testimone in quasi tutti i campi. Nella prossima puntata esamineremo il mondo delle licenze di software libero e le loro varie tipologie.</p>
<p>[Questo articolo è stato pubblicato su Techeconomy <a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/2015/10/14/breve-storia-personale-software-libero-open-source/">http://www.techeconomy.it/2015/10/14/breve-storia-personale-software-libero-open-source/</a>]</p>
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            <title>Brevi cenni sull’universo (aperto)</title>
            <link>/brevi-cenni-sulluniverso-aperto/</link>
            <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2017 14:13:57 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/brevi-cenni-sulluniverso-aperto/</guid>
            <description>Un detto piuttosto famoso recita più o meno “chi ha come unico strumento un martello, tende a vedere qualsiasi problema come un chiodo”. Sembrerebbe questa la ragione per cui un giurista tenda a vedere qualsiasi tema come un tema giuridico.</description>
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<p>Un detto piuttosto famoso recita più o meno “chi ha come unico strumento un martello, tende a vedere qualsiasi problema come un chiodo”. Sembrerebbe questa la ragione per cui un giurista tenda a vedere qualsiasi tema come un tema giuridico. Mi dichiaro allora colpevole del reato ascritto: vedo l’“open” dal punto di vista giuridico. Inauguro oggi una serie di articoli – sempre che me li pubblichino, dopo questo, anzi, sempre che mi pubblichino questo – in tema di <em>openness</em>, apertura in tecnologia. Mi occuperò in seguito di tutte le sfaccettature dell’open, dall’<em>open source</em>/software libero all’<em>open content</em>, dagli <em>open data</em> agli <em>open standard</em>, dall’<em>open hardware</em> all’<em>open whatever</em>.</p>
<p>Ma cos’è “open”?</p>
<p>Un altro detto famoso recita “non so cos’è la pornografia, ma la riconosco quando la vedo”. Molti pensano di sapere cosa sia l’open-qualcosa soltanto guardandolo. Ma, pur essendoci qualche affinità di concetti tra la pornografia e i <em>diversi</em> tipi di apertura di cui ci occupiamo, le cose non funzionano così. Per riconoscere cosa è “open” occorre saper riconoscere cosa è “chiuso” e dunque sapere in che modo qualcosa di immateriale possa essere chiuso. Guarda caso, e qui torniamo al punto di partenza, la gran parte dei modi in cui ciò di cui ci occupiamo viene “chiuso” è una norma giuridica, si chiami esso “copyright”, “brevetto”, “diritto <em>sui generis</em>”, “segreto”. Pertanto, stabilire se quel qualcosa sia aperto, significa stabilire se ricada, o non ricada, in – o sia sufficientemente libero da – vincoli giuridici che ne rendono difficoltoso o impossibile l’uso, la replicazione, la modifica, la diffusione secondo i dettami dell’<em>openness</em>.</p>
<p>Ecco dimostrato: è una questione giuridica.</p>
<h2 id="ecce-homo-restrictivus"><em>Ecce homo restrictivus</em>!</h2>
<p>Diciamo la verità, l’uomo tende a rendersi comoda la vita. Non che questa sia una tendenza irragionevole o nefasta, intendiamoci. L’innovazione tecnologica e il progresso nascono da questa spinta. A volte però l’uomo tende a usare qualche espediente per ritrovarsi in una <strong>situazione protetta</strong>. Fino a non molto tempo fa, diciamo fino al nascere della borghesia e alla rivoluzione industriale, l’ambito della protezione promanava da chi deteneva il potere, fosse esso politico o religioso. Alcuni ambiti della vita e dell’iniziativa economica erano strettamente riservati al titolare del potere, il quale aveva pertanto la facoltà di concedere graziosamente (= per grazia) diritti e guarentigie. Risale a questo periodo il concetto di “patente”, come “permesso”, da cui deriverà il termine “<em>patent</em>”, “brevetto”. Inclusa la nefanda “patente da corsa”, che non abilitava a guidare veicoli sportivi in circuiti motoristici, ma a depredare altre navi in nome del Re.</p>
<p>Nelle scienze liberali e nella tecnica, invece, vigeva, da un punto di vista dell’iniziativa economica, una larga libertà. Potere temporale e potere religioso si affiancavano – è vero – nel controllare la libera espressione del pensiero, e anche nella scienza, il professare certe teorie non portava alcunché di buono. Tuttavia, nei rapporti tra “pari” non vi era alcun limite nell’utilizzo di beni intellettuali altrui. Anzi, <strong>il concetto di</strong> “<strong>bene intellettuale</strong>” non esisteva, non esisteva dunque neanche il concetto di “bene intellettuale altrui”. Addirittura, nel sistema delle botteghe, neppure il diritto morale di essere riconosciuto autore esisteva, le opere erano naturalmente collettive. Se poi uno voleva dipingere un San Sebastiano o una Deposizione dalla Croce, lo faceva prendendo a modello, molto spesso sostanzialmente copiando, pezzi di lavoro di qualcun altro. Se uno voleva creare un tessuto identico a quello visto in un viaggio nelle Fiandre, lo poteva fare, se ne era capace. Il rinascimento nacque così, senza <strong>copyright</strong>, senza brevetti, in parte senza marchi, senza design, senza diritti <strong><em>sui generis</em></strong>, senza modelli di utilità, eccetera eccetera.</p>
<p>È solo con la l’invenzione e la diffusione della stampa a caratteri mobili che si affronta per la prima volta il problema derivante dal fatto che un rilevante investimento come quello effettuato per l’edizione di un libro, possa essere appropriato da qualcuno che si limiti a copiarlo, con poca spesa. Con la riduzione dei costi di stampa, si rende per la prima volta palese il valore “intellettuale” di creazione dell’opera rispetto al costo materiale di produrre il singolo esemplare. Prima, hai voglia copiare Leonardo o Raffaello dipingendo come Leonardo e Raffaello! Ecco che nasce il “<em>copyright</em>”, con lo <em>Statute of Anne</em> (1709-10), che mira a proteggere il diritto <strong>dello stampatore</strong> sulla possibilità di trarre copie dei libri (ecco perché copy-right).</p>
<p>Ma per le altre opere dell’intelletto, come ci si faceva a proteggere? Se si inventava il modo di rendere la terracotta più leggera, più bella, più resistente, più bianca, come fare a non consentire ad altri di produrla “rubando” l’idea? Semplice: si teneva la cosa <strong>segreta</strong> (è avvenuto con la ceramica, con la seta, ad esempio). Ma non per ogni cosa tenere il segreto era possibile, alcune invenzioni erano auto-evidenti a partire dal prodotto in sé. Se l’efficienza di una macchina a vapore veniva aumentata facendo passare nella caldaia tubi dell’aria calda, era sufficiente comprare una locomotiva, smontarla e vedere come funzionava (oggi si chiamerebbe “<em>reverse engineering</em>”). Inoltre, tenere segreta una tecnologia non consente ad altri di poterla migliorare: da un punto di vista dell’economia generale affidarsi al segreto non è efficiente per l’innovazione tecnologica. Ecco che intorno alla seconda metà del sedicesimo secolo inizia a fare la sua apparizione in maniera significativa una diversa protezione, quella delle invenzioni industriali, con i <strong>brevetti</strong>. Un brevetto consente una privativa sullo sfruttamento di una determinata invenzione, a patto di averla completamente descritta, e solo per un limitato periodo di <strong>tempo</strong>, dopo di che entra nel “<strong>pubblico dominio</strong>”. La teoria classica prevede che ciò crei un incentivo a intensificare la ricerca e lo sviluppo della tecnica, incentivo costituito dalla promessa di ottenere un limitato monopolio, rendendo un bene scarso ciò che è naturalmente un bene illimitatamente disponibile, ovvero un’idea resa pubblica. È infatti un monopolio la privativa che queste leggi creano, dando a un soggetto il diritto arbitrario di decidere come sfruttare (con alcuni limiti) le proprie creazioni. Diritti che possono essere trasferiti a titolo originario o derivato (licenze).</p>
<p>E ciò sembrò talmente una cosa buona, che il sistema è pervenuto a noi sostanzialmente invariato sino ad oggi. A nessuno pare vero di poter creare, con un colpo di penna, valori economici dal nulla: i “beni intellettuali”. Da allora ci si è mossi solo nella direzione di allargare i termini di tutela, introducendo nuovi diritti e nuove privative, allungando i termini di protezione – anche al di là di ciò che sarebbe naturalmente un “incentivo” –, rendendo in alcuni casi automatico ottenere e mantenere il diritto (come nel caso del copyright), <strong>limitando</strong> sempre di più lo spazio di ciò che è <strong>libero</strong> e non soggetto ad altrui diritti, fino alla situazione odierna in cui in pratica vi sono ambiti dove si è sostanzialmente privi di un pubblico dominio significativo (come nella letteratura, nel cinema, nella tecnologia dell’informazione).</p>
<h2 id="i-benefici-dei-commons-e-la-tragedia-degli-anticommons">I benefici dei <em>commons</em> e la tragedia degli <em>anticommons</em></h2>
<p>Il pensiero comune si è nel frattempo conformato allo stato dell’arte, tanto da far ritenere naturale pensare ai “beni intellettuali” come una proprietà, allo stesso modo di una sedia o di un terreno. Da qui il concetto di “proprietà intellettuale”, che ha dato origine a teorie giusnaturaliste circa la stessa, quasi come se essa sia un diritto universale dell’umanità, e non una creazione del diritto che non è esistita se non nell’ultima parte della storia umana.</p>
<p>Segue l’<strong>iperfetazione</strong> attuale <strong>di protezioni</strong> e la moria degli usi liberi a cui assistiamo oggi. Non sazi, inventiamo protezioni ogni giorno. Sembra che se un ambito non sia oggetto di almeno tre o quattro protezioni giuridiche contemporaneamente, sia un reietto della società.</p>
<p>Ma ogni situazione di protezione deve trovare un limite, o si scade nell’arbitrio, nella sopraffazione. Siamo al punto di non poter oggi girare un film senza dover chiedere almeno un centinaio di permessi, per inquadrare un ponte, un edificio, un poster, un prodotto industriale. Di non poter creare un prodotto di un qualsiasi tipo senza dover prendere in licenza centinaia, migliaia, decine di migliaia di brevetti, diventati in molti campi un freno anziché un incentivo all’innovazione.</p>
<p>La situazione è quella riassunta molto bene da Lawrence Lessig col termine “tragedia degli <em>anticommons</em>”, ribaltando un’espressione resa popolare dal titolo di un lavoro di Garret Hardin “La tragedia dei <em>commons</em>” in cui descriveva come il libero (meglio: sregolato) utilizzo di risorse comuni porta alla distruzione delle risorse e all’impoverimento degli utilizzatori. Ma Hardin descriveva i beni fisici, non i beni intellettuali, dove, anzi, la creazione di un “common” consente la moltiplicazione del valore di quel bene.</p>
<p>L’openness, nell’accezione principale, è appunto questo: far rientrare quanto più possibile in un terreno di libero accesso, di libero utilizzo, di libera modifica, di libera redistribuzione, ciò che sarebbe invece ristretto e proprietario. Creare, in ultima analisi, dei <em>commons</em>.</p>
<h2 id="gli-strumenti-dei-commons-sono-strumenti-legali">Gli strumenti dei <em>commons</em> sono strumenti legali</h2>
<p>Il principale strumento con cui si creano i <em>commons</em> sono di tipo legale. Paradossalmente, è diventato oggi difficile, in certi casi addirittura macchinoso, far sì che un bene intellettuale sia liberamente utilizzabile. In certi ambiti e in molte legislazioni ciò è addirittura in teoria impossibile, in altri casi è estremamente difficile e in molti di più richiede uno sforzo positivo notevole.</p>
<p>Regna sovrana in tale ambito la licenza, che è lo strumento giuridico con il quale chi è titolare di diritti di privativa ne condcede ad altri il permesso (licet = è consentito) di farne ciò che altrimenti sarebbe riservato. Il primo, e in molti casi l’unico, modo per giudicare se qualcosa sia “open” è infatti verificare se chi ne ha i diritti abbia apposto una licenza che consenta agli altri di usare liberamente l’oggetto del rilascio. È una licenza particolare. È gratuita, mentre “tradizionalmente” la licenza è a pagamento. È pubblica, mentre tradizionalmente è individuale. È estensibile da chiunque la riceva dal primo percettore verso chiunque altro, mentre tradizionalmente è intrasmissibile o è trasmissibile solo a patto che chi la cede se ne spogli.</p>
<p>Semplice vero?</p>
<p>Per nulla!</p>
<p>Il concetto di “open” va valutato sotto molti profili, e non sempre gli stessi principi valgono per tutti gli ambiti e per tutti i diritti di privativa. Se un bene immateriale è protetto dal copyright, è sufficiente ottenere il permesso da chi ne detiene i diritti per essere (ragionevolmente) sicuri di essere in un terreno libero. Se è in un ambito protetto da brevetti, la cosa si complica e si può solo escludere che un limitato o definito numero di brevetti possa essere utilizzato contro l’apertura di quel bene, ma non che non esista un brevetto che tale apertura possa prevenire. È come avere cento lucchetti su una porta: toglierne 99 non è sufficiente a entrare.</p>
<p>Altri diritti di privativa, invece, sono del tutto irrilevanti rispetto alla creazione di un common intellettuale. È il caso dei <strong>marchi</strong>, che ben difficilmente possono essere d’intralcio ai liberi utilizzi di un bene intellettuale (non che non vi sia un uso abominevole dei marchi, ma solitamente ogni abuso è diretto verso altri marchi o segni distintivi).</p>
<h2 id="il-copyleft">Il <em>copyleft</em></h2>
<p>Inoltre, le licenze sono strumenti legali che concedono diritti, ma lo fanno in molti casi con alcune condizioni. Condizioni diverse possono essere incompatibili tra loro, creando così una frammentazione dei commons, rendendoli reciprocamente non mescolabili tra loro, o mescolabili in una sola direzione. È questo il caso del cosiddetto “<strong><em>copyleft</em></strong>”, concetto misconosciuto ai più e che è di fondamentale importanza per chi si occupi di openness. Il <em>copyleft</em>, in breve, consiste in una serie di condizioni poste dal titolare dei diritti come contraltare della licenza, per fare in modo che ciò che è stato rilasciato come libero rimanga (<em>be left</em>) libero. “<em>Left</em>” (inteso come “sinistra”) è anche il contrario di “<em>right</em>” (inteso come “destra”), e dunque “<em>copyleft</em>” è anche uno sberleffo a “<em>copyright</em>”, pur non essendone affatto il contrario (un non-copyright, come molti pensano), anzi, essendo l’uso del <em>copyright</em> per mantenere aperto ciò che in assenza potrebbe venire chiuso, proprietarizzato. <em>Copyleft</em> che ha senso – a mio modesto parere è una necessità – in ambiti che vedono la necessità di preservare “ereditariamente” le condizioni di libertà e apertura in tutte le opere che sfuttano il lavoro precedente (è il caso ovviamente del software, in larga misura dei contenuti creativi), mentre non ha affatto senso, anzi, potrebbe essere deleterio, in ambiti che non vedono il copyright, e dunque il concetto di “opera derivata” come elemento principale di protezione, ed è ad esempio il caso dell’open hardware, degli open standard, degli open data.</p>
<h2 id="prime-conclusioni">Prime conclusioni</h2>
<p>Brevi cenni, avevo detto, e brevi sono stati, rispetto a quanto ci sarebbe da dire in tema. Vedremo nei prossimi contributi come il concetto di openness si declina e quali sono le implicazioni. Per il momento, <em>repetita iuvant</em>, non è possibile parlare di openness senza considerare che si tratta di vincere vincoli giuridici tramite strumenti giuridici. Anche se, ovviamente, per produrre <em>commons</em> immateriali occorre ben più di una licenza!</p>
<p>[Articolo apparso su TechEconomy <a href="http://www.techeconomy.it/2015/09/11/brevi-cenni-sulluniverso-aperto/">http://www.techeconomy.it/2015/09/11/brevi-cenni-sulluniverso-aperto/</a> ]</p>
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            <title>Due modi di fare le leggi</title>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 15 Feb 2016 10:29:22 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 4-ler Le sentenze e le altre decisioni rese dall&#39;autorità giudiziaria successivamente al 1° gennaio 2016 sono pubblicate sui siti Internet istituzionali delle autorità che le hanno emanate, su quelli di terzi e in qualsiasi forma, per ﬁnalità di informazione giuridica su riviste giuridiche, supporti elettronici o mediante reti di comunicazione elettronica, previa anonimizzazione dei dati personali in esse contenuti, fatti salvi quelli dei giudici e degli avvocati.</description>
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      4-ler Le sentenze e le altre decisioni rese dall'autorità giudiziaria successivamente al 1° gennaio 2016 sono pubblicate sui siti Internet istituzionali delle autorità che le hanno emanate, su quelli di terzi e in qualsiasi forma, per ﬁnalità di informazione giuridica su riviste giuridiche, supporti elettronici o mediante reti di comunicazione elettronica, previa anonimizzazione dei dati personali in esse contenuti, fatti salvi quelli dei giudici e degli avvocati.
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    Norma scritta meno coi piedi (tradotta in italiano giuridico da me):
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    &lt;p&gt;
      Le sentenze e le altre decisioni rese dall'autorità giudiziaria successivamente al 01/01/2016 e destinate alla pubblicazione secondo le norme di procedura, possono essere diffuse [in forma digitale] per finalità di informazione giuridica unicamente a seguito dell'anonimizzazione di tutti i dati personali. L'anonimizzazione non riguarda il nome e il cognome dei giudici e il nome, il cognome e l'indirizzo di studio [e il codice fiscale] degli avvocati che abbiano partecipato al giudizio.
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    Se qualcuno nota la differenza, non è un candidato ideale per gli uffici legislativi del nostro Governo.
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    Non sono solo le virgole messe dove capita, è proprio che non capiscono come una norma deve individuare il tipo di precetto che deve emettere, le condizioni, l'ambito di applicazione. Non scrivere a caso parole in libertà senza idea di quale ruolo esse abbiano nella norma stessa, che prevede sempre una fattispecie e un obbligo, una facoltà, qualcosa.
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            <title>Net neutrality for dummies (me)</title>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2014 17:54:37 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <title>L’obbligo di preferire il software libero e in riuso ora è completato dalla pubblicazione dei criteri</title>
            <link>/lobbligo-di-preferire-il-software-libero-e-in-riuso-ora-e-completato-dalla-pubblicazione-dei-criteri/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jan 2014 12:59:58 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/lobbligo-di-preferire-il-software-libero-e-in-riuso-ora-e-completato-dalla-pubblicazione-dei-criteri/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Con tale pubblicazione non ci sono più scuse, non ci sono spazi per interpretazioni ambigue, che a mio modesto parere non c&amp;amp;#8217;erano neppure prima. La valutazione non può che essere secondo i criteri e le metodologie fissati dal documento.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Con tale pubblicazione non ci sono più scuse, non ci sono spazi per interpretazioni ambigue, che a mio modesto parere non c&amp;#8217;erano neppure prima. La valutazione non può che essere secondo i criteri e le metodologie fissati dal documento. Il quale ha preso la forma di &amp;#8220;linee guida&amp;#8221;, ma non per questo ha perso la sua natura. Il richiamo al compito affidato all&amp;#8217;Agenzia è infatti chiaramente espresso.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Singolare è il metodo con cui si è arrivati a tale stesura, infatti, pur avendo i responsabili dell&amp;#8217;Agenzia preso un ruolo guida nella scrittura, è stato convocato un tavolo di lavoro di esperti, provenienti sia dall&amp;#8217;industria che dalle comunità e dall&amp;#8217;Accademia, di cui ho fatto parte anch&amp;#8217;io in rappresentanza della &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org&quot;&gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&lt;/a&gt; e di &lt;a&gt;KDE&lt;/a&gt;. L&amp;#8217;elenco completo è nel documento. Pare che sia la prima volta che si sia seguito questo metodo, preceduto da un pubblico avviso a cui hanno risposto una sessantina di interessati (convocati 15).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Operativamente le regole sono semplici:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Viene redatta una griglia di punteggi, più o meno dettagliata (a seconda delle esigenze) sulla base dei criteri di valutazione fissati dall&amp;#8217;art. 68 comma 1-bis CAD
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Vengono attribuiti punteggi alle soluzioni che vengono rinvenute in base a uno scouting delle solzioni prospettabili
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Viene deciso un ordine di preferenza tra le varie soluzioni e in base ordine si procede secondo le norme del codice degli Appalti
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Nel caso in cui la valutazione comparativa porti a una graduatoria in cui superano la sufficienza più soluzioni alternative, di cui una o più nelle categorie &amp;#8220;software libero o a sorgente aperto&amp;#8221; e/o &amp;#8220;software in riuso&amp;#8221;, queste debbono essere preferite a soluzioni proprietarie (in cui includerei anche le soluzioni via cloud, anche se la norma è ambigua), salvo che non ci sia una forte carenza in un punto di valutazione giudicato molto importante, nel qual caso va comunque motivato espressamente perché tale punto è irrinunciabile.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Al di là dei dettagli procedurali, è ovvio che qualora un&amp;#8217;amministrazione procedesse a un&amp;#8217;assegnazione a software proprietario non valutando appropriatamente le soluzioni alternative in software libero o riuso, oppure valutandole ma non dando una forte motivazione, di &amp;#8220;impossibilità&amp;#8221;, le conseguenze potrebbero essere sia una nullità dell&amp;#8217;assegnazione impugnabile al TAR, sia una responsabilità amministrativa del dirigente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tra l&amp;#8217;altro la norma affida all&amp;#8217;Agenzia il compito di rendere pareri (non vincolanti) circa il rispetto delle norme così stabilite, il che dovrebbe servire da deterrente per molti, in quanto il parere può essere chiesto da chi fosse interessato (inclusi eventuali concorrenti).
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>No predatory pricing in Free Software, the Android case</title>
            <link>/android/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2013 11:04:19 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/android/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I feel I owe some explanation, since I have been, and still am, quite vocal &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;against&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; Google lately. On previous occasions, I had to &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/oracle_google&amp;quot;&amp;gt;reply&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; to criticism (almost the same parties) that I was double tongued, now I speak out in anticipation.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I feel I owe some explanation, since I have been, and still am, quite vocal &lt;em&gt;against&lt;/em&gt; Google lately. On previous occasions, I had to &lt;a href=&quot;/oracle_google&quot;&gt;reply&lt;/a&gt; to criticism (almost the same parties) that I was double tongued, now I speak out in anticipation. Any contradictions? Not quite. The advantage of speaking out one&amp;#8217;s heart is that your words can&amp;#8217;t be used against you. A few years ago already discussed Oracle and Google, &lt;a href=&quot;/ms_undertaking&quot;&gt;defending both&lt;/a&gt; in the light of antitrust problems that layed in front of them. For Oracle, I have &lt;a href=&quot;/sun&quot;&gt;done my part&lt;/a&gt;, or more than that. Now that the same company is within the odd company that forms FairSearch, I find myself in the opposite field.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It&amp;#8217;s not easy, some very good friends are on the opposite side with a prominent stance. I don&amp;#8217;t question their motives, which, knowing them, are entirely well-meaning; I would like to affirm that mine and FSFE&amp;#8217;s are good, and IMHO true. In the same &lt;a href=&quot;/ms_undertaking&quot;&gt;blog post&lt;/a&gt;, actually in the very paragraph above, I discussed Google, predicting we would have ended up more or less as we stand now. That was 4 years ago. In the meantime, Google has done the right thing, promoting Android, which passed from being laughed at to being characterized as &amp;#8220;dominant&amp;#8221; (yes indeed!). Android is Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The complaint by FairSearch that we contest is (among other grounds), in a nutshell, that because Android is Free Software, it is gratis, the competition in the proprietary field cannot match this level of pricing, therefore market has less alternatives, thus the consumer suffer from this lack of competition. Now, say what? Surely Google has incentives that comes from its main business, but who says that there is a need to preserve the proprietary competitors, to have competition? Can you cite &lt;strong&gt;one example of a proprietary vendor of mobile OS?&lt;/strong&gt; Yes you can, only one, though. Who is in FairSearch? Precisely, the same company. Now, again, read my blog post &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;/ms_undertaking&quot;&gt;Let&amp;#8217;s Keep Eye on the Ball&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;, wasn&amp;#8217;t I clairvoyant?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Our points to dismiss the action are, in a nutshell:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      The right price for a Free Software application is zero;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Any company must be free to release its own software as Free Software. The only condition being that there are no hidden conditions that can be used to make un-free what is released free (this happens by using patents, can&amp;#8217;t be done using copyright except for future releases):
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Android is as open as it can be. Proprietary bits are mainly connected to drivers that are provided as such by hardware vendors. Suboptimal, but understandable. Even Linux has them;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Android can be easily forked. This provides an incredible peer pressure. If you look at the proprietary alternatives (why do I even use the plural?) you can only take what they give you;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Android can be easily personalized. This is the &amp;#8220;bloatware&amp;#8221; that many vendors feed you to differentiate their offer. But this means that &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; can make it what you like. Including putting a Facebook interface (bleah!) on it;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Google cannot control Android through patents. Google is a licensee of &lt;a href=&quot;http://openinventionnetwork.org&quot;&gt;OIN&lt;/a&gt;. The main complainant is currently doing the exact reverse: attempting to control its competitor and make it unattractive price-wise by imposing very high patent royalties for questionable reasons. In fact, it is making more money with Android than with its own creation, despite having soft merged with one of the leaders of the smartphone sector, Nokia, which had to scrape both its two (!) Free Software operating systems, to the tune of hundred of millions of &amp;#8220;marketing contributions&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Inded, this is &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; a continuation of the global patent war in mobile, where Google is on the right side, and Microsoft, Apple, Nokia and a fleet of trolls on the wrong one. Time to get rid of (software) patents, by the way.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here is the text of FSFE&amp;#8217;s press release:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      In a recent antitrust submission to the European Commission, a Microsoft-led coalition falsely claimed that the distribution of Free Software free of charge hurts competition. FSFE has &lt;a href=&quot;https://fsfe.org/activities/policy/eu/20130729.EC.Fairsearch.letter.en.html&quot;&gt;written&lt;/a&gt; a letter to the European Commission&amp;#8217;s competition authorities to refute this claim, and make it clear that Free Software is critical for an open, competitive IT market.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In its letter, FSFE urges the Commission to consider the facts properly before accepting these allegations at face value. &amp;#8220;Free Software is a boon for humankind. The only thing that it is dangerous to is Microsoft&amp;#8217;s hopelessly outdated, restrictive business model,&amp;#8221; says Karsten Gerloff, FSFE&amp;#8217;s president.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The so-called &amp;#8220;FairSearch&amp;#8221; coalition is essentially asking the European Commission to favour a restrictive business model over a liberal one. This is exactly the opposite of what competition regulators should do in order to achieve a fair and open market.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Free Software is not about price, it&amp;#8217;s about liberty, a guarantee of competition and vendor independence. Asking to cripple Free Software in order to allow proprietary vendors to sell their locked-down systems is just absurd&amp;#8221; says Carlo Piana, FSFE&amp;#8217;s General Counsel. &amp;#8220;The most substantial threat to competition in the mobile space today are software patents, and we have repeatedly urged antitrust authorities to address this problem,&amp;#8221; he adds.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE asks the European Commission to dismiss the &amp;#8220;FairSearch&amp;#8221; coalition&amp;#8217;s unfounded claims regarding predatory pricing, and not make them part of whatever steps it decides to take in response to the group&amp;#8217;s filing.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/52&quot;&gt;Mobile world&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>la nuova formulazione dell&#39;art. 68 CAD (video)</title>
            <link>/la-nuova-formulazione-dellart-68-cad-video/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Jun 2013 08:50:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/la-nuova-formulazione-dellart-68-cad-video/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;ul&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li&amp;gt; Il mio intervento: &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://youtu.be/-fnl1htTuiU&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://youtu.be/-fnl1htTuiU&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li&amp;gt; Quello di Flavia Marzano: &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooIyLlLjt7Q&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooIyLlLjt7Q&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li&amp;gt; Quello di Simone Aliprandi (Open by default): &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://youtu.be/SGXezvegNq8&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://youtu.be/SGXezvegNq8&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/54&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Software Libero&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/55&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Software nella PA&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Il mio intervento: &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/-fnl1htTuiU&quot;&gt;http://youtu.be/-fnl1htTuiU&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Quello di Flavia Marzano: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooIyLlLjt7Q&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooIyLlLjt7Q&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Quello di Simone Aliprandi (Open by default): &lt;a href=&quot;http://youtu.be/SGXezvegNq8&quot;&gt;http://youtu.be/SGXezvegNq8&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Nullità da PCT? Neanche per sogno!</title>
            <link>/nullita-da-pct-neanche-per-sogno/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 2013 09:40:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/nullita-da-pct-neanche-per-sogno/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ricorso di diritto del lavoro. Il Ricorrente si costituisce seguendo le norme del Processo Civile Telematico. Il Resistente eccepisce che, siccome prima della costituzione la parte non ha accesso telematico al fascicolo di causa , egli non ha potuto leggere i documenti prodotti.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Ricorso di diritto del lavoro. Il Ricorrente si costituisce seguendo le norme del Processo Civile Telematico. Il Resistente eccepisce che, siccome prima della costituzione la parte non ha accesso telematico al fascicolo di causa , egli non ha potuto leggere i documenti prodotti. Il Giudice gli dà ragione e dichiara la costituzione del Ricorrente nulla per “vizio informatico”. La palese assurdità – su molti piani – della sentenza mi fa ritenere che molto deve essere ancora fatto, non solo nei tribunali, per far adeguare la cultura informatica degli operatori alle novità del PCT. Siam qui per questo, vediamo dove, a parer mio, si è sbagliato e di quanto (di molto, di troppo)
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Continua a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dirittoegiustizia.it/news/23/0000060769/Nullit%C3%A0_da_PCT_Neanche_per_sogno.html&quot;&gt;http://www.dirittoegiustizia.it/news/23/0000060769/Nullit%C3%A0_da_PCT_N&amp;#8230;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
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            <title>Ma cos’è il Polisweb?</title>
            <link>/ma-cose-il-polisweb/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2013 13:23:54 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ma-cose-il-polisweb/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il Processo Civile Telematico (PCT) non è un&amp;amp;#8217;invenzione recente. Sarebbe dovuto entrare in vigore almeno dieci anni fa, ma si è fatta tale e tanta confusione che come la tela di Penelope il PCT è stato fatto e rifatto più di una volta.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Processo Civile Telematico (PCT) non è un&amp;#8217;invenzione recente. Sarebbe dovuto entrare in vigore almeno dieci anni fa, ma si è fatta tale e tanta confusione che come la tela di Penelope il PCT è stato fatto e rifatto più di una volta. Ricordate il &amp;#8220;redattore&amp;#8221;? Qualche buontempone aveva deciso che gli atti andavano scritti direttmente in XML tramite un programma, che ovviamente richiedeva di appoggiarsi a un famoso Word processor (togliete &amp;#8220;processor&amp;#8221; e avete il nome). Follia! Qualche anno fa si è pensato finalmente di usare gli standard, e dunque si è scelto di avere un atto scritto tramite un formato standard, il PDF, imbustato in un insieme di oggetti firmati con la firma elettronica qualificata e con pochi dati in XML che identificano atti e allegati depositati o notificati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma prima dei depositi, la sperimentazione è partita con la possibilità di accedere ai dati delle cause, e qui è entrato in gioco il Polisweb. Il Polisweb non è nient&amp;#8217;altro che una &lt;strong&gt;copia&lt;/strong&gt; dei dati presenti nelle Cancellerie di ciascun Tribunale o Corte d&amp;#8217;Appello. La sincronizzazione dei dati avviene una volta ogni tanto, dunque il servizio è &lt;em&gt;asincrono&lt;/em&gt;. In altre parole, si accede a una replica. Questa replica è effettuata da una struttura informatica, il Punto di Accesso (&lt;strong&gt;PdA&lt;/strong&gt;). Per noi avvocati di Milano che abbiamo iniziato la sperimentazione anni fa (io mi sono registrato nel 2007) questo era gestito dall&amp;#8217;Ordine. Ovviamente l&amp;#8217;Ordine di Milano si affidava a una società esterna, in accordo con il Ministero.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Per quanto riguarda i &lt;strong&gt;depositi&lt;/strong&gt;, invece, la storia è un po&amp;#8217; più complicata, perché il PdA non è sufficiente. Occorre un attrezzo che raccolga le informazioni (ruolo della causa, tipo di atto, parti, Avvocato depositante, eccetera) produca un file XML valido e ben formato, faccia firmare il tutto e provveda a creare l&amp;#8217;oggetto che viene poi inviato, tramite un servizio apposito del PdA, alla Cancelleria, la quale lo riceve e lo valida. Questo attrezzo si chiama &lt;strong&gt;Consolle&lt;/strong&gt;. La consolle è un imbustatore, prende i contenuti (rimanendo agnostica circa il loro contenuto) e crea la busta XML, nonché un sistema di firma, grazie alla possibilità di manovrare o una smartcard o una business key (&amp;#8220;dispositivo di firma&amp;#8221;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il &lt;strong&gt;dispositivo di firma&lt;/strong&gt; è anche un dispositivo di identificazione: è infatti richiesto per accedere al PdA. Per essere utilizzabile deve rispondere alle caratteristiche previste dalla &lt;strong&gt;Carta Nazionale dei Servizi&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;CNS&lt;/strong&gt;). A proposito: &lt;strong&gt;è vietato&lt;/strong&gt; dare il proprio dispositivo di firma ad altri (siano essi commercialisti o segretarie!).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma dove sta fisicamente il Polisweb? Fisicamente non lo so, probabilmente è nel datacenter del fornitore del Ministero o dell&amp;#8217;Ordine o quant&amp;#8217;altri. Quello che è importante è che ciò che vediamo nel Polisweb via web è un servizio realizzato dal PdA. E &lt;strong&gt;di PdA ce ne sono molti&lt;/strong&gt;. C&amp;#8217;è quello dell&amp;#8217;Ordine (che è quello di un privato che ha vinto una gara dell&amp;#8217;Ordine, anche se non ho sentito di gare pubbliche, ma questa è ignoranza mia). C&amp;#8217;è quello del Consiglio Nazionale Forense. E poi ce ne sono alcuni di operatori privati (gli stessi che fanno il servizio per gli ordini e per il CNF, più altri). Tutti sono &lt;strong&gt;ugualmente validi&lt;/strong&gt;. Attualmente per un avvocato è possibile iscriversi a uno soltanto di essi. Perché? Per una questione di notifiche.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A un certo punto, quando un buon numero di avvocati sono iscritti al PCT,  cessa la fase di sperimentazione e si attivano due ulteriori fasi:  le &lt;strong&gt;comunicazioni&lt;/strong&gt; di cancelleria unicamente in formato elettronico e i &lt;strong&gt;servizi &lt;em&gt;sincroni&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;. &lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Noi non ce ne rendiamo conto, ma quando ci iscriviamo al PdA, ci viene assegnata una particolare &lt;a href=&quot;/it/pec&quot;&gt;PEC&lt;/a&gt;. Non la possiamo utilizzare per niente, non conosciamo nemmeno il suo indirizzo. Questa PEC è particolare, serve solo a ricevere le comunicazioni sul PdA. È lì che la Cancelleria ci comunica gli eventi notificati per i processi in cui risultiamo iscritti come Avvocati. Noi vediamo il risultato attraverso un&amp;#8217;interfaccia web, ma questa è solo una forma di visualizzazione (e di registrazione della visualizzazione) di un messaggio finito nella nostra casella. Anche i depositi, in realtà, vengono fatti con lo stesso metodo, solo al contrario. &lt;strong&gt;Questa&lt;/strong&gt; è la ragione per cui possiamo avere &lt;strong&gt;un solo&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;PdA&lt;/strong&gt; per volta, perché al PdA è associata univocamente la nostra PEC, la quale è il nostro domicilio elettronico eletto per le cause.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma come, direte voi, non c&amp;#8217;è una legge che ha modificato il Codice di Procedura Civile che ci impone di comunicare un numero di fax o di PEC (in realtà non dice esattamente così) a cui si consente le comunicazioni del processo? Questo è il risultato di una normativa che si è affastellata nel tempo, ma è tutto inutile. Però, come detto, la situazione cambierà tra poco (questione di pochi mesi a quando scrivo). Le &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.processotelematico.giustizia.it/pdapublic/resources/Specifiche%20tecniche%20-%20scheda%20illustrativa%20v1.1.pdf&quot;&gt;nuove regole&lt;/a&gt; tecniche infatti prevedono che nel nuovo regime le comunicazioni e le notificazioni, anche quelle dirette tra Avvocati, avverranno non tramite la PEC del PdA, ma tramite la PEC che &amp;#8212; vi &lt;em&gt;ricordate&lt;/em&gt;? &amp;#8212; abbiamo comunicato qualche mese fa al nostro Ordine. Perché l&amp;#8217;abbiamo fatto, vero? Non sono stato solo io a farlo in tempo, &lt;em&gt;giusto&lt;/em&gt;? Quello sarà il nostro recapito. Uno e uno solo. Potrà essere cambiato, ma non a piacere, in futuro, ma tendenzialmente questo è &lt;strong&gt;svincolato&lt;/strong&gt; dal PdA a cui siamo iscritti. Per questo la norma che prevedeva l&amp;#8217;unicità dell&amp;#8217;iscrizione al PdA è venuta meno nelle nuove regole. &lt;strong&gt;Si potrà essere iscritti a uno o più PdA&lt;/strong&gt; a piacere.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La stessa PEC verrà anche utilizzata, udite udite, per &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;depositare&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; gli atti&lt;/em&gt; in Tribunale (ovviamente il deposito dovrà avere le stesse caratteristiche di validazione e firma che ha oggi), addirittura per iscrivere le cause a ruolo e per comunicare il pagamento dei contributi unificati eccetera.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Perché questo il PdA sarà veramente solo un &amp;#8220;punto di accesso&amp;#8221;, per la consultazione, non corrisponderà più a un indirizzo di PEC, a un recapito, a un domicilio.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La consultazione. Questo è l&amp;#8217;ultimo punto. Prima parlavo di servizi &amp;#8220;asincroni&amp;#8221;. Questo è il vecchio Polisweb. Il nuovo servizio è fatto in modo diverso: anziché fare un&amp;#8217;interrogazione a un database replicato (dunque con dati vecchi fino a 24 ore, di più se l&amp;#8217;ultima sincronizzazione non è andata a buon fine), il PdA fa una semplice interrogazione tramite un linguaggio standard, ovvero tramite i &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;webservice&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;. I webservice sono interfacce esposte dal sistema delle cancellerie, che rispondono solo alle interrogazioni dei PdA autorizzati. I PdA fanno solo alcune cose:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      controllano che chi accede (Avvocato, CTU, normale cittadino con le nuove regole) sia colui che dice di essere, e
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      interpretano la richiesta e la trasformano in una richiesta webservice aggiungendo alcune informazioni tipo &amp;#8220;questo è un avvocato ed è l&amp;#8217;Avvocato X&amp;#8221;, o &amp;#8220;questo è un CTU ed è il Sig. Y&amp;#8221; , o (presto) &amp;#8220;questo è il cittadino che ha il seguente codice fiscale&amp;#8221; eccetera.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      inviano la richiesta secondo un flusso predeterminato e standard
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      ricevono la risposta e la trasformano
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      presentano alcune o tutte le informazioni ricevute formattandole in modo intelleggibile o all&amp;#8217;utente (ad esempio via interfaccia web) o a un programma (ad esempio un gestionale di studio).
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quello che vediamo è ciò che risulta in quel momento nella Cancelleria stessa (da cui l&amp;#8217;appellativo &amp;#8220;sincrono&amp;#8221;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sembra complicato. E lo è, ma contemporaneamente non lo è poi tanto. Sicuramente non è magia. Il pregio di questa architettura è che &amp;#8212; almeno in teoria &amp;#8212; non vi è un unico punto di fallimento (POF), tranne i servizi della Cancelleria, ovvero i server nei singoli Tribunali. In ogni caso, permangono ancora le interrogazioni asincrone, almeno così mi è dato sapere. Tutto ciò si traduce in &lt;strong&gt;concorrenza&lt;/strong&gt;. Sì, perché i servizi dell&amp;#8217;Ordine (in realtà del fornitore che l&amp;#8217;Ordine ha scelto con procedura pubblica) sono in concorrenza con quelli dei privati, anche se quelli dell&amp;#8217;Ordine (diretti solo agli iscritti) sono gratis, o meglio, sono pagati con i contributi di iscrizione di tutti, compresi gli Avvocati che non hanno processi civili e compresi quelli che hanno deciso di prendere un PdA diverso, come è loro diritto e prerogativa fare.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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            <title>Does rooting your phone invalidate its warranty? (In EU)</title>
            <link>/root/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 06:40:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/root/</guid>
            <description>Rooting your phone Does rooting your device (e.g. an Android phone) and replacing its operating system with something else void your statutory warranty, if you are a consumer?
In short: No.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<h3 id="rooting-your-phone">Rooting your phone</h3>
<p>Does rooting your device (e.g. an Android phone) and replacing its operating system with something else void your <!-- raw HTML omitted -->statutory warranty<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, if you are a <!-- raw HTML omitted --> consumer<!-- raw HTML omitted -->?</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted -->In short<!-- raw HTML omitted -->: No. Just the fact that you modified or changed the software of your device, is not a sufficient reason to void your statutory warranty. As long as you have bought the device as a consumer in the European Union.</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted -->A bit longer<!-- raw HTML omitted -->: <!-- raw HTML omitted --> Directive 1999/44/CE<!-- raw HTML omitted --> dictates<!-- raw HTML omitted -->¹<!-- raw HTML omitted --> that any object meeting certain criteria (including telephones, computers, routers etc.) being sold to a <!-- raw HTML omitted -->consumer<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->²<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --> inside the European Union, has to carry a warranty from the seller that the device will meet the quality that you would expect for such a device for a period of <!-- raw HTML omitted -->2 years<!-- raw HTML omitted -->. A telephone is an example of such a device and is an object that comprises many parts, from the case to the screen to the radio, to a mini-computer, to the battery, to the software that runs it. If any of these parts<!-- raw HTML omitted -->³<!-- raw HTML omitted --> stop working in those 2 years, <!-- raw HTML omitted -->the seller has to fix<!-- raw HTML omitted --> or replace them. What is more these repairs should not cost the consumer a single cent — the seller has to cover the expenses (Directive 1999/44/CE, §3). If the seller has any expenses for returning it to the manufacturer, this is not your problem as a consumer.</p>
<p>If your device becomes defective <!-- raw HTML omitted -->in the first 6 months<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, it is presumed that the defect was there all along, so you should <!-- raw HTML omitted -->not need to prove<!-- raw HTML omitted --> anything. If your device becomes defective after the first 6 months, but before 2 years run out, <!-- raw HTML omitted -->you are still covered<!-- raw HTML omitted -->. The difference is only that if the defect arises now, the seller can claim that the defect was caused by some action that was triggered by non-normal use of the device.</p>
<p>But in order to avoid needing to repair or replace your device, the seller has to prove that your action caused<!-- raw HTML omitted -->⁵<!-- raw HTML omitted --> the defect. It is generally recognised by courts that unless there is a sign of abuse of the device, the defect is there because the device was faulty from the beginning. That is just common sense, after all.</p>
<p>So, we finally come to the question of <!-- raw HTML omitted -->rooting<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, flashing and changing the software. Unless the seller can prove that modifying the software, rooting your device or flashing it with some other OS or firmware was the cause for the defect, you are still covered for defects during those 2 years. A good test to see if it is the software’s fault is to <!-- raw HTML omitted -->flash it back<!-- raw HTML omitted --> with <!-- raw HTML omitted -->stock<!-- raw HTML omitted --> firmware/OS and see if the problem persists. If it does, it is not a software- caused problem. If it is not possible to revert it stock software any more, it is also not a software-caused defect (unless you have “bricked” the phone while flashing it, un-bricking is not covered by any statutory warranty). <!-- raw HTML omitted -->There are very few hardware defects that are caused by software<!-- raw HTML omitted --> — e.g. overriding the speaker volume above the safe level could blow the speaker. Many manufacturers of consumer devices write into their warranties a paragraph that by changing the software or “rooting” your device, you void the warranty.</p>
<p>You have to understand that in EU we have a “<!-- raw HTML omitted -->statutory warranty<!-- raw HTML omitted -->”, which is compulsory that the seller must offer by law (Directive 1999/44/CE, §7.1) and a “voluntary warranty” which the seller or manufacturer can, but does not need to, offer as an additional service to the consumer. Usually the “voluntary warranty” covers a longer period of time or additional accidents not covered by law.<!-- raw HTML omitted -->⁶<!-- raw HTML omitted --> If though the seller, the manufacturer or anyone else offers a “voluntary warranty”, he is bound to it as well! So, even if, by any chance your “voluntary warranty” got voided, by European law, you should still have the 2 year “compulsory warranty” as it is described in the Directive and which is the topic of this article. In case the seller refuses your right to repair or replace the device, you can sue him in a civil litigation and can report the incident to the national authority. In many European countries such action does not even require hiring a lawyer and is most of the time ensured by consumers associations.</p>
<p>The warranty under this Directive¹ is <!-- raw HTML omitted -->only applicable inside the European Union<!-- raw HTML omitted --> and only if you bought the device as a <!-- raw HTML omitted -->consumer<!-- raw HTML omitted -->.<!-- raw HTML omitted -->²<!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<h3 id="notes">Notes:</h3>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->1 EU member states must have by now imported the Directive 1999/44/CE into their national laws. So you should quote also your local law on that topic.</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->2 A consumer is a natural person who acts for their own private purposes and not as a professional.</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->3 Batteries can be exempt of this and usually hold only 6 months warranty.</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->4 E.g. a defect power button could be caused by spreading marmalade in it or hooking it onto a robot that would continuously press the button every second 24/7 — of course that is not normal or intended use.</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->5 Note that correlation is not causation — the defect has to be proven to be caused by your action, not just correlate with it.</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->6 E.g. if a device manufacturer guarantees the phone is water- and shock-proof or a car manufacturer offers 7 years of warranty against rust.</p>
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            <title>Red Hat, patents, software</title>
            <link>/red-hat/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2012 07:19:47 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/red-hat/</guid>
            <description>I am here speaking software patents. I was replying to a thread on G+, and wrote a very long reply, that indeed is a post. It’s on Red Hat patent promise, which has some unfortunate language that can be interpreted as “in general software patents impede innovation”, meaning that in some cases they don’t.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I am here speaking software patents. I was replying to a <!-- raw HTML omitted -->thread on G+<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, and wrote a very long reply, that indeed is a post. It’s on Red Hat patent promise, which has some unfortunate language that can be interpreted as “in general software patents impede innovation”, meaning that in some cases they don’t. I think that my reply can be of more general interest and make an excerpt here, with a few minor edits.</p>
<h2 id="the-post">The post</h2>
<p>I hate to defend rich companies and not getting paid for it (not that it would be the first time ;-), but in this case I will make an exception, also because the people who conceived the strategy of registering software patents for defensive purposes are good friends and trustworthy Free Software friends. Red Hat is a company full of cash, which is eating chunks of market away from even richer companies. It makes software, Free Software, it contributes heavily to Linux, it has no proprietary exploitation of the software it makes.</p>
<p>But they live in a world where all competitors do not hesitate to use all their weapons, including patents, to elbow their way. Microsoft was in the same position, huge power, tons of cash, no patents, they advocated patents are bad for software. Then they realized they could not do without a full stack of patents, because they simply could have been at the mercy of competitors if they decided to “go nuclear” (rings a bell?); then Microsoft started patenting everything and buying companies full of pats like crazy, (and oddly enough changed their mind on how patents and software are not a good match). This shows how nobody is immune from the patent threat. I advocate as strongly as possible that software patents must be abolished, or ‒ to put it more appropriately ‒ software should always be outside the scope of patents. But this is not the case, and short term strategies must be put in place. If you see people with clubs and forks approaching, either you flee or grab anything you can to defend yourself.</p>
<p>It is <!-- raw HTML omitted -->not a good thing<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, it is a <!-- raw HTML omitted -->necessary evil<!-- raw HTML omitted --> for a S&amp;P 500 technology company in these crazy years when nearly everybody in technology have lost their mind and there are multi billionaire foul-mouthed companies who say that a tablet manufacturer “copies” and “steals” their product because they make it rectangular with rounded corners.</p>
<p>Do we trust a publicly traded company because they are good folks? NO. Company are not good or evil, they are as good or evil as their shareholders and management make them to be. Today the folks are really nice people, tomorrow who knows. See Nokia for some reference. The only thing we he have is the law and the principle <!-- raw HTML omitted -->pacta sunt servanda<!-- raw HTML omitted -->. A public promise like that is a binding statement that can be used by way of what is called “estoppel”. Surely there are tricks that can be played, patents can be dumped to friendly NPE (see at Microsoft), more commonly referred to as “trolls”. But a cleancut promise is binding and hard to recant.<!-- raw HTML omitted --> Plus Red Hat has founded and funded OIN. There are hundreds of companies out there who can legitimately claim they are <!-- raw HTML omitted -->licensees<!-- raw HTML omitted --> of all those patents that Red Hat has amassed. Again, this is long-term reassuring.</p>
<p>Is it enough? Surely not. As I love to tell to my friend Keith Bergelt, OIN is tactics, we need a strategy, and the strategy is in the words of Judge Posner: patent protection must be rethought to only include areas of technology where patents are meaningful incentive to R&amp;D ‒ if such areas exist, and I am still full of doubts this is the case. In any case they should be treated as they are: <!-- raw HTML omitted -->state-granted monopolies<!-- raw HTML omitted --> that must be treated as such, not as “property”. Infringing a patent must not be considered as “abusing one’s property”, but as interfering with some state-granted monopoly, which is a legitimate thing to do in many cases, first and foremost when a technology becomes relevant to an adopted standard (like in the GSM or wi-fi space). Surely patents should be never as broad as to not allow follow-up innovation. Patents, and everything wrongly collectively called “intellectual property”, must not be a landrush where the first takes it all. They are an incentive that might in theory be useful as long as they work as an incentive to the common good. If they cease to be, as patents have long since ceased to be, they must be repelled.</p>
<p>And now I am looking at <!-- raw HTML omitted -->you<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, <!-- raw HTML omitted -->Google<!-- raw HTML omitted -->. You make boatloads of money and have spent tons of cash to amass a patent portfolio to very little avail. Quit this nonsense, make a better use of money. You must start speaking “patent on software must not be allowed” as soon as the CEO wakes up and stop saying it when the last employee has gone to bed, then go back to step one. And put money, and weight, and influence on it, raise public awareness as you did with <!-- raw HTML omitted -->#ACTA<!-- raw HTML omitted -->, because <!-- raw HTML omitted -->this<!-- raw HTML omitted --> is today’s issue, for you, for us, the entire technology field. Wanna do no evil? Start doing something good for the world, in your own interest.</p>
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            <title>Gli aspetti giuridici del Software Libero (open source)</title>
            <link>/gli-aspetti-giuridici-del-software-libero-open-source/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jul 2012 13:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gli-aspetti-giuridici-del-software-libero-open-source/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; L&amp;amp;#8217;articolo si intitola&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.ittig.cnr.it/EditoriaServizi/AttivitaEditoriale/InformaticaEDiritto/1-2012.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Il Free and Open Source software nell’ordinamento italiano: principali problematiche giuridiche&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, è uscito sul n. 1/2012 della rivista &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Informatica e diritto&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8221; ed è rilasciato con licenza CC by-sa.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    L&amp;#8217;articolo si intitola&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ittig.cnr.it/EditoriaServizi/AttivitaEditoriale/InformaticaEDiritto/1-2012.html&quot;&gt;Il Free and Open Source software nell’ordinamento italiano: principali problematiche giuridiche&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, è uscito sul n. 1/2012 della rivista &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;Informatica e diritto&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; ed è rilasciato con licenza CC by-sa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questo è il sommario dell&amp;#8217;articolo:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      1. Introduzione – 2. FOSS e princìpi di diritto d’autore – 2.1. Premesse – 2.2. La qualificazione giuridica del FOSS secondo il diritto d’autore – 2.3. Diritti dei co-autori – 2.4. I diritti morali – 3. L’enforcing delle licenze FOSS – 4. Clausole di esonero di responsabilità – 5. Il meccanismo del copyleft – 5.1. Come funziona – 5.2. Validità della clausola copyleft – 6. Danni civili e FOSS – 7. Letteratura scientifica di riferimento
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Spero che possa rappresentare un utile punto di riferimento per lo studio e l&amp;#8217;inquadramento di questa materia ormai di primo piano per il mondo del diritto dell&amp;#8217;informatica e della proprietà intellettuale. A questo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aliprandi.org/pub/aliprandi_piana_ied_FOSS.pdf&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; potete scaricare la versione elettronica dell&amp;#8217;articolo. Ogni commento è bene accetto e verrà sicuramente tenuto in considerazione per eventuali versioni aggiornate dell&amp;#8217;opera.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Microsoft v. Commission, last take-away points</title>
            <link>/msft_ends/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2012 14:48:34 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/msft_ends/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I have now read the decision in its all 26 printed pages. Among many details concerning procedural fine points that would bore to death most of the readers, I have found some points that are worth pointing out, since they confirmed my/our positions that we put forward since 2005.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I have now read the decision in its all 26 printed pages. Among many details concerning procedural fine points that would bore to death most of the readers, I have found some points that are worth pointing out, since they confirmed my/our positions that we put forward since 2005. That&amp;#8217;s when the whole &amp;#8220;implementation&amp;#8221; phase started, after the President of the Court of First Instance (that was the General Court called back then) refused to suspend the 2004 Decision pending judgement on the merits.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Innovative character, patents and reasonableness
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The parties faced an impossible task, that of defining the value of protocols. Protocols have very little value per se, they are just rules of the road, implementations are where the real value is found. Microsoft&amp;#8217;s products being no exception. Then again the 2004 Decision allowed Microsoft to charge reasonable and non discriminatory conditions for accessing the secrets it was hiding away from competitors wishing—nay, forced—to implement them to interoperate with the overly dominant client and server operating system in the PC Client and Workgroup Servers market. &lt;strong&gt;If any&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The whole story deserves a book. Here suffices to say that the Court accepted the views of the Commission. It basically means that for all protocols, but a handful of them, no innovation or value could be found and thus Microsoft was not entitled to charge substantial royalties. Hence, anything above a token price was unreasonable. Failure to recognize this assumption was inexclusably a violation of the obligations to put the abuse to a stop. Thus the bulk of the fine must be upheld.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But what for the &lt;strong&gt;patented&lt;/strong&gt; stuff? Alas the Commission here took a conservative approach, conceding, to err on the safe side, that protocols that were protected by patents were presumptively innovative. We contest this idea, but since we could only take the case from where the Commission left it, this was something we could not really challenge, despite we strongly disagree with it. But we did not fail to drop one or two comments against it. Apparently the Court somewhat picked it up, and wrote in paragraph 152:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;span id=&quot;pagePrincipale&quot;&gt; It should be added that although, in its application of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents, the EPO Enlarged Board of Appeal takes the view that assessment of non-obviousness is to be undertaken solely in relation to claims entailing computer-implemented programs having technical character (see, to that effect, Opinion G 3/08, OJ EPO 2011, 1, point 10.13 of the reasons), Microsoft has not argued that, in a context other than that of a patent grant, the non-obviousness of the technologies at issue cannot be assessed without a prior examination of their technical character. What is more, from a legal point of view, the examination of the technical character of claims entailing computer-implemented programs is a step specific to the procedure for granting a patent, given that computer programs ‘as such’ are not patentable (see, for example, Article 52(2) and (3) of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents).&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Honestly, I am not entirely sure I understand what the meaning of this paragraph is. Microsoft argues that the Commission parroted the requirements for obtaining a patent (non-obviousness and novelty) to a domain where these requirements are inapplicable, such as trade secrets (they call it the &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;patent test&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;). The Court seems to say that firstly Microsoft has not established which other criteria the Commission should have applied to separate intrinsic value of the innovation from the strategic value of its products being dominant and thus the interoperability being valuable because necessary and secret (which is a result of the abuse to which the measures serve to put a stop).  Secondly  there is no argument against the need to assess the technical character of the innovation, or lack thereof, as it is done in patents, because software patents &amp;#8220;as such&amp;#8221; are not allowed under Art. 52(2) of the EPC.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Is the Court hinting that should the patents in hand be examined by a court having jurisdiction, they could be held invalid in case their technical effect could not be maintained, being them software protocols and thus limiting their effects on the pure software domain? Let me dream about it and go one step forward, nicely introduced by it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Tying patent royalties with discovery of secrets
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Since the beginning, we strongly contested the pretence by Microsoft that any party wishing to be disclosed the details of their protocols ought to take a license for the patents reading on those technology. This is absurd. Microsoft said &amp;#8220;you cannot see it, because if you see it you will make products that &lt;strong&gt;necessarily infringe&lt;/strong&gt; our patents, and thus you &lt;strong&gt;need&lt;/strong&gt; to take a license from us for those patents, if not, you cannot even read our documents.&amp;#8221;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It was apparent to us that there are several logic gaps in this. A party could take the license for the information only, try to produce a prototype and decide it could not work, thus abandoning all efforts to commercialize. Thus no patent would be required. Or could it produce a product inventing around the patent, again not needing a license. It is up to the party, not Microsoft, assess whether this is possible or not. Or, finally, a party could decide that the patent is not valid or does not possibly read on the technology, relying to judicial redress should Microsoft challenge these assumptions in court. The clause &amp;#8220;not to challenge&amp;#8221; is almost invariably considered anticompetitive by many antitrust regulations and even in the worst version of the proposed terms there was a clause leaving room for any later judicial challenge as to the validity of the licensed rights.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Commission was convinced by these arguments and clearly said it to Microsoft. But Microsoft challenge this was flowing from the 2004 Decision. The Court also took the same view, and said (paragraph 216)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
       &lt;span id=&quot;pagePrincipale&quot;&gt; Furthermore, the Court cannot accept the justification advanced by Microsoft in its correspondence with the Commission, according to which the licensing of ‘necessary claims’ as a condition for the availability of a No Patent agreement would protect licensees from any actions brought by Microsoft before the national courts. Indeed, irrespective of the fact that licensees are in a better position than Microsoft to make the most appropriate choices for protecting their interests, it is for licensees to assume the risks related to their assessment of what are necessary patent claims in the context of the development of products that are interoperable with Microsoft products. As it is, the Commission clearly stated from the start that the grant of licences under the No Patent agreement was without prejudice to Microsoft’s patent rights under its patents (see paragraphs 210 and 211 above).&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Amen!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Discriminate against whom compete with you is discrimination
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We always said &amp;#8220;They are willing to deal with everybody, but those who compete with them.&amp;#8221; Meaning, proposing conditions against Free Software is an abuse. Microsoft replied &amp;#8220;change your business model to suit our licensing scheme and you&amp;#8217;ll be served&amp;#8221;, or &amp;#8220;Free what? Who the hell are you, what&amp;#8217;s your turnover&amp;#8221;, or dismissals like this. Apart from annoying, they were wrong.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Again, the Court makes justice of this. Paragraph 228:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;span id=&quot;pagePrincipale&quot;&gt;Secondly, as is mentioned in point 68 of the annex to the Commission’s letter of 17 March 2005 and as was reiterated at the hearing, ‘open source’ [another way of saying Free Software] developers are among Microsoft’s main competitors.&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And in 230:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Fourthly, the practice applied by Microsoft in relation to the rates offered until 21 October 2007 sufficed in itself to render Article 5 of the 2004 decision ineffective with regard to ‘open source’ developers.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Amen, amen!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The infamous patent pledge
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of the points we took pain at demolishing was something very difficult to parse for someone conversant with the matter, but suggestive. Microsoft claimed that by giving access to the entire set of information under the &amp;#8220;no patent&amp;#8221; agreement (the one excluding rights under patent licenses) and by having issued a pledge that they have offered to developers not to assert their patents, the no patent agreement indeed gave access to patented technologies.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Since the beginning, and still very clearly on various occasions (including this interview on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20091216132136161&quot;&gt;Groklaw&lt;/a&gt;), we have said that the pledge had no value at all, since it allows to create software, but not to distribute it for commercial purposes. Anybody conversant with the subject knows that one basic tenet of Free Software, clearly spelled out in the Open Source definition as well, is that there must be no field of use restriction. It was like &amp;#8220;you can smoke this joint, you cannot inhale it&amp;#8221;, which deprives of all its value such a promise. Not being able to distribute software for commercial purpose is openly against the licensing model of Free Software, totally useless for a developer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Same conclusions is reached by the Court (paragraph 121):
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;span id=&quot;pagePrincipale&quot;&gt;With regard to Microsoft’s argument that the No Patent agreement gives interested parties the right to use patented technologies, it is sufficient to observe that, according to Section 1.14 of that agreement, ‘Microsoft licensed intellectual property’ includes know-how, industrial secrets, trade secrets, confidential information and copyright with the explicit exclusion of any rights covered by a patent or a patent application. As to Microsoft’s unilateral pledge not to assert any patent rights, the Court notes, like the Commission, that it was made only on 24 October 2007, that is to say, after the end of the period covered by the contested decision. Moreover, as Microsoft acknowledges in its observations on the statements in intervention [the pleadings we interveners filed, in particular us and Red Hat], &lt;strong&gt;that pledge covers only non-commercial distribution, excluding commercial distribution by ‘open source’ developers&lt;/strong&gt;. Finally, the fact remains that the possible disclosure, under the No Patent agreement, of information relating to patented technologies (technologies other than those set out in the annex to the contested decision) does not entail any right for Microsoft’s licensees to implement those technologies in such a way as to infringe the patents concerned. As the Commission explains, that information is publicly available where a patent has been granted, but that does not mean that it is possible for a developer to make use of it. That being so and in view of the distinction between patented and non-patented interoperability information (see recitals 161 to 164 to the contested decision), it cannot be concluded that the No Patent agreement affords Microsoft’s licensees the right to implement patented technologies, which, in any event, they state they do not need in order to develop work group server operating system products.&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It&amp;#8217;s a minor point, but once again it shows how our positions are solid.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why reduced fines?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Final point, people could wonder why the 39 millions slash to the 899 million fine? Not exactly peanuts per se, and something it made the whole judicial challenge valuable, although entirely negligible in the overall case and even less an important dent in Microsoft&amp;#8217;s cash.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Overall, the Court said Microsoft ought to know by itself what reasonable and non discriminatory should mean. They were late providing the information, until the information were prepared, they could not offer them, thus they could not be in compliance. After that, it was upon them to propose the conditions, both in monetary (the price) and in legal terms (the conditions attached to the license). The Commission could only say &amp;#8220;yes&amp;#8221; &amp;#8220;no&amp;#8221; and &amp;#8220;coming close, but not quite yet&amp;#8221;. But in case the Commission mislead Microsoft, delay or uncertainty caused by this could not be taken into account in the assessment of the fines.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    There was a letter dated 1 June 2005, by which Microsoft could in theory have inferred that it could put in place, for a certain period of time, certain practice in the light of the pending case on the merits. It could have been reasonable that the Commission could avoid to demand full enforcement the decision in the event the same was overturned and the effects needed to be rolled back. Hence the fine should be proportionally reduced. The Court says the letter was sufficiently clear and the overall effect of it in Microsoft&amp;#8217;s appraisal is vague and speculative (see paragraph 229), but the fact must be kept into consideration to some, limited, extent. Thus the 39 million.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A procedural technicality that had no bearing whatsoever in the overall assessment of the failure to comply with the 2004 Decision, which only marginally affected the case of the Commission, which was in almost its entirety upheld.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Cookies nel Codice Privacy, prima lettura (confusa)</title>
            <link>/cookies-nel-codice-privacy-prima-lettura-confusa/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jun 2012 18:38:47 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/cookies-nel-codice-privacy-prima-lettura-confusa/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il tutto con un bel decreto legislativo adottato sulla scorta della Legge comunitaria 2010, e senza uno straccio di periodo transitorio, senza ovviamente una adeguata consultazione con le parti coinvolte o qualsivoglia tipo di consultazione.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Il tutto con un bel decreto legislativo adottato sulla scorta della Legge comunitaria 2010, e senza uno straccio di periodo transitorio, senza ovviamente una adeguata consultazione con le parti coinvolte o qualsivoglia tipo di consultazione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Vediamo dunque cosa dice il nuovo articolo 122.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      1. L&amp;#8217;archiviazione delle informazioni nell&amp;#8217;apparecchio terminale di un contraente o di un utente o l&amp;#8217;accesso a informazioni gia&amp;#8217; archiviate
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sembrerebbe riferirsi ai cookies. Ma solo ai cookies permanenti o anche a quelli di sessione (che spirano con lo spirare della sessione?). Siccome la norma parla di &amp;#8220;archiviate&amp;#8221;, mi pare che si tratta solo dei cookies permanenti. Ovviamente anche al malware e spyware, ma non si tratta di ipotesi che mi interessa discutere qui.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    E il codice&lt;strong&gt; javascript&lt;/strong&gt;? Javascript non è permanente, viene caricato dinamicamente solo per la sessione in corso, a meno di utilizzare strumenti particolari che consentano la permanenza del codice, ma in questo caso è l&amp;#8217;utente che richiede che un particolare programma svolga la funzione. Dunque urchin.js di Google Analitics sembrerebbe non rientrare (non sono sicuro che usi un cookie permanente, ma potrebbe essere).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      sono consentiti unicamente a condizione che il contraente o l&amp;#8217;utente abbia espresso il proprio consenso dopo essere stato informato con le modalita&amp;#8217; semplificate di cui all&amp;#8217;articolo 13, comma 3.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa parte è chiara: si richiede &lt;strong&gt;l&amp;#8217;informativa&lt;/strong&gt; e il &lt;strong&gt;consenso&lt;/strong&gt;. L&amp;#8217;informativa può essere data in forma semplificata, secondo le modalità che stabilisce il Garante. Purtroppo però il Garante non ha stabilito alcunché, e la norma è già in vigore. Pasticcio.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L&amp;#8217;informativa deve essere preventiva. Così come il  &lt;strong&gt;consenso&lt;/strong&gt;. Dunque l&amp;#8217;utente deve fare quella serie di stupide interazioni col sito che farebbero scappare un santo o dissuaderebbe un cacciatore pornofilo arrapato da accedere a un sito XXX, come quello ipotizzato da &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.davidnaylor.co.uk/eu-cookies-directive-interactive-guide-to-25th-may-and-what-it-means-for-you.html&quot;&gt;Paul Carpenter&lt;/a&gt;? A stretto rigore sì, ma da una lettura più attenta, probabilmente no.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il consenso può anche essere dato in modo automatizzato, tramite la configurazione di appositi programmi, ad esempio un plugin di un browser. Ciò è previsto dal secondo comma. È presumibile che il consenso non possa essere generico, &amp;#8220;abilita i cookies&amp;#8221; non sembra sufficientemente &amp;#8220;chiare&amp;#8221; circa il consenso, è più probabile che ci si riferisca a sistemi del tutto inutilizzati e misconosciuti tipo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/P3P/&quot;&gt;P3P&lt;/a&gt;, amati solo dai garanti privacy e da qualche masochista del web.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Cio&amp;#8217; non vieta l&amp;#8217;eventuale archiviazione tecnica &lt;em&gt;o&lt;/em&gt; l&amp;#8217;accesso alle informazioni gia&amp;#8217; archiviate &lt;strong&gt;se&lt;/strong&gt; finalizzati unicamente ad effettuare la trasmissione di una comunicazione su una rete di comunicazione elettronica, &lt;strong&gt;o&lt;/strong&gt; nella misura strettamente necessaria al fornitore di un servizio della societa&amp;#8217; dell&amp;#8217;informazione esplicitamente richiesto dal contraente o dall&amp;#8217;utente a erogare tale servizio.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questo passaggio è criptico
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sembrerebbe che si escludano dall&amp;#8217;obbligo di informativa i cookies &amp;#8220;tecnici&amp;#8221;, ad esempio un cookie che dica &amp;#8220;l&amp;#8217;utente è già stato autenticato con id-password in questa sessione [oppure su questo browser]&amp;#8221;, oppure &amp;#8220;l&amp;#8217;ultima volta la lingua scelta è stata italiano&amp;#8221; così da non dover richiedere la password o di riselezionare la lingua tutte le volte che si riaccede. Tutto questo è la prima parte del periodo. La &amp;#8220;o&amp;#8221; evidenziata (archiviazione &lt;em&gt;o&lt;/em&gt; accessso) è una congiunzione disgiuntiva solo apparente, significa verosimilmente &amp;#8220;o l&amp;#8217;uno, o l&amp;#8217;altro, o tutti e due&amp;#8221;, ovvero il funzionamento standard dei cookies: prima scrivo il cookie, poi lo leggo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La seconda parte, dà i grattacapi. La parte dopo il &amp;#8220;se&amp;#8221; indica le condizioni a cui è consentito memorizzare e leggere l&amp;#8217;informazione. Queste sono:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;ul&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;
        &lt;strong&gt;finalità:&lt;/strong&gt; unicamente per la trasmissione di una comunicazione su una rete di comunicazione elettronica; cioè qualsiasi interazione? Qualsiasi accesso a una pagina web, ad esempio? Chi lo sa! Interpretando a senso direi che, come accennato sopra, si tratti solamente di quei cookie legati ad esigenze tecniche e non di monitoraggio, ma quale sia il confine la legge non lo dice;
      &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    oppure (o forse &amp;#8220;e&amp;#8221;?)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;nella misura necessaria&lt;/strong&gt; [&amp;#8230;] a erogare [un] servizio Anche qui, niente è necessario, ma con certe caratteristiche in meno. Mi sa che si tratta in sostanza di un&amp;#8217;esplicitazione (?) del punto precedente e nulll&amp;#8217;altro, che la parte che governa;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      quando tale servizio è &lt;strong&gt;esplicitamente&lt;/strong&gt; richiesto dal contraente. Si fa fatica a pensare a casi in cui il servizio non venga richiesto dal cliente, peraltro manca una definizione di cosa sia un servizio? Esempio: la ricerca sul motore Google e il servizio di autocompletamento sono lo stesso servizio o due servizi diversi? Da un punto di vista tecnico sono due servizi diversi, con due contenuti diversi, ma funzionalmente sono ovviamente coordinati al fine superiore della &amp;#8220;ricerca&amp;#8221;. E la memorizzazione delle ricerche precedenti per presentare risultati più pertinenti? Difficile stabilire un confine.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Punti di dubbio lessicale, prima che normativo, ve ne sono più d&amp;#8217;uno. La &amp;#8220;o&amp;#8221; sembra disgiuntiva, o l&amp;#8217;una o l&amp;#8217;altra. Ma in realtà sembrerebbe più logico che fosse una congiunzione &amp;#8220;e&amp;#8221;. Il dubbio è ancora più accentuato dal fatto che, come accennato nella discussione del punto, la parte sulla richiesta sembra nulla aggiungere alla parte sulla richiesta.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Ai fini della determinazione delle modalita&amp;#8217; semplificate di cui al primo periodo il Garante tiene anche conto delle proposte formulate dalle associazioni maggiormente rappresentative a livello nazionale dei consumatori e delle categorie economiche coinvolte, anche allo scopo di garantire l&amp;#8217;utilizzo di metodologie che assicurino l&amp;#8217;effettiva consapevolezza del contraente o dell&amp;#8217;utente.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa parte felicemente non presenta particolari difficoltà, fatta salva la considerazione già espressa per cui la norma è in vigore e di informative semplificate non vi è traccia. Non era meglio attendere l&amp;#8217;entrata in vigore della normativa a quando la parte di dettaglio non fosse già completata?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Insomma, un guazzabuglio infernale. Per capirci qualcosa andiamo a prendere il testo della Direttiva (come modificata)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Member States shall ensure that the storing of infor­mation, or the gaining of access to information already stored, in the terminal equipment of a subscriber or user is only allowed on condition that the subscriber or user con­ cerned has given his or her consent, having been provided with clear and comprehensive information, in accordance with Directive 95/46/EC, inter alia, about the purposes of the processing. This shall not prevent any technical storage or access for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications net­ work, or as strictly necessary in order for the provider of an information society service explicitly requested by the sub­ scriber or user to provide the service.’;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Onestamente non è molto più chiaro del testo della norma italiana. Sembra la solita minestra. L&amp;#8217;Italia ha dunque in pratica solamente tradotti in cattivo italiano una norma in cattivo inglese.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Abbiamo però un piccolo aiuto, che ci consente di inquadrare cosa la direttiva voglia perseguire. Mi riferisco al considerando 66:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Third parties may wish to store information on the equip­ ment of a user, or gain access to information already stored, for a number of purposes, ranging from the legiti­ mate (such as certain types of cookies) to those involving unwarranted intrusion into the private sphere (such as spy­ ware or viruses). It is therefore of paramount importance that users be provided with clear and comprehensive infor­ mation when engaging in any activity which could result in such storage or gaining of access. The methods of pro­viding information and offering the right to refuse should be as user-friendly as possible. Exceptions to the obligation to provide information and offer the right to refuse should be limited to those situations where the technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user. Where it is technically possible and effective, in accordance with the relevant provisions of Directive 95/46/EC, the user’s consent to processing may be expressed by using the appropriate settings of a browser or other application. The enforcement of these require­ ments should be made more effective by way of enhanced powers granted to the relevant national authorities
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il considerando ci consente di interpretare la norma italiana nel senso di cui abbiamo detto sopra, ovvero, al di là delle oscurità del linguaggio, tutte le volte che abbiamo un cookie e un cookie serve solo a far funzionare un sito, non serve nessuna informativa (o diritto di vietare). Il fatto che i sistemi elettronici siano o meno dotati di opzioni circa l&amp;#8217;uso dei cookie mi pare del tutto irrilevante, se non al limite per creare nella pratica un&amp;#8217;ulteriore categoria di informazioni registrate sul computer dell&amp;#8217;utente, che non sia &amp;#8220;strettamente&amp;#8221; necessaria, ma sia utile, ad esempio la memorizzazione di un cookie che sopravviva alla sessione e che registri l&amp;#8217;autorizzazione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Cosa devono fare i gestori dei siti? Probabilmente niente. La norma resterà probabilmente lettera morta, perché l&amp;#8217;obbligo, accompagnato da sanzioni di tipo penale e amministrativo, è troppo generico e indeterminato, una vera e propria legge in bianco che dovrà essere interpretata in modo restrittivo, nonostante la formulazione &amp;#8220;tutto è vietato tranne quello che è consentito che, ultima perla, proviene dal comma 2-bis (chissà perché non 3, visto che non esiste alcun comma 3):
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      2-bis. Salvo quanto previsto dal comma 1, e&amp;#8217; vietato l&amp;#8217;uso di una rete di comunicazione elettronica per accedere a informazioni archiviate nell&amp;#8217;apparecchio terminale di un contraente o di un utente, per archiviare informazioni o per monitorare le operazioni dell&amp;#8217;utente
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Two bees make an eagle. Le API non sono soggette a copyright anche negli USA</title>
            <link>/two-bees-make-an-eagle-le-api-non-sono-soggette-a-copyright-anche-negli-usa/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 07:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/two-bees-make-an-eagle-le-api-non-sono-soggette-a-copyright-anche-negli-usa/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Un Giudice Federale (Mr. Aslup) del Distretto della California del Nord ha &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/system/files/OracleFinalDecision053112.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;deciso&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; che il codice sorgente che dichiara il &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;metodo per invocare&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; la stessa funzione contenuta nell&amp;amp;#8217;API (che quindi ne rappresenta la parte esterna) &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;non è soggetta a copyright&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Un Giudice Federale (Mr. Aslup) del Distretto della California del Nord ha &lt;a href=&quot;/system/files/OracleFinalDecision053112.pdf&quot;&gt;deciso&lt;/a&gt; che il codice sorgente che dichiara il &lt;strong&gt;metodo per invocare&lt;/strong&gt; la stessa funzione contenuta nell&amp;#8217;API (che quindi ne rappresenta la parte esterna) &lt;strong&gt;non è soggetta a copyright&lt;/strong&gt;. Ciò segue una quasi identica  &lt;a href=&quot;http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&amp;docid=122362&amp;pageIndex=0&amp;doclang=EN&amp;mode=lst&amp;dir=&amp;occ=first&amp;part=1&amp;cid=115060&quot;&gt;Sentenza&lt;/a&gt; della Corte di Giustizia dell&amp;#8217;Unione Europea nel caso &lt;strong&gt;SAS&lt;/strong&gt; [Caso C‑406/10 SAS Institute v. World Programming Language].
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Applaudo alla decisione come a una chiave di volta nel diritto d&amp;#8217;autore applicato al software
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Troppi &amp;#8220;massimalisti del copyright&amp;#8221; vorrebbero che il diritto d&amp;#8217;autore in un programma software fosse uguale a quello in un&amp;#8217;opera letteraria, così che ogni e qualsiasi volta che qualcuno copi le stesse espressioni, il copyright del primo titolare venga violato (se non nelle rare eccezioni in cui l&amp;#8217;utilizzo è libero). Altre volte vorrebbero che, così come non è possibile riprodurre la struttura di un libro utilizzando gli stessi nomi per farne un sunto, un adattamento eccetera, lo stesso divieto debba applicarsi anche al software (questo è in sostanza quanto veniva sostenuto dagli attori in SAS). &lt;strong&gt;Il copyright del software è diverso dal copyright concesso alle opere letterarie&lt;/strong&gt;. Il software è protetto &lt;em&gt;come se fosse&lt;/em&gt; un&amp;#8217;opera letteraria, ma per interpretarne e applicarne le regole del copyright, non può essere ignorata la natura &lt;strong&gt;utilitaristica&lt;/strong&gt; del software, inclusa la necessità di interoperare, in modo che ‒ per usare le felici parole dell&amp;#8217;Avvocato Generale Bot in SAS ‒ le idee sottostanti al software non vengano monopolizzate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Le due materie usano gli stessi concetti, le stesse parole, a volte le stesse regole, ma la differente natura rende impossibile limitarsi ad applicare le regole traslandole acriticamente senza fare le necessarie traduzioni. Fortunatamente, due giudici sulle due sponde dell&amp;#8217;Atlantico hanno compreso ciò e preso sagge decisioni. La sentenza del Giudice Aslup negli Stati Uniti deve essere commendata ancora di più in quanto, a differenza dei propri colleghi europei, egli non aveva la guida della  &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0083:EN:HTML&quot;&gt;Direttiva Software&lt;/a&gt; (Direttiva 91/250/EEC del Consiglio del 14 Maggio 1991 sulla protezione legale dei programmi per elaboratore)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come sempre, ottimo ed esteso resoconto di questo complicatissimo caso può essere rinvenuto in &lt;a href=&quot;http://groklaw.net&quot;&gt;Groklaw&lt;/a&gt;, così come sono ivi reperibili tutti i documenti prodotti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Two bees make an eagle. US Judge says API not copyrightable</title>
            <link>/api/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 06:52:57 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/api/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; A Federal Judge for the Northern District of California has &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/system/files/OracleFinalDecision053112.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ruled&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; that the source code that declare a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;method to invoke&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; the same function as in the API (thus representing the outward facing part) &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;is not subject to copyright&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    A Federal Judge for the Northern District of California has &lt;a href=&quot;/system/files/OracleFinalDecision053112.pdf&quot;&gt;ruled&lt;/a&gt; that the source code that declare a &lt;strong&gt;method to invoke&lt;/strong&gt; the same function as in the API (thus representing the outward facing part) &lt;strong&gt;is not subject to copyright&lt;/strong&gt;. This follows a quasi identical &lt;a href=&quot;http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&amp;docid=122362&amp;pageIndex=0&amp;doclang=EN&amp;mode=lst&amp;dir=&amp;occ=first&amp;part=1&amp;cid=115060&quot;&gt;ruling&lt;/a&gt; of the European Court of Justice in the SAS case [&lt;span id=&quot;pagePrincipale&quot;&gt;Case C‑406/10]&lt;/span&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I salute this pair of decisions as a cornerstone of the copyright law applied to software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Too many &amp;#8220;copyright maximalists&amp;#8221; wish to say that copyright in a software program is like copyright in a literary work, thus any time you copy the same language, you infringe the copyright of the former author. Others times they say that since you cannot reproduce the same structure and plot and names of a book, doing the same with software is as well as copyright infringement (this was what SAS case was all about). &lt;strong&gt;Copyright in software is not the same copyright as the one granted to literary works&lt;/strong&gt;. Software is protected as if it was a literary work, but in order to interpret and apply the copyright rules to software, one shall not disregard the &lt;strong&gt;utilitarian&lt;/strong&gt; nature of software, and the need to achieve interoperability so that ‒ to use the words of the Advocate General in SAS, Mr. Bot ‒ ideas underlying software are not monopolized.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The two subjects use the same concepts, the same words, some of the same rules, but the different nature makes it impossible to just apply the same without making all necessary translations. Fortunately, there are two judges across the Atlantic that understand this and made a very wise decision. The decision from Judge Aslup in the States is even more to be appreciated, because ‒ unlike the ECJ ‒ he did not have a clear guidance on interoperability as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0083:EN:HTML&quot;&gt;Software Directive&lt;/a&gt; (Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs) gave to his European Counterpart.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    As always, good and extensive recounts of a very complicate case can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://groklaw.net&quot;&gt;Groklaw&lt;/a&gt;, as well as all the documents of the case.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Verdict in Oracle v. Google, what it says</title>
            <link>/verdict-in-oracle-v-google-what-it-says/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 08 May 2012 13:28:37 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/verdict-in-oracle-v-google-what-it-says/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; There has been a lot of noise in some areas of the Internet around what to make of the verdict that the jury has taken in the Oracle v.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    There has been a lot of noise in some areas of the Internet around what to make of the verdict that the jury has taken in the Oracle v. Google case.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For the benefit of the readers, here the questions and what the jury has answered. For Europeans, it is very odd to see a jury to decide in matters that are strongly legal in nature, but that's how it goes up there. Bear in mind, though, that the jury is only responsible for the assessment of the facts, it's up to the judge to have a final say about the law.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Also, bear in mind that the judge has instructed the jury to decide &lt;strong&gt;as if&lt;/strong&gt; the API (Application Programming Interfaces) are a copyright subject, but that is just a speculative statement, the matter will be settled by the judge in its final decision.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The verdict
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     1. As to the compilable code for the 37 Java API packages in question taken as a group:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
          A. Has Oracle proven that Google has infringed the overall structure, sequence and organization of copyrighted works?
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
          &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      B. Has Google proven that its use of the overall structure, sequence and organization constituted “fair use”?
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Undecided&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    2. As to the documentation for the 37 Java API packages in question taken as a group:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      A. Has Oracle proven that Google has infringed?
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt; (2.b is then skipped, as per Judge's instructions)
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    3. Has Oracle proven that Google’s conceded use of the following was infringing, the only issue being whether such use was de minimis:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;table cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width: 397px; height: 88px;&quot;&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
          A. The rangeCheck method in&lt;br /&gt; TimSort.java and&lt;br /&gt; ComparableTimSort.Java
        &lt;/td&gt;
        
        &lt;td&gt;
          &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      
      &lt;tr&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
          B. Source code in seven “Impl.java”&lt;br /&gt; files and the one “ACL” file
        &lt;/td&gt;
        
        &lt;td&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;
            &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;
          &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      
      &lt;tr&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
          C. The English-language comments in&lt;br /&gt; CodeSourceTest.java and&lt;br /&gt; CollectionCertStoreParameters&lt;br /&gt; Test.java
        &lt;/td&gt;
        
        &lt;td&gt;
          &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;/table&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    4. Answer the following special interrogatories only if you answer “yes” to Question 1A.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      A. Has Google proven that Sun and/or Oracle engaged in conduct Sun and/or Oracle knew or should have known would reasonably lead Google to believe that it would not need a license to use the structure, sequence, and organization of the copyrighted compilable code?
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      B. If so, has Google proven that it in fact reasonably relied on such conduct by Sun and/or Oracle in deciding to use the structure, sequence, and organization of the copyrighted compilable code without obtaining a license?
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Short Comments
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So this is what was decided. The only clear infringement has been found in 3.A, and it's about some 9 lines of code. Not really much.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Of course the bearings of 1.A are way more important, but two major roadblocks must be removed first: whether the API as defined in 1.A are copyrighted matter in the first place. And if so, whether the use made by Google was &amp;#8220;fair use&amp;#8221;, which has a very broad meaning and involves a lot of factual and legal issues. On the factual issues the Jury has not decided, and Google has announced it would be moving for mistrial, hence, to re-start the trial from the beginning. If accepted by the judge (which is unlikely, I am told) that would only involve the copyright case, it will not span to the case about the patent violation, which is currently (as of the time I am writing) pending.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For a detailed recount of the day, including the verdict, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20120507122749740&quot;&gt;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20120507122749740&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Concorrenza nel mercato legale: propongo l&#39;ATP (Associazione Temporanea di Professionisti)</title>
            <link>/concorrenza-nel-mercato-legale-propongo-latp-associazione-temporanea-di-professionisti/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 21 Feb 2012 14:18:18 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/concorrenza-nel-mercato-legale-propongo-latp-associazione-temporanea-di-professionisti/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; È un&#39;idea che mi frulla da un po&#39; in testa, e che nasce dall&#39;esperienza &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;fallimentare&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; della &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;STP&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (Società Tra Professionisti), una specie di SNC che ha semplicemente fallito.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È un'idea che mi frulla da un po' in testa, e che nasce dall'esperienza &lt;strong&gt;fallimentare&lt;/strong&gt; della &lt;strong&gt;STP&lt;/strong&gt; (Società Tra Professionisti), una specie di SNC che ha semplicemente fallito. Recentemente il precedente Governo è intervenuto riformando ancora la STP, consentendo di adottare una qualsiasi forma societaria (anche SPA o cooperativa). Ma nessuno si è posto il problema di chi vuole rimanere &lt;strong&gt;indipendente&lt;/strong&gt;, ma nel contempo collaborare con altri professionisti su base &lt;strong&gt;non stabile e non esclusiva&lt;/strong&gt;, cosa che gli Avvocati italiani (io per primo) fanno sovente, salvo incorrere in notevoli inconvenienti operativi e fiscali.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Lo spunto per una prima formalizzazione mi è stato dato da un &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/u/0/107725070352258150825/posts/fzPF4rS5svw&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; su G+ di Tiziano Solignani sul perché non intende aderire allo sciopero. Condivido quanto dallo stesso affermato. In un commento ho scritto:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;span class=&quot;kH&quot;&gt;Sono d'accordo in modo molto prossimo al 100%. Una cosa che il Governo poteva fare (a parte imparare una buona volta a scrivere le leggi con il cervello invece che con il C&amp;#8212;0), e che sarebbe costata 0 non è stata fatta. Sarebbe andata a complemento della pur lodevole iniziativa di abolire finalmente l'anacronistica limitazione della legge del '39 e superare l'inutile riforma della STP (un fallimento totale). &lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Consentire di creare &amp;#8220;ATP&amp;#8221;, associazioni temporanee di professionisti, nelle quali gli avvocati (et simil.) si associano per una o più pratiche, senza esclusiva, con piena e illimitata responsabilità personale, trasparenza degli incarichi, ma con la possibilità di fatturare con un unico centro di costo e dividere il ricavato secondo criteri stabiliti di comune accordo tra i membri. Evitando così assurde conseguenze &lt;b&gt;fiscali&lt;/b&gt; che invece mi impediscono di lavorare con giovani Colleghi e far accumulare loro esperienza. Ad esempio, il fatto di dover pagare due volte il 4% di previdenza (una volta quando fattura il primo, una seconda quando il secondo rifattura al primo) e il fatto che i compensi riconosciuti ai professionisti vanno negli studi di settore con un moltiplicatore assurdo.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È la prima volta che formalizzo in una qualsiasi forma l'idea. E penso che ci sia già tutto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'ATP (da non confondersi con quella del tennis) potrebbe ad esempio essere formata con un contratto sottoscritto volta per volta da tutti i professionisti coinvolti, essere aperta a nuove adesioni, condizionata alla verifica dei titoli di abilitazione professionale. Si potrebbe semplicemente iniziare con una dichiarazione di inizio di attività all'Agenzia delle Entrate, via Web. Questa darebbe un numero identificativo da usarsi obbligatoriamente come riferimento per chiunque volesse saperne di più. Potrebbe avere anche un marchio di servizio.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'ATP fatturerebbe direttamente il lavoro svolto dai singoli membri su ciascuna pratica, con la partita IVA di uno dei membri. Ma il reddito prodotto non andrebbe nel reddito di quest'ultimo, ma in un fondo virtuale a parte, da destinarsi secondo gli accordi ad essere diviso tra i membri che hanno operato. Andrebbe poi contabilizzato pro quota a seconda della divisione operata. Il contributo previdenziale avrebbe la stessa sorte (questo non è diverso da quanto avviene per le associazioni professionali).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Le fatture potrebbero essere registrate nell'account presso l'Agenzia Entrate, e nel medesimo andrebbero dunque registrati i numeri di fattura e i codici fiscali corrispondenti alla suddivisione, compresa l'autofattura del mandante. Questo consentirebbe di imputare la ritenuta d'acconto pro quota (l'ATP non dovrebbe così presentare il modello 770, né il modello Unico).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Stessa procedura per la cancellazione: un semplice modulo via web.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I vantaggi sono evidenti: un &lt;strong&gt;centro unico di fatturazione&lt;/strong&gt; per il cliente. &lt;strong&gt;Trasparenza&lt;/strong&gt; dell'imputazione fiscale. Non si crea &lt;strong&gt;fatturato&lt;/strong&gt; inesistente (&amp;#8220;tassato&amp;#8221; al 4% anche se non corrispondente a un reddito e soggetto a doppio carico in caso di rifatturazione &amp;#8220;semplice&amp;#8221;). Non si sballano gli &lt;strong&gt;studi di settore&lt;/strong&gt;. E si facilita così l'&lt;strong&gt;aggregazione tra professionisti&lt;/strong&gt; indipendenti, facilitando l'accesso a incarichi che richiedono o molto lavoro o competenze diverse, consentendo l'accumulo di esperienza anche a chi è più &lt;strong&gt;giovane&lt;/strong&gt;, dotato di meno contatti, meno incline al marketing di se stesso, magari senza una sede prestigiosa o un nome altisonante, ma capace e competente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tutto ciò senza i &lt;strong&gt;costi&lt;/strong&gt; di struttura e di transazione di un'associazione professionale, o peggio, di una società. Senza i vincoli di &lt;strong&gt;esclusiva&lt;/strong&gt;. Senza i vincoli di ripartizione degli utili (presunti) sulla base di un apporto (futuro e difficile da valutare).
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>A modest proposal to give Free Software equal legal standing as proprietary.</title>
            <link>/a-modest-proposal-to-give-free-software-equal-legal-standing-as-proprietary/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 11:13:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/a-modest-proposal-to-give-free-software-equal-legal-standing-as-proprietary/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Laws are more often than not an annoyance, despite their aim to improve the legal framework in any given field. Free Software (AKA &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Open Source&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;) has thrived despite the absence of any legal recognition by the law, if not &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;in spite&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; of rules that clearly are shaped around proprietary software.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Laws are more often than not an annoyance, despite their aim to improve the legal framework in any given field. Free Software (AKA &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;Open Source&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;) has thrived despite the absence of any legal recognition by the law, if not &lt;em&gt;in spite&lt;/em&gt; of rules that clearly are shaped around proprietary software. In many jurisdictions it has passed the enforceability test. So, no laws seem necessary to make it work. Yet, can some legal principle be put forward, and included in some laws, to help?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &amp;#8220;If it works don't fix it&amp;#8221;, so goes the common saying. But if it works now doesn't mean it will work forever. It is nevertheless upon lawyers, and legislators alike, to foresee problems ahead of their actual happening, and brace for the potential harmful event. But any laws that would regulate Free Software would likely harm some parts of it, and change the games to favor one kind over another, or impose conditions that are not welcome or productive – something that legislator, even with the best intentions, often do – and in general could cause as many troubles as they would produce benefit. &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;Primum non nocere&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221; is the paradigm for medical actions, even though drugs by definition only produce a net benefit by inflicting some limited damage. Is there a medicament that has entirely good effects without any negative ones? Arguably there is not. But with laws we can achieve something closer to this optimal benefit, which economists know as &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency&quot;&gt;Pareto Efficiency&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So this is a call for Pareto Efficient Laws, and Pareto optimal only laws.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    A Pareto Efficient Set Of Law
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I will attempt some of them, uttering the rule and providing some contextual explanation. For the perusal of legislators, both national and international (including WIPO).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Free Software shall not be discriminated as to legal validity of its licensing conditions
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      No software licence shall be deemed unlawful, unenforceable, null, unworthy protection or suffer any consequence only or primarily because it does not provide monetary consideration and/or imposes conditions – other than otherwise unlawful ones – different from a monetary exchange or an exchange in kind.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This rule would wipe out any – &lt;em&gt;if &lt;/em&gt;any – doubt as to the fact that Free Software is a legitimate act of exploitation of copyright by the copyright holder. It is nothing but an application of the principle that the copyright holder(s) is (are) the only one(s) who has(have) the right to authorize certain uses of software. This rule would just remove any question as to the fact that non-monetary conditions have the same validity as the monetary ones, even when no monetary consideration is sought.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Free Software shall not be discriminated as to legal protection in case of violation
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Courts shall consider all aspects – including moral ones – when evaluating damages and injunctory relief. No pleas shall be denied or treaded pejoratively (for instance in awarding attorney fees) only because the rightsholder is not seeking monetary compensation when licensing the software, or refuses to settle for a monetary equivalent, if they have not licensed or offered the same software under paid-for conditions.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Free Software can suffer from the fact tha courts are accostumed to proprietary licensing and could think that a) if it's not paid for, it's not worth; and b) the author is unreasonable by demanding compliance when they can receive money instead, since this is more efficient, and this could also affect the award of lawyers' fees.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Free Software licensing shall not be considered harmful to creditors or heirs
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Rules that protect creditors in bankruptcy procedures or any remedies that are aimed at preserving the patrimonial guarantees of a rightsholder shall not affect the licensing under Free Software conditions. In particular, States where rules of forced heirship exist shall not consider Free Software licenses as &amp;#8220;donations&amp;#8221; subject to revocation. The burden of proof that a particular act of licensing was aimed to deprive the rightsholder of part of their own patrimonial guarantee must be strict and upon the one who demands, even when other principle on the onus would otherwise apply.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Believe it or not, some think that licensing software under Free Software conditions is detrimental to creditors/heirs and can be revoked by the receiver, upon demand of creditors or of heirs (where a certain share of the assets of the passed on are awarded to certain lines of heirs). This creates uncertainty as to the permanence of licenses. This can be true in certain, particular cases, but the rule is different, and this must be reflected in the law (note that judges deciding on these matters are invariably unaware of the economy of Free Software).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Moral rights do not apply to software
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In copyright systems that award certain non-disponsable &amp;#8220;moral&amp;#8221; rights to the author of a copyright subject – such as the right to recall a work or to oppose against modifications of the same – these rights are not applicable to software. Only when the right to be recognized as the author of a work exists, this right can be exercised at any time, but the author can be called to indemify those bearing extra costs for this demands if the acknowledgment of the author's work was not put as a condition of the licensing upon which the demanded part relies.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Moral rights are for artistic works, because, &lt;em&gt;allegedly,&lt;/em&gt; there goes part of the &amp;#8220;soul&amp;#8221; of the author. In software the &amp;#8220;mechanic&amp;#8221; nature of the work shall prevail on &amp;#8220;artisitc&amp;#8221; aspects if any and there is no rationale to prohibit modifications or to recall the software as there is e.g. in literary works. This provision applies on an equal footage to proprietary and Free Software. Again, this is not entirely innovative, but should remove some FUD as to Free Software in those systems where moral rights exist. &lt;strong&gt;Clarification&lt;/strong&gt;: I am not denying there can be some artisic features in software or that an artist should not be entitled to express their art in software. That would be an exception. But please understand that moral rights do not exist in oh so many countries and no artists have arguably suffered from it. If the artist does not want that their work is modified by others, simply they can not license in a way that so permits. What I cannot agree with is that a software developer licenses a work in a way that other developers rely on that right, but contrary to the license the law permits that this permission is revoked at a later stage. Moral rights, as opposed to other rights, have this characteristic, that they cannot be waived by the author. &lt;em&gt;This&lt;/em&gt; is so 19th century.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Liability disclaimers shall be valid
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Unless different arrangements exist – such as a development agreement or maintenance obligations – and provided that liability was clearly disclaimed in the licensing rules without the need for this disclaimer to be approved, or made more prominent than other conditions, recipients of Free Software shall not be entitled of any compensation for damages that they have suffered other than a) for willful acts of the author of the software positively aimed at creating harm through malicious code or similar; and/or b) grossly negligent acts unless the recipient of the software knew or should have known using ordinary diligence and taking into account the fact that source code was available to inspection – if this is the case.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Liability for software that can go everywhere, potentially also in system that can cause death or major injuries, is something that is simply ubearable by software developers, and that cannot be put on them just because they acted liberally with their software. It is upon the integrators to check if the software is suitable and not defective. But in some countries liability cannot be disclaimed if not in writing (and a public license is not necessarily in writing) and expressly excluding malice and gross negligence (Italy is one of them). In Italy disclaimers must be &lt;em&gt;approved&lt;/em&gt; in writing, and this is a no-go even for one-to-one online agreements, never mind public licenses. This rule removes any such concern and takes the right consequences from the peculiar nature of Free Software – especially for the copyleft part where source code must be made available.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Clearly advertise lock-in and bundles&lt;a name=&quot;lock-in&quot; id=&quot;lock-in&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      All vendors of electronic equipments (OEM) shall always adequately and clearly advertise whether: a) their apparatus comes with a pre-loaded operating system and/or firmware and if this is the case what is the price for the same apparatus without software if such software comes with an end-user licensing agreement (EULA); b) the operating system, firmware or other software can be replaced by a sufficiently skilled end-user and if there is an encryption or other equivalent mechanism that renders the product non functional if the operating system or firmware is modified by an unauthorized operator. Such advertisement shall always be as apparent as the other main information such as clock speed, size and types of memory, standard of communication supported, compatibility with other devices.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Leveraging the OEMs to only provide certain preloaded software without people even being conscious of buying software is one of the tricks that permitted to proprietary vendors to claim tha people do not want Free Software, without giving it a fair chance. Nearly always buyers of PCs and eqipements alike are requested to accept terms of licensing which they alike have not had the chance of adequately reviewing prior the purchase, having as the only option, if any, to restitute the entire apparatus back to the seller (with costs), and no real option to buy anything different without the software anyway. They are constantly denied reimbursement of the licensing costs of software whose licensing terms they don't agree to. These suggested provisions, while not mandating to offer products people might not want, require that people be informed and put on sufficient notice to excercise their rights before purchase and compare alternatives if existing, enhancing competition on features such as lock-in and OS.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Caveat&lt;/strong&gt;: this is a potentially growing set of rules, I will update it as soon as I will come up with new ideas or when I will receive sensible advice. Feedback on identi.ca/status.net/twitter or Google Plus (@carlopiana), please.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/34&quot;&gt;Normation&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/18&quot;&gt;Free software, digital liberties&lt;/a&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Free Software in Korea</title>
            <link>/free-software-in-korea/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 11:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/free-software-in-korea/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Recently the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://kosslaw.or.kr&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Koss&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (Korean Open Source Software) group has organized the first Korean Free Software conference in Seoul, in cooperation with &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://nipa.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;NIPA&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, the governmental agency for the promotion of Information Technology industry.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Recently the &lt;a href=&quot;http://kosslaw.or.kr&quot;&gt;Koss&lt;/a&gt; (Korean Open Source Software) group has organized the first Korean Free Software conference in Seoul, in cooperation with &lt;a href=&quot;http://nipa.org&quot;&gt;NIPA&lt;/a&gt;, the governmental agency for the promotion of Information Technology industry. &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org&quot;&gt;FSFE&lt;/a&gt; contributed to the organization and I, as well as a few other people, have been invited to present our views at the conference.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    My speech started like &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;I knew I should not come to teach, but to learn, and indeed my anticipation was correct&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;. Korea seems to have a lot to teach us. They are coming from behind, but have covered great length, and show some impressive numbers of adoption. At least they have &lt;strong&gt;a strategy&lt;/strong&gt; and an agenda by which public authorities shall adopt Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The last numbers show a staggering 8.2% annual growth and an overall significant conversion of the public sector (including government institutions) that shows a resounding 25.1% of computers using GNU/Linux. National Computing &amp; Information Industry will grow its GNU/Linux share to 40% by 2015. All these data were provided by Yu Kil Yang, Vice President of NIPA. He is the gentleman featuring at the rightmost place of the bottom row of people in the image below.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But again, I was left under the impression that they know where to go, are pursuing their strategy with money and determination, and are harvesting a lot of benefit. Precisely what is missing from the European Digital Agenda to be a really outstanding one. By the way, my presentation covered the shortcomings of EIF v.2.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/system/files/korea_vip.jpg&quot; style=&quot;max-width:100%;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;The &amp;#8220;VIP&amp;#8221; group picture at the 2001 Korea Foss Con &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The folks here are the VIPs of the conference (or so the organizers believe). You might recognize a few of them. The gentleman in the honour spot next to FSFE's President Karsten Gerloff is the President of NIPA, who has the rank of a Vice-Ministry in the Government.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/56&quot;&gt;Software for the Public Administration&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Koss conference in Korea</title>
            <link>/koss-conference-in-korea/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Nov 2011 11:53:35 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/koss-conference-in-korea/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; A few more details: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 2011 FOSS Con. Korea will be an excellent opportunity to meet high level decision-makers from IT innovators such as Samsung and LG, key government officials involved in IT policy and legislation, and to explore current best practice with international FOSS thought-leaders.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A few more details:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      2011 FOSS Con. Korea will be an excellent opportunity to meet high level decision-makers from IT innovators such as Samsung and LG, key government officials involved in IT policy and legislation, and to explore current best practice with international FOSS thought-leaders.  This event will build new partnerships and positively impact on FOSS adoption, growth and governance in Korea and further afield via the global reach of Korean manufacturing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conference Sessions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The first day of conference will consist of 10 sessions designed to build understanding of Free Software legal and business issues, and will be open to the public.&lt;br /&gt; The second day will be an invitation-only seminar for 30~40 decision-makers that provides a high-level forum to discuss compliance and governance challenges in the Korean market, and a chance for informal networking between Korean and international thought leaders.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Other people attending include Karsten Gerloff, Keith Bergelt, Till Jaeger, Armijn Hemel, McCoy Smith. Also one of the most pre-eminent experts in Free Software communication and business consultancy in the Far East Area, Shane Coughlan of &lt;a href=&quot;http://opendawn.com&quot;&gt;Opendawn&lt;/a&gt; will be active in the conference.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If you are in the region, please consider participating.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/56&quot;&gt;Software for the Public Administration&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Dennis Ritchie</title>
            <link>/dennis-ritchie/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 2011 08:59:21 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/dennis-ritchie/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;figure&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img alt=&amp;quot;DMR&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;outline&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/system/files/Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;display:block; float:none; clear:both; margin-bottom:0px !important;&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;figcaption&amp;gt;Image from Wikipedia &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (in public domain)&amp;lt;/figcaption&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/figure&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; While the World (and I) was all concentrating on the departure of Steve Jobs, a man whose achievements have had an even greater impact on today&#39;s world is with us no more.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;figure&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;DMR&quot; class=&quot;outline&quot; src=&quot;/system/files/Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display:block; float:none; clear:both; margin-bottom:0px !important;&quot; /&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;Image from Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dennis_MacAlistair_Ritchie_.jpg&lt;/a&gt; (in public domain)&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    While the World (and I) was all concentrating on the departure of Steve Jobs, a man whose achievements have had an even greater impact on today's world is with us no more. Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie left us on 8 October 2011. It is sad, very sad, that all major press reported the two passing aways with so starkingly different emphasis. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29&quot;&gt;C programming language&lt;/a&gt; is the foundation of all modern operating systems, and virtually of all commonly used applications and programming languages. But the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_distortion_field&quot;&gt;reality distortion field&lt;/a&gt; is still on.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/29&quot;&gt;Miscellanea&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Steve Jobs, 1955 – 2011</title>
            <link>/steve-jobs-1955-2011/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2011 07:38:55 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/steve-jobs-1955-2011/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;/system/files/t_hero.png&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;Steve Jobs, 1955 - 2011&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;outline&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;/system/files/t_hero.png&quot; alt=&quot;Steve Jobs, 1955 - 2011&quot; class=&quot;outline&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Libri (non) scontati: una legge stupida</title>
            <link>/libri-non-scontati-una-legge-stupida/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 12 Sep 2011 07:52:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/libri-non-scontati-una-legge-stupida/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; La finalità della legge è &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; contribuire allo sviluppo del settore librario, al sostegno della creatività letteraria, alla promozione del libro e della lettura, alla diffusione della cultura, alla tutela del pluralismo dell&#39;informazione &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; ma in realtà è una legge dannosa, che &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;non&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; favorisce la diffusione dei libri (da quando aumentare il prezzo e ridurre la concorrenza nella distribuzione favorisce l&#39;accesso del pubblico a un bene?</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    La finalità della legge è
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      contribuire allo sviluppo del settore librario, al sostegno della creatività letteraria, alla promozione del libro e della lettura, alla diffusione della cultura, alla tutela del pluralismo dell'informazione
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    ma in realtà è una legge dannosa, che &lt;strong&gt;non&lt;/strong&gt; favorisce la diffusione dei libri (da quando aumentare il prezzo e ridurre la concorrenza nella distribuzione favorisce l'accesso del pubblico a un bene?), ma soprattutto &lt;strong&gt;facilmente aggirabile&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La legge si propone evidentemente di tutelare le librerie (soprattutto quelle piccole) dagli sconti iperaggressivi delle grandi catene, evidentemente anche quelle di &lt;strong&gt;commercio elettronico&lt;/strong&gt; (Amazon, per intenderci). Avete mai visto il film &amp;#8220;C'è posta per te&amp;#8221;? Ecco, quel tipo di battaglia. Limtando gli sconti, si pensa, la libreria di quartiere non dovrà svenarsi e poi chiudere perché da lei i libri costano di più che alla Coop. Ma allora, uno pensa, è una tutela non del libro, ma di una forma di distribuzione particolarmente inefficiente? In realtà non è nemmeno così.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se uno ha due — ma proprio due — rudimenti di economia comprende che:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Le grandi catene fanno sconti, ma tengono al margine;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Le grandi catene hanno un potere d'acquisto sugli editori che le librerie non hanno;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Le grandi catene sono in grado si scaricare gran parte del costo dello sconto sugli editori, fino ad erodere il &lt;em&gt;loro&lt;/em&gt; margine;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Impedendo gli sconti, l'editore ottiene un livellamento verso l'alto dei costi, meno pressione sul prezzo e in definitiva scarica sul consumatore finale il costo di tale inefficienza mantenuta.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In tutto ciò, gli autori non vedono un centesimo in più o in meno delle proprie royalty, perché  la loro percentuale non cambia. È un po' difficile vedere come in tutto questo si possa &amp;#8220;aumentare la creatività letteraria&amp;#8221;, se non attraverso dubbi meccanismi di feedback.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma veniamo alla parte più stupida. La legge si applica anche al &lt;strong&gt;commercio elettronico&lt;/strong&gt;. Giusto, è inutile chiudere una porta e aprire un portone. Peccato che il commercio elettronico è per sua definizione a-territoriale e sussiste un principio di libera prestazione dei servizi e di &lt;strong&gt;libera circolazione delle merci&lt;/strong&gt;. Se pur l'Italia può stabilire (anche se su questo possiamo avere dei dubbi) una politica degli sconti, e dunque una politica dei &lt;strong&gt;prezzi&lt;/strong&gt; sostanzialmente &lt;strong&gt;imposti&lt;/strong&gt; dall'editore (!), questa non può affatto essere imposta a un operatore che se ne sta in Olanda e che offre lo stesso bene (un libro italiano) in Italia e in Germania: il  prezzo &lt;em&gt;deve &lt;/em&gt;essere lo stesso. Il contrario sarebbe sicuramente contrario alle norme dei Trattati. Per cui un operatore italiano può essere soggetto a sanzioni per comportamenti che un operatore olandese non subisce.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Uno Stato che consapevolmente danneggia e discrimina i &lt;em&gt;propri&lt;/em&gt; operatori a vantaggio di quelli esteri. Qualcuno non percepisce la stupidità della situazione?
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>IPV6</title>
            <link>/ipv6/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:58:31 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ipv6/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button BEGIN --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://ipv6-test.com/validate.php?url=referer&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;ipv6 ready&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;ipv6 ready&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;http://ipv6-test.com/button-ipv6-big.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button END --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Canali:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/37&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Interoperabilità&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Tipo di Entry:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/30&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Varie&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ul class=&amp;quot;links inline&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li class=&amp;quot;translation_en first last&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/node/271&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;IPV6&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;translation-link&amp;quot; xml:lang=&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;&amp;gt;English&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt; </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button BEGIN --&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://ipv6-test.com/validate.php?url=referer&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;ipv6 ready&quot; alt=&quot;ipv6 ready&quot; src=&quot;http://ipv6-test.com/button-ipv6-big.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button END --&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Canali:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/30&quot;&gt;Varie&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_en first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/node/271&quot; title=&quot;IPV6&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;
      &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>IPV6</title>
            <link>/ipv6-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:57:07 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ipv6-2/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button BEGIN --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://ipv6-test.com/validate.php?url=referer&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;ipv6 ready&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;ipv6 ready&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;http://ipv6-test.com/button-ipv6-big.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button END --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Canali:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Interoperability&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Tipo di Entry:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/29&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Miscellanea&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ul class=&amp;quot;links inline&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li class=&amp;quot;translation_it first last&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/it/node/272&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;IPV6&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;translation-link&amp;quot; xml:lang=&amp;quot;it&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italian&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt; </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button BEGIN --&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://ipv6-test.com/validate.php?url=referer&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;ipv6 ready&quot; alt=&quot;ipv6 ready&quot; src=&quot;http://ipv6-test.com/button-ipv6-big.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!-- IPv6-test.com button END --&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Canali:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/29&quot;&gt;Miscellanea&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_it first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/it/node/272&quot; title=&quot;IPV6&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;it&quot;&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;
      &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Nortel, Google and the value of patents</title>
            <link>/nortel-google-and-the-value-of-patents/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2011 16:26:41 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/nortel-google-and-the-value-of-patents/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; But software patents are also detrimental to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;competition&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. Especially if they are &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;used&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; in an anticompetitive way. The &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Microsoft case&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, once again, gives us good food for thought and leads me to think that there is more than one antitrust concern over the sale of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nortel patents&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    But software patents are also detrimental to &lt;strong&gt;competition&lt;/strong&gt;. Especially if they are &lt;em&gt;used&lt;/em&gt; in an anticompetitive way. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case&quot;&gt;Microsoft case&lt;/a&gt;, once again, gives us good food for thought and leads me to think that there is more than one antitrust concern over the sale of &lt;strong&gt;Nortel patents&lt;/strong&gt;. May I attempt a few short answers to reasonable questions that are lingering around when I mention the antitrust issue. I plead guilty of omitting much of the necessary background.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Q: Nortel patents were there already, why should they create concerns?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;: because they have not been paid for their &amp;#8220;market&amp;#8221; value, but because of their &lt;b&gt;strategic&lt;/b&gt; value. Buyers (or some of them) are arguably not interested in trading them at fair market value (estimated USD 800M), but as a way to stifle the competition from a &lt;strong&gt;disruptor&lt;/strong&gt; with a different business model. You can't compete with a &lt;strong&gt;free product&lt;/strong&gt; and you cannot trade your product for free? Make it a paid-for product and it's not that much of a disruptor anymore.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Q: But why should Google not pay for patents if anybody else is doing it?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;: Again, we must think out of the box. Google has bought a company, On2, just to have all of their rights on a codec, and donated it as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmproject.org/&quot;&gt;WebM&lt;/a&gt;. It bid &lt;strong&gt;3.14&lt;/strong&gt; (or pi) &lt;strong&gt;billion USD&lt;/strong&gt; to have the same Nortel patents, four times their estimated market value (for the same and opposite reasons as the successful bidders). And it still planned to keep Android [F|f]ree. If the consortium valued them even more, it's because it thinks it can extract much more value out of them. That is, as I said, unrelated to the remuneration on the investment to produce an innovative idea (if any), it is about the &lt;strong&gt;strategic&lt;/strong&gt; value.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Controlling a platform&lt;/strong&gt; is much more lucrative than just the revenues deriving from selling some software. There is the &lt;strong&gt;network effect&lt;/strong&gt;, everything is about network effects. Network effects are the air that inflates the IT bubble.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Q: yet isn't the &amp;#8220;fair market price&amp;#8221; the one that is set&amp;#8230; by the market?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;: This is true, but only if the market is &lt;strong&gt;free&lt;/strong&gt; to set the price and if you are trading &lt;em&gt;quid pro quo&lt;/em&gt;. If you want to trade your patent rights in a normal fashion, you have a straightforward and correct game: you threaten litigation and ask for a price. If the price is too high, you face the risk to be forced to litigate, then you could face counterclaims an lose your patents, or simply lose the case and have no royalties. So you set a price as high as possible, but eventually settle for something reasonable, because if you set it too high you increase the odds of losing much more than your marginal gain. There is &lt;em&gt;some &lt;/em&gt;balance in it, marketwise.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In the game where platform dominance and fighting against a disruptor are concerned, the &lt;strong&gt; game&lt;/strong&gt; is totally &lt;strong&gt;different&lt;/strong&gt;. You have more than an &lt;strong&gt;incentive&lt;/strong&gt; to set the price &lt;strong&gt; arbitrarily high&lt;/strong&gt;, eventually hoping the price is not met, or not bothering at all to set a price. This is the fundamental premise of all the antitrust-based forced licensing decisions, form &lt;em&gt;Magill&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;Microsoft&lt;/em&gt;. You can end up with &lt;strong&gt;4 different scenarios&lt;/strong&gt;, at least, or some combination and permutations:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Scenario 1&lt;/strong&gt;: the disruptor &lt;strong&gt;pays&lt;/strong&gt; the arbitrarily high price, you gain an awful lot of money, yet this is your &lt;strong&gt;worst-case&lt;/strong&gt; scenario, because still the disruptor might remain in good business.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Scenario 2&lt;/strong&gt;: you don't trade with the disruptor, but with its &lt;strong&gt;clients&lt;/strong&gt;. Maybe you start with setting some example by convincing the least reluctant to give in first.  You therefore extract revenues from the clients of the disruptor &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; increase the cost its product. So you get paid &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; you diminish the attractiveness of the product for the disruptor. It's a win-win strategy: if the clients pay the price, you get paid and the product is less appealing; if you further increase the price, you don't get paid because you scare the client the disruptor out of its competing product, and you win even bigger.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Scenario 3&lt;/strong&gt;: the disruptor refuses to pay, you &lt;strong&gt;sue&lt;/strong&gt; it and you &lt;strong&gt;win&lt;/strong&gt;: best case scenario, you put the disruptor out of business. The disruptor hence must find a way around your patents (and facing possible new litigation for a patent which held through judicial scrutiny) or it shall pay through the nose, if you are gracious enough to set a price, whatever price.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Scenario 4&lt;/strong&gt;: the disruptor refuses to pay, you &lt;strong&gt;sue&lt;/strong&gt; it and you &lt;strong&gt;lose&lt;/strong&gt;. Yet again you win overall, because you have engaged your opponent through an ordeal of immense magnitude, scaring the hell out of its clients as in Scenario 2, you have obtained some revenues nonetheless through Scenario 2 and you have implanted the idea that your opponent's product is not that convenient as the price tag might suggest. This is a classic &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt&quot;&gt;FUD&lt;/a&gt; strategy, and if your opponent is lucky enough, it will only last one-two years, reducing much of the snowball effect of its disruptive competition.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In all cases, the value extracted from the patents is totally unrelated to the merit of the patent, and it is not a fair market price. The situation presents a &lt;strong&gt;huge incentive&lt;/strong&gt; to increase the price to a multiple of its fair market value.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;As always, comments are welcome through my identi.ca federated instance: &lt;a href=&quot;http://status.piana.eu/carlopiana&quot;&gt;http://status.piana.eu/carlopiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>PCT, PDA, PEC</title>
            <link>/pct-pda-pec/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 2011 13:57:17 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/pct-pda-pec/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ciò che vorrei fare è dare qualche notizia basata sull&#39;esperienza sul campo di problemi, inaccuratezze, omissioni e &amp;lt;a title=&amp;quot;FUD&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;FUD&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, in modo puntuale. Quello che alcuni chiamerebbero &amp;amp;#8220;pillole&amp;amp;#8221;. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Cominciamo dall&#39;ultimo caso che mi è capitato: la &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;acronym&amp;gt;PEC&amp;lt;/acronym&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (Posta Elettronica Certificata).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Ciò che vorrei fare è dare qualche notizia basata sull'esperienza sul campo di problemi, inaccuratezze, omissioni e &lt;a title=&quot;FUD&quot; href=&quot;http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FUD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, in modo puntuale. Quello che alcuni chiamerebbero &amp;#8220;pillole&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Cominciamo dall'ultimo caso che mi è capitato: la &lt;strong&gt;&lt;acronym&gt;PEC&lt;/acronym&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Posta Elettronica Certificata). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Qualsiasi PEC va bene&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;, se vi dicono di prenderne un'altra, vi stanno imbrogliando&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sino ad ora i servizi informatici passavano per il Punto di Accesso (&lt;strong&gt;&lt;acronym&gt;PDA&lt;/acronym&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;). Se voglio interrogare lo stato di una pratica in modalità sincrona o asincrona, passo dal PDA. Se voglio depositare un atto, lo imbusto con un imbustatore e lo carico tramite la funzione del PDA (dove funziona). Se il Tribunale mi invia un biglietto di cancelleria, questo mi arriva alla posta elettronica attivata presso il PDA, tramite il quale solo posso accedervi.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Fra poco vi sarà una &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.processotelematico.giustizia.it/pdapublic/resources/Specifiche%20tecniche%20-%20scheda%20illustrativa%20v1.1.pdf&quot;&gt;rivoluzione copernicana&lt;/a&gt;: le comunicazioni, le notifiche e il deposito degli atti verranno effettuati tramite PEC. Il Punto di Accesso servirà solo per interrogare lo stato delle pratiche. Ovviamente sarà necessario registrare uno e uno solo indirizzo di PEC al registro centrale (dovremmo già averlo fatto al nostro Ordine, e il nostro ordine avere comunicato la cosa al registro), dopodiché tutte le comunicazioni avverranno lì, e tramite quell'account sarà possibile depositare gli atti eccetera. Tanto è vero che sarà possibile &lt;strong&gt;essere registrati a più di un Punto di Accesso&lt;/strong&gt;, mentre ora per accedere a un nuovo PDA è necessario disiscriversi dal precedente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Gira voce che alcuni servizi funzioneranno solo con la PEC di alcuni fornitori, non si sa in virtù di quale magia. Niente di più falso: l'unico requisito perché la propria PEC funzioni è che questa sia regstrata presso l'elenco centrale (e ovviamente che sia una PEC riconosciuta dal &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digitpa.gov.it/&quot;&gt;DigitPA&lt;/a&gt;). Per cui, &lt;strong&gt;buona notizia&lt;/strong&gt;! Per chi come me si è dotato di PEC ben prima della scadenza di legge e ha comunicato la stessa al proprio Ordine in modo diligente, ancorché non vi fosse sanzione alcuna, non è necessario comprarne un'altra da un fornitore di servizi diverso dal proprio.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Poiché io, come chiunque, posso essere tacciato di raccontare balle, ecco la risposta ricevuta da un dirigente del DigitPA a precisa domanda:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      [&amp;#8230;]Le rispondo:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;ol&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;
        Sì, è vero che l’avvocato potrà utilizzare PEC di qualsiasi gestore di PEC accreditato da DIGITPA, con l’UNICO vincolo che tale casella di PEC sia quella DICHIARATA All’ORDINE DEGLI AVVOCATI giusta applicazione art. 16, comma 7 del d.l. 185/2008 convertito nella Legge 2/2009. Questo perché gli indirizzi di PEC utilizzati saranno quelli ESTRATTI dall’elenco riservato di caselle PEC dell’ordine degli avvocati
      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;
        Se si rispetta quanto indicato, non è necessario dotarsi di altre caselle di PEC
      &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A futura memoria&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: le informazioni sono state ottenute nel corso di attività svolte per conto di un operatore economico fornitore di servizi nel campo del PCT.&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Samba case hearing: How Microsoft’s gamble backfired</title>
            <link>/hearing/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 27 May 2011 09:17:26 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/hearing/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt; Samba case hearing: How Microsoft’s gamble backfired &amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Tuesday saw &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/ms-vs-eu.en.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt; has been involved for ten years now&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, after Microsoft had finally released interoperability information after years of dragging its feet, and the Commission had fined the company the record amount of EUR 899 million.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;h2&gt;
    Samba case hearing: How Microsoft’s gamble backfired
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tuesday saw &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/ms-vs-eu.en.html&quot;&gt; has been involved for ten years now&lt;/a&gt;, after Microsoft had finally released interoperability information after years of dragging its feet, and the Commission had fined the company the record amount of EUR 899 million.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But yesterday saw the parties back in Luxembourg, in a hearing room on the eight floor of the European Court of Justice’s yellow towers. The atmosphere had something of a family event. As one visitor remarked, seating arrangements were similar to those at a wedding, with the European Commission on one side of the room along with the FSFE and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org/&quot;&gt;Samba Team&lt;/a&gt;, both represented by Carlo Piana, and others intervening in support of the EC; and Microsoft and its supporting intervener ACT on the other side. Neither peanuts nor popcorn were thrown across the aisle.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    After the hearing, Carlo Piana said:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      “The hearing established that Free Software is central to restoring competition in the workgroup server market,” said FSFE’s legal counsel Carlo Piana. “Everyone agreed to this, including the judges. This case matters because it highlights that interoperability is more important than a company’s interest in keeping its dominant position.”
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    From Microsoft’s arguments it became clear that the company’s instincts have not changed one bit, despite repeated claims to the contrary. It is still bent on locking down any market it enters, and blocking the path of competitors wherever possible. This is another reason that this case is so important: It has shown that Free Software is important for competition, and that a free market is more important than the interests of a single company in reaping monopoly profits.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    “Can we get a discount?”
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The hearing took place because Microsoft had appealed the fine. That’s understandable: Even if just a few percent were lopped off those EUR 899 million, that would still be a substantial amount in savings, even after subtracting the lawyers’ costs. So, no harm in trying. The company argued that the Commission in its 2004 decision (confused yet? This &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/timeline.html&quot;&gt;timeline&lt;/a&gt; might be helpful) asked Microsoft to provide competitors like the Samba team with the information that they need to hook up their software to computers running Microsoft Windows, and to make the information available under “reasonable” conditions.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But, Microsoft complained, the EC didn’t say what “reasonable” was supposed to mean. The idea “reasonable” meaning “in a way that competitors can actually use it, including in Free Software under the GNU GPL” proved remarkably difficult for Microsoft to comprehend. Microsoft also argued that the interoperability information which it was forced to provide was “innovative”, and that it was unreasonable for the EC, FSFE and the Samba team to ask for this information. More on this below.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It’s worth remembering that this hearing was about the “no patents” agreement that the Samba team has signed up to. This agreement gives the Free Software group access to Microsoft’s protocol specifications, but does not give them a license to the patents that Microsoft holds in this area. Microsoft only makes patent licenses available under conditions that are fundamentally incompatible with the GPL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Samba team only has a license to use Microsoft’s protocol specifications, not to Microsoft’s patented technologies. But at least those patents are identified, and the Samba team can work around them. This requires considerable effort, but it’s possible.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    So, is Microsoft a small enterprise, or a medium one?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Association for Competitive Technology (&lt;a href=&quot;http://actonline.org/&quot;&gt;ACT&lt;/a&gt;, intervening in support of Microsoft, came across as somewhat left-field. ACT’s main argument was that Microsoft’s interoperability information was somehow innovative (it isn’t); that the EC has basically nationalised Microsoft’s valuable “intellectual property” (it hasn’t; this sort of argumentative quagmire is where &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml&quot;&gt;usage of the term&lt;/a&gt; tends to lead); and that this meant that companies in the EU have no more incentive to innovate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Not only was all of this rather wide of the mark. The ACT representative also failed to explain why his organisation, which claims to represent small and medium enterprises, is so concerned about the fate of a globocorp like Microsoft in this particular case.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Microsoft raised the stakes, and lost
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The European Commission’s lawyer Nicholas Kahn opened his argument with a clear statement: “Microsoft is acting like a gambler who doubled up on a losing bet, and now wants his money back.” He argued that the Commission had made clear enough what Microsoft was supposed to do; and that Microsoft indeed magically managed to do what it was supposed to only weeks after losing an appeal in 2007.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In the intervening time, the company had dragged its feet, using every possible option to avoid releasing the information that the Samba team needed to compete with Microsoft’s workgroup server and restore a bit of competition to the market. The Commission had already tired of this game in late 2005, and had imposed a daily fine of two million Euro for every day that Microsoft wasn’t complying with the Commission’s decision. The Commission later found that there were grounds to increase the fine to 3 million EUR per day, but gave Microsoft a discount and decided to keep it at 2 and later at 1.5 million EUR per day.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Even with such an expensive clock ticking, Microsoft still didn’t make the required information and documentation available in such a way that the Samba team could make use of it. The company didn’t even use any of the several options that it had to let a court decide whether it complied. In other words, Microsoft was playing for time. This gave the company three more years to extract monopoly profits from a market on which it had a stranglehold.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    The phone book isn’t innovative either
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In FSFE’s view, the European Commission’s effort to bring Microsoft into compliance has been very helpful. Samba, which is part of most GNU/Linux distributions, makes it possible to use GNU/Linux servers in a network that has both GNU/Linux and Windows clients. This makes Samba not only a valuable Free Software replacement to Microsoft’s proprietary workgroup server. It also allows organisations to use GNU/Linux in a mixed environment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Speaking as a technical expert, Samba founder Andrew Tridgell &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/news/2011/news-20110525-01.en.html&quot;&gt;easily put to rest&lt;/a&gt; any claims that the information which Microsoft was forced to release was in any way innovative:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      “In order to compete, the Samba team only needed the mundane information about how Microsoft computers talk to each other,” said Tridgell. “There is nothing innovative here. All the innovative bits are either already published by Microsoft’s own researchers, or are contained in the Microsoft program source code – and we have no interest in seeing that. The innovation certainly isn’t in the protocol specifications.”
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Microsoft is also required to reveal how the technology works because this is part of the knowledge that all the system administrators need to correctly set up and configure their networks. As on previous occasions, Tridge did an excellent job of explaining intricate technical issues to the judges in a very simple fashion, and showing Microsoft’s claims to innovation to be nonsense.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    This is where you get to say “patently absurd”
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Microsoft was forced to release the information to put an end to an unprecedented abuse of the market. In proposing the conditions, it could not take in consideration the value that stems from the strategic role of keeping the interoperability information secret. That’s why it must prove that the secret part of the technology that it had to reveal is innovative, in that it brings value that the party which obtains such information would not have, and this value must not lie in the ability to interoperate, because that would be contradictory with the scope of eliminating the anticompetitive behaviour.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of the most outrageous claims is that because the documentation contains patented material; and since a patent allegedly means something is innovative, it follows that the protocols are innovative. But Microsoft could only legitimately ask for licensing fees if its valid claims read on the actual product that the alleged infringer markets. With this claim Microsoft wants to have its cake and eat it too. It wants to keep the protocols secret, and at the same time extend the patent “protection” to an entire sector of technology well beyond the patents’ claims, even if implementations like Samba invent around Microsoft’s patents.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Microsoft’s additional claim that it was itself the party who can decide whether these patents would be “necessarily infringed” was characterized as “rather paternalistic” by the Commission’s lawyer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    So what’s next?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    With a lot of detailed questions from the main judge to both parties, the hearing went on until about a quarter to seven in the evening. A ruling on Microsoft’s appeal is expected for the second half of the year.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Your support has made it possible for us to keep this work going for a decade. If you want to help as an individual, you might like to &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/join&quot;&gt;join the Fellowship&lt;/a&gt;. As a company, you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/donate/donate.en.html&quot;&gt;support us with a donation&lt;/a&gt; so we can keep on tearing down barriers to Free Software. Thanks for your help!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/49&quot;&gt;From other sources&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>New offices, new people</title>
            <link>/new-offices-new-people/</link>
            <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2011 06:20:57 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/new-offices-new-people/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Not that my previous ones in the lovely &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Piazza Castello&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, amidst the Financial District and the art-ridded quarter of Brera were unfit or everything. Not at all.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Not that my previous ones in the lovely &lt;strong&gt;Piazza Castello&lt;/strong&gt;, amidst the Financial District and the art-ridded quarter of Brera were unfit or everything. Not at all. Or the people there were unfriendly or else, the contrary, of moving away this is the part I love less. But life is made of choices that have pros and cons.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A short introduction to the new premises. Palazzo Serbelloni is at the beginning of &lt;strong&gt;Corso Venezia&lt;/strong&gt;, one of the main inroads to the center of Milano, which runs from &lt;strong&gt;Piazza San Babila&lt;/strong&gt; to the Spanish Walls in Porta Venezia (in ancient times, where the road toll was collected, or &amp;#8220;Dazio&amp;#8221;). The building is right on the corner of Via San Damiano, one stretch or the former &amp;#8220;Navigli Circle&amp;#8221; which flowed around the very center of Milan until the 1950's. This part of Milan is now famous for the &lt;strong&gt;Fashion District&lt;/strong&gt;, ideally consisting of the fashion quadrilater, formed by Via Montenapoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Sant'Andrea and Corso Venezia. In fact, the entrance of the building is just in front of Vivianne Westwood's shop.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;figure class=&quot;left_figure&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serbelloni.it/index.php&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Palazzo Serbelloni - image courtesy of Fondazione Serbelloni (link)&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serbelloni.it/palazzo.jpg&quot; longdesc=&quot;Image courtesy of Fondazione Serbelloni / link&quot; /&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;Palazzo Serbelloni, courtesy of Fondazione Serbelloni&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; 
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The building has a history of its own. Build in the late 18th century on the at-the-time &amp;#8220;Corso di Porta Orientale&amp;#8221; (East Door Boulevar) by the noble family Serbelloni. &lt;strong&gt;Gabrio Serbelloni&lt;/strong&gt; (Duke of San Gabrio, Marquee of Romagnano, Grand d'Espagne etc. etc.), approved the project by architect &lt;strong&gt;Simone Cantoni&lt;/strong&gt;. The very nice three-orders façade was made of &lt;strong&gt;Granite of Baveno&lt;/strong&gt; (which is near my birthplace) as well as well as Viggiù stone. Here  Vittorio Emanuele II was applauded by the cheering people after Lombardy were annexed to the Sardinian Kingdom after a plebiscite. Here Napoleon stayed three months full of parties and feasts.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Reaching the offices is quite easy. By &lt;strong&gt;metro&lt;/strong&gt;, you take the red line and stop at &lt;strong&gt;San Babila&lt;/strong&gt;. You seek the exit to Corso Venezia, and down Corso Venezia you go. Corss Via San Damiano and there you are. By &lt;strong&gt;train&lt;/strong&gt;, depending on where you arrive, you always have a short haul via Metro. In &lt;strong&gt;Cadorna&lt;/strong&gt;, where the &lt;strong&gt;Malpensa Express&lt;/strong&gt; arrives, you can take the &lt;strong&gt;red&lt;/strong&gt; line. In &lt;strong&gt;Garibaldi&lt;/strong&gt; you take the green line until &lt;strong&gt;Cadorna&lt;/strong&gt; and therefrom to San Babila (in the direction of Sesto FS), or otherwise until &lt;strong&gt;Loreto&lt;/strong&gt;, and therefrom take the red line to &lt;strong&gt;Palestro&lt;/strong&gt; (which is on the other side of Corso Venezia). In &lt;strong&gt;Centrale&lt;/strong&gt; you have the option to take the green line and here also go to either Loreto or Cadorna, or perhaps better take the &lt;strong&gt;yellow &lt;/strong&gt;line and go to Duomo (in the direction of San Donato) and change to the red toward Sesto FS, the next stop is San Babila. Or maybe you want to stop an &lt;strong&gt;Montenapoleone&lt;/strong&gt; and to a stroll in the fashion district.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      From the &lt;strong&gt;airports&lt;/strong&gt; it's very easy too. From &lt;strong&gt;Malpensa&lt;/strong&gt;, you can take the &lt;strong&gt;Malpensa Express&lt;/strong&gt; and arrive in &lt;strong&gt;Cadorna&lt;/strong&gt; (see the paragraph above). From &lt;strong&gt;Linate&lt;/strong&gt;, you can take the line &lt;strong&gt;73&lt;/strong&gt; bus, which is an express line, and arrive in &lt;strong&gt;Via Durini&lt;/strong&gt;/&lt;strong&gt;PIazza San Babila.&lt;/strong&gt; Keep the fountains in the square at your left and you hit Corso Venezia quite easily.
    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/news&quot;&gt;News&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
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        <item>
            <title>Doors opened at Openoffice</title>
            <link>/doors-opened-at-openoffice/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 12:19:45 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/doors-opened-at-openoffice/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I am very happy to hear about this move, which was &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not entirely unexpected&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (by me, at least). To tell all the truth, reaching this point was &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;my secret plan&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; when I have started &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/sun&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;let the sun shine&amp;quot;&amp;gt;helping Oracle&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; in the merger control procedure opened by the European Commission last year, where the acquisition of Sun was under scrutiny.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I am very happy to hear about this move, which was &lt;strong&gt;not entirely unexpected&lt;/strong&gt; (by me, at least). To tell all the truth, reaching this point was &lt;strong&gt;my secret plan&lt;/strong&gt; when I have started &lt;a href=&quot;/sun&quot; title=&quot;let the sun shine&quot;&gt;helping Oracle&lt;/a&gt; in the merger control procedure opened by the European Commission last year, where the acquisition of Sun was under scrutiny. I was telling everybody that the &lt;strong&gt;dual licensing&lt;/strong&gt; approach was going to &lt;strong&gt;die&lt;/strong&gt;, that id did not make much sense anymore, that it was &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;/sun#dual&quot;&gt;moot&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8221; – I actually mentioned MySQL there, but the same applies to Openoffice.org, actually. As it turns out, &lt;strong&gt;I was right&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The announcement is clear to reaffirm the pledge by Oracle to support &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/os/def.html&quot;&gt;open standards&lt;/a&gt; and to work hard on various important pieces of the Free Software portfolio it stewards – which includes also Java, in addition to the already mentioned MySQL, as well as a number of smaller projects. At the same time it is not entirely clear what in particular the new strategy implies in practical terms. My not-entirely-uneducated guess is that the company does not want to commit to one path or the other because there are some factors that can weigh in. One of them can be the presence of some &lt;strong&gt;industrial partner&lt;/strong&gt; which might want to give its patronage to the project and steer it into another kind industry-lead project (but the obvious candidate seems unlikely to jump on this). Another scenario is the one in which a more &lt;strong&gt;grassroots&lt;/strong&gt; approach is taken, and therefore the project lands in the hands of a foundation, a committee or something similar.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The elephant in the room at that point is obvious. There &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; a foundation that &lt;em&gt;already&lt;/em&gt; provides a stewardship to a codebase which is almost overlapping with that of Openoffice.org, and which, albeit being a fork, can still be easily merged into the originating branch: &lt;strong&gt;Libreoffice&lt;/strong&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;http://documentfoundation.org&quot; title=&quot;the document foundation&quot;&gt;The Document Foundation&lt;/a&gt;. Will the two converge? Hard to say. Will there be some degree of code exchange? That seems the most natural path of evolution. Because the dual licensing encumbrance is soon to die – never too early – there is nothing preventing it, apart from historical frictions between the recently &amp;#8220;divorced&amp;#8221; developers groups.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So,what's the implication of this move by Oracle, will it make any difference? My answer is &amp;#8220;yes&amp;#8221;. It is highly symbolic. It is a step I have been advocating with them for ages. It reduces &lt;strong&gt;friction&lt;/strong&gt; and removes inefficiencies that the need to have copyright assignment implies.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Or, to make a long story short, good news!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/58&quot;&gt;Oracle, Sun and Mysql&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Completamento automatico implica responsabilità</title>
            <link>/completamento-automatico-implica-responsabilita/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 09:32:45 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/completamento-automatico-implica-responsabilita/</guid>
            <description>Note for English readers: this is a translation. Original version is available clicking “English” at the bottom of the article
Non so come mai, ma il gatto era fuori del sacco anche prima di avere io stesso tutti i dettagli.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><em>Note for English readers: this is a translation. Original version is available clicking “English” at the bottom of the article</em></p>
<p>Non so come mai, <a href="http://www.personaedanno.it/CMS/Data/articoli/020710.aspx">ma il gatto era fuori del sacco</a> anche prima di avere io stesso tutti i dettagli. Un'<a href="repository/Ordinanza.pdf">ordinanza</a> del Tribunale di Milano ha confermato, con una motivazione insolitamente dettagliata, un&rsquo;altra ordinanza dello stesso Tribunale e ha imposto a Google di filtrare alcuni “suggerimenti di ricerca” ritenuti potenzialmente calunniosi. Sono l&rsquo;avvocato principale della controversia, quindi è per me inappropriato entrare nei dettagli e commentare l&rsquo;ordinanza. Tutto ciò che ho da dire è che non si tratta affatto di richiesta di censura, come ho fatto notare con largo anticipo alla società citata in giudizio, in quanto le allegazioni del denunciante sono state pienamente discusse prima di procedere in tribunale, e le richieste erano e rimangono solo per due interventi eccezionali. Tutti i casi sono diversi, quindi non vi è alcuna garanzia che casi simili possano portare allo stesso risultato.</p>
<p>Sarei falsamente modesto se dicessi che non sono contento che le nostre istanze sono state interamente accolte da un collegio di tre giudici altamente qualificati. I fatti sono semplici e ben descritti nell&rsquo;ordinanza. In pratica, digitando nel campo di ricerca Google “Nome Cognome” del mio cliente, il completamento automatico e i “suggerimenti di ricerca” offerti (ora “ricerche correlate”) si completavano con “truffatore” e “truffa”, e ciò ha causato diversi problemi per il cliente, che ha un immagine pubblica sia come imprenditore che come fornitore di servizi educativi nel campo della finanza personale. Google ha sostenuto che non poteva essere ritenuta responsabile in quanto è un “hosting provider”, ma abbiamo dimostrato che si tratta di contenuti prodotti da loro anche attraverso strumenti automatizzati (per inciso, di sicuro alcuni contenuti vengono filtrati, compresi i termini che sono noti per essere utilizzati per distribuire materiale che viola il diritto d&rsquo;autore). Quindi, in questo caso, il motore di ricerca non può avvalersi dell&rsquo;esimente della disposizione della Direttiva Ecommerce.</p>
<p><em>Mi hanno fatto notare che nella versione italiana il file non si scaricava, mentre era disponibile nella versione inglese di questo articolo. Piccolo problema tecnico, ora dovrebbe essere risolto</em></p>
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            <title>Autocompletion brings liability</title>
            <link>/suggestions/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 07:46:17 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/suggestions/</guid>
            <description>I don&amp;rsquo;t know how, but the cat was out of the bag even before I had full details of it. An orderof the Court of Milano confirmed&amp;lt;/ with an unusually detailed opinion another order of the same Court imposing Google to filter out libelous “search suggestions”.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I don&rsquo;t know how, but the cat was <a href="http://www.personaedanno.it/CMS/Data/articoli/020710.aspx">out of the bag</a> even before <em>I</em> had full details of it. An <!-- raw HTML omitted -->order<!-- raw HTML omitted --> of the Court of Milano <strong>confirmed&lt;/</strong> with an unusually detailed opinion another order of the same Court imposing Google to filter out libelous “search suggestions”. I am lead counsel in the litigation, so it is inappropriate for me to go into details or to praise the order. All I have to say is that it is by no means an endorsement to censorship, as notice to the sued company was given well in advance, the alligations of the complainant were fully discussed with them before even considering to go to court, and the requests was and is only for a very exceptional set of string (two). All cases are different, therefore there is no assurance that similar cases would see the same outcome.</p>
<p>I would be falsely modest if I said that I am not proud that our pleadings have been entirely endorsed by a panel of three highly authoritative judges. The facts are simple and very well described in the order. Basically, typing in the Google search field “Name Surname” of my client, the <strong>autocompletion</strong> and the “<strong>suggested searches</strong>; (now “related searches”) offered to complete it with “con man” (“<em>truffatore</em>“) and “fraud” (“<em>truffa</em>“), which caused a lot of trouble to the client, who has a pulic image both as an entrepeneur and provider of educational services in the field of personal finance. Google argued that it could not be held liable because it is a hosting provider, but we showed that this is content <em>produced</em> by them (and by the way, they <em>do</em> filter out certain content, including terms that are know to be used to distribute copyright infringing material), although through automated means. Therefore in this case the search engine cannot avail itself of the safe harbour provision of the Ecommerce Directive.</p>
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        <item>
            <title>Adieu Analitics, time to move on</title>
            <link>/adieu-analitics-time-to-move-on/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2011 13:39:32 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/adieu-analitics-time-to-move-on/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.google.com/analytics/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Google Analytics&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; has gone through a series of data protection enquiries although so far I have no news that any authority has unquestionably found its use against the law.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/analytics/&quot;&gt;Google Analytics&lt;/a&gt; has gone through a series of data protection enquiries although so far I have no news that any authority has unquestionably found its use against the law.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    However, whereas I always implemented a policy of never try to dig too further into the data, basically using the number of pages read, navigation path, referrals and search keys as the only useful information, I was uneasy with the fact that my readers could undergo a more in-depth analysis by the others with whom I shared said data. In fact, Analytics works out of a javascript snippet that is downloaded from Google servers and that monitors the behaviour of the surfer. Pretty disturbing indeed. I was providing valuable information for free, in return of some information that were for me of low or no value –  yet for other users they could be invaluable.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Moreover, my entire website is based on Free Software, from Apache to Debian, from MySQL to PHP and Drupal. Google Analytics actually download and run a piece of code, written on Javascript, of questionable nature and upon which I have no control.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    More than enough reasons to switch. Then I have found this interesting project, the above mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;http://piwik.org&quot;&gt;Piwik&lt;/a&gt;, which is based on Free Software development, released under the GPL and that installs on my own machine. It was no brainer, I have installed it, it was up in less than five minutes, zero effort. It is I who read all the data, and I will continue doing it with moderation. If you don't trust my &lt;em&gt;word&lt;/em&gt;, trust my &lt;em&gt;laziness&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have moved my main two websites, &lt;a href=&quot;http://piana.eu&quot;&gt;Law is Freedom&lt;/a&gt; (this one) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://arraylaw.eu&quot;&gt;Array&lt;/a&gt;. The third one, &lt;a href=&quot;http://law.piana.eu&quot;&gt;http://law.piana.eu&lt;/a&gt; is a low traffic one and frankly I don't give a damn monitoring it. &lt;img src=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/modules/fckeditor/fckeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/wink_smile.gif&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Document Freedom Day</title>
            <link>/document-freedom-day/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2011 12:05:04 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/document-freedom-day/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Per la quarta volta nella sua storia, &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://FSUGitaliahttp://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2011/03/dfd-2011-sabato-2-aprile-spoleto/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FSUGitalia&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, il 2 Aprile 2011, organizza, il Document Freedom Day. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il Document Freedom Day è la giornata mondiale dedicata agli standard aperti per i documenti e si si terrà presso il Liceo Scientifico “A.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Per la quarta volta nella sua storia, &lt;a href=&quot;http://FSUGitaliahttp://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2011/03/dfd-2011-sabato-2-aprile-spoleto/&quot;&gt;FSUGitalia&lt;/a&gt;, il 2 Aprile 2011, organizza, il Document Freedom Day.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Il Document Freedom Day è la giornata mondiale dedicata agli standard aperti per i documenti e si si terrà presso il Liceo Scientifico “A. Volta” di Spoleto (PG), il medesimo della passata edizione. L’evento è cordinato a livello internazionale dalla Free Software Foundation Europe (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfe.org&quot;&gt;http://www.fsfe.org&lt;/a&gt;).
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Con “standard aperti” si caratterizzano quegli standard, le cui specifiche sono aperte a tutti, e su cui tutti possono lavorare, interoperare e collaborare, senza essere costretti ad affidarsi ad un unico monopolista detentore di uno standard “chiuso” (altrimenti definito “standard proprietario”).
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      L’evento è indirizzato verso tutti gli standard per file digitali, quali musica, immagini, video, ma si concentra soprattutto sullo standard dei documenti. Ci sono una serie di valide motivazioni per portare ODF nelle scuole e farlo conoscere sia ai professori sia agli studenti, che vanno viste in confronto tra l’alternativa proprietaria e quella aperta.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Mantenendo quella che ormai è la tradizione dei DFD di FSUGitalia, la giornata si aprirà anche ad argomenti maggiormente diversificati, come ad esempio la presentazione del progetto &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:Donne@SoftwareLibero&quot;&gt;Donne@SoftwareLibero&lt;/a&gt;, e dei workshop pomeridiani dalla forte caratterizzazione pratica.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Per il programma e tutte le altre informazioni relative all’evento è possibile consultare il wiki degli eventi, ed in particolare la pagina dedicata al DFD 2011, oppure contattare direttamente i membri dello staff.&lt;br /&gt;  
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Ifosslr, new issue is out</title>
            <link>/ifosslr-new-issue-is-out/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 03 Feb 2011 13:31:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ifosslr-new-issue-is-out/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Other hot topics covered are the patenting of software in Europe, by Noam Shemtov, and the somewhat controversial &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://opensource.com/law/10/6/project-harmony-looks-improve-contribution-agreements-0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Project Harmony&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; aims and workings, explained by the leading lawyer &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amanda Brock&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Other hot topics covered are the patenting of software in Europe, by Noam Shemtov, and the somewhat controversial &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.com/law/10/6/project-harmony-looks-improve-contribution-agreements-0&quot;&gt;Project Harmony&lt;/a&gt; aims and workings, explained by the leading lawyer &lt;strong&gt;Amanda Brock&lt;/strong&gt;. For those interested in &lt;strong&gt;public procurement&lt;/strong&gt;, the article by Mathieu Paapst explains some aspects of the affirmative actions to favor open source, form mostly an economical perspective, which nicely complements &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/ifosslr/article/view/38&quot;&gt;my own article&lt;/a&gt; in the previous issue. Those who like reading &lt;strong&gt;controversial&lt;/strong&gt; authors will definitely love to hate &lt;strong&gt;Matt Asay&lt;/strong&gt;'s platform article.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Go and fetch it, it's [F | f] ree!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
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      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/21&quot;&gt;Articles&lt;/a&gt;
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      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Canali:&amp;nbsp;
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      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/34&quot;&gt;Normation&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
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      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Argomento:&amp;nbsp;
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      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/18&quot;&gt;Free software, digital liberties&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_it first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/it/ifosslr2-2&quot; title=&quot;Ifosslr, nuovo numero pubblicato&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;it&quot;&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Ifosslr, nuovo numero pubblicato</title>
            <link>/ifosslr-nuovo-numero-pubblicato/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 03 Feb 2011 13:31:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ifosslr-nuovo-numero-pubblicato/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Altre questioni &amp;amp;#8220;calde&amp;amp;#8221; coperte sono la brevettazione di software in Europa, di Noam Shemtov, e un articolo sul progetto, in qualche modo controverso, chiamato &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://opensource.com/law/10/6/project-harmony-looks-improve-contribution-agreements-0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Project Harmony&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. Il suo scopo e funzionamento viene spiegato dall&#39;Avvocato &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amanda Brock&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Altre questioni &amp;#8220;calde&amp;#8221; coperte sono la brevettazione di software in Europa, di Noam Shemtov, e un articolo sul progetto, in qualche modo controverso, chiamato &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.com/law/10/6/project-harmony-looks-improve-contribution-agreements-0&quot;&gt;Project Harmony&lt;/a&gt;. Il suo scopo e funzionamento viene spiegato dall'Avvocato &lt;strong&gt;Amanda Brock&lt;/strong&gt;. Per coloro che si interessanto di &lt;strong&gt;gare pubbliche&lt;/strong&gt;, l'articolo di Mathieu Paapst spiega alcuni aspetti delle azioni agevolatrici in favore dell'open source, principalmente da un punto di vista economico, il che fa da appropriato complemento al &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/ifosslr/article/view/38&quot;&gt;mio articolo&lt;/a&gt; contenuto nel precedente numero. Coloro che amano leggere autori controversi, avranno piacere nel dissentire dall'articolo-piattaforma di &lt;strong&gt;Matt Asay&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Dài, andate a scaricarlo è [Libero | Gratis]!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Aduc presenta una class action contro Microsoft</title>
            <link>/aduc-presenta-una-class-action-contro-microsoft/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2011 11:56:13 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/aduc-presenta-una-class-action-contro-microsoft/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.aduc.it/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Aduc&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, an Italian Consumers association, has served on &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Microsoft&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Italia (the local branch of Microsoft Corp) a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.aduc.it/comunicato/class+action+contro+microsoft+aduc+deposita+atto_18653.php&amp;quot;&amp;gt;class action&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; complaining that the company consistently refuses to reimburse users the price of ubiquitous windows licenses, bundled with OEM (&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aduc.it/&quot;&gt;Aduc&lt;/a&gt;, an Italian Consumers association, has served on &lt;strong&gt;Microsoft&lt;/strong&gt; Italia (the local branch of Microsoft Corp) a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aduc.it/comunicato/class+action+contro+microsoft+aduc+deposita+atto_18653.php&quot;&gt;class action&lt;/a&gt; complaining that the company consistently refuses to reimburse users the price of ubiquitous windows licenses, bundled with OEM (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Equipment_Manufacturer&quot;&gt;Original Equipement Manufacturers&lt;/a&gt;) computers. I am part of a &lt;strong&gt;much larger legal team&lt;/strong&gt; that has produced it and I can briefly illustrate what it is about.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Italy has adopted a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idnot=34458&quot;&gt;regulation&lt;/a&gt; (Art. 140 bis of the Italian Consumers Code) that allows &lt;strong&gt;consumers individually&lt;/strong&gt; (not consumers associations, which is strange) to file class actions, through ordinary proceedings, open to be joined at a later time. A class action is a case which is arguably identical to a class of users and which is likely to protect the interest of this class. Unfortunately, the Italian version has been adopted with very odd provisions that limit the effectiveness of it, as one can read in &lt;a href=&quot;http://avvertenze.aduc.it/osservatorio/non+chiamatela+class+action+azione+classe_16907.php&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; by Aduc (in Italian).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The case
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The case is about the refusal to reimburse the license costs when a user buys a computer with Windows preloaded. This is invariably the case when we speak of mass distribution, and 100% of notebooks/netbooks on the shelfs are sold with that system on board. Users have a right to require reimbursement, if they do not want the operating system (maybe they have anoter copy, or they want to install a different operating system, like GNU/Linux). The right is clearly stated in Microsoft License to the End User (EULA) and it is reminded to the user at the first bootup.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is not a liberal concession of either Microsoft or the OEM, it is an antitrust measure that Microsoft has accepted to avoid being found guilty of yet another anticompetitive abusive behaviour in breach of antitrust regulations. The case was that Microsoft imposed &amp;#8220;per CPU&amp;#8221; royalties, so that it could earn a license fee out of any CPU that an OEM sold, regardless of whether it had Windows aboard or not. As a measure, per CPU royalties were relinquished and the right for the user to demand reimbursement if they didn't want the operating system was estabilshed.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Pity that consistently this ritght is denied. First, there is no &lt;strong&gt;information&lt;/strong&gt; of what the price is. The consumers are not aware that they are buying many things at once, in this case software and hardware. So when they are informed that they have a right to be reimbursed, they do not know how they can claim. Nobody knows.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Second, if they ask, the &lt;strong&gt;OEM&lt;/strong&gt; says &amp;#8220;cool, but it's not our agreement, you have to ask Microsoft, they wrote that&amp;#8221;. This has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://avvertenze.aduc.it/rimborsowindows/articolo/rimborso+windows+storia+della+prima+causa+vinta_17008.php&quot;&gt;HP defence in Florence&lt;/a&gt; when first Aduc sued them for the recovery. Indeed they are right, this reimbursement thing is imposed by Microsoft, for them it is quite a burden to put this &amp;#8220;recall&amp;#8221; practice in place, given that they have very &lt;strong&gt;low margins&lt;/strong&gt; on this (&lt;strong&gt;unlike Microsoft&lt;/strong&gt;, which has a margin that might range between 70% and 80% on each copy). So the burden is better placed on Microsoft, which is the one an only that both benefits from the practice (also by avoiding antitrust concerns) and issues the promise, for vague and imprecise that it is. &lt;em&gt;Cuius commoda, eius et incommoda&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's ask Microsoft. They say nothing. Do not bother answering. Reading the license, one finds that the OEM is supposed to pay. All in all, the OEM is not likely to pass this reimbursement onto Microsoft, which arguably does not have a RMA policy (on software, which is just provided on one master copy to the OEM!) and so they are back in a situation of per-CPU sales. OEM very likely do not report sales of Microsoft, but sales of units sold.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What does a class action mean for the consumers
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The consumer can join the case after it passess an initial scrutiny by the Court. &lt;strong&gt;No legal representation&lt;/strong&gt;, hence no lawyer, is needed. One just files an application with the Court Clerk, stating that they have a case which is identical to the one presented to the Court. After doing that, if the Court finds for the plaintiff, the consumer is supposed to receive the established compensation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    How individual cases are dealt and how the court establishes that the case is identical, that is still to be assessed. For the time being it seems a mess. Again, the document by Aduc explains this quite well, albeit in Italian.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why Microsoft, not Apple?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Apple has a very similar practice of bundling software and hardware. But Apple is not dominant by any measure in the PC sector, even including Mac sales. It has no policy of returning the operating system, and by all means one can buy a non Apple product and have Windows pre-installed. Apple for sure feels the competition of Microsoft, the reverse is not true. Whereas, Microsoft has OEM dealings with all the PC OEM, with the only exception of Apple.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So the legal basis for demanding so are very different, although I personally would favor an obligation to separate the two products also for Apple. Whereas identifying a price would be difficult, because it is not a multi-tiered distribution as in the PC OEM segment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why you?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Because I can, I have some knowledge about the case, and I find the current situation largely unfortunate. I was asked to provide my expertise, I accepted. Luckily there are several lawyers who have started this and I have just added some salt to a dish others have cooked.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If the result is that the parties are forced to inform the consumers that they are paying a certain price for the PC and an additional price for the operating system, and after that they still want Microsoft's software, fine with them, fine with me. But now they have neither &lt;strong&gt;information&lt;/strong&gt;, nor &lt;strong&gt;choice&lt;/strong&gt;. This is against the law and shall not endure.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Aduc files class action against Microsoft</title>
            <link>/aduc-files-class-action-against-microsoft/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2011 10:33:40 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/aduc-files-class-action-against-microsoft/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Italy has adopted a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idnot=34458&amp;quot;&amp;gt;regulation&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (Art. 140 bis of the Italian Consumers Code) that allows &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;consumers individually&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (not consumers associations, which is strange) to file class actions, through ordinary proceedings, open to be joined at a later time.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Italy has adopted a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idnot=34458&quot;&gt;regulation&lt;/a&gt; (Art. 140 bis of the Italian Consumers Code) that allows &lt;strong&gt;consumers individually&lt;/strong&gt; (not consumers associations, which is strange) to file class actions, through ordinary proceedings, open to be joined at a later time. A class action is a case which is arguably identical to a class of users and which is likely to protect the interest of this class. Unfortunately, the Italian version has been adopted with very odd provisions that limit the effectiveness of it, as one can read in &lt;a href=&quot;http://avvertenze.aduc.it/osservatorio/non+chiamatela+class+action+azione+classe_16907.php&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; by Aduc (in Italian).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The case
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The case is about the refusal to reimburse the license costs when a user buys a computer with Windows preloaded. This is invariably the case when we speak of mass distribution, and 100% of notebooks/netbooks on the shelfs are sold with that system on board. Users have a right to require reimbursement, if they do not want the operating system (maybe they have anoter copy, or they want to install a different operating system, like GNU/Linux). The right is clearly stated in Microsoft License to the End User (EULA) and it is reminded to the user at the first bootup.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is not a liberal concession of either Microsoft or the OEM, it is an antitrust measure that Microsoft has undertook to avoid being found guilty of yet another anticompetitive abusive behaviour in breach of antitrust regulations. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f0000/0047.htm&quot;&gt;case&lt;/a&gt; originating that was about Microsoft imposing &amp;#8220;per CPU&amp;#8221; royalties, so that it could earn a license fee out of any CPU that an OEM sold, regardless of whether it had Windows aboard or not. As a measure, per CPU royalties were relinquished and the right for the user to demand reimbursement if they didn't want the operating system was later adopted.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Pity that consistently this ritght is denied. First, there is no &lt;strong&gt;information&lt;/strong&gt; of what the price is. The consumers are not aware that they are buying many things at once, in this case software and hardware. So when they are informed that they have a right to be reimbursed, they do not know how they can claim. Nobody knows.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Second, if they ask, the &lt;strong&gt;OEM&lt;/strong&gt; says &amp;#8220;cool, but it's not our agreement, you have to ask Microsoft, they wrote that&amp;#8221;. This has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://avvertenze.aduc.it/rimborsowindows/articolo/rimborso+windows+storia+della+prima+causa+vinta_17008.php&quot;&gt;HP defence in Florence&lt;/a&gt; when first Aduc sued them for the recovery. Indeed they are right, this reimbursement thing is imposed by Microsoft, for them it is quite a burden to put this &amp;#8220;recall&amp;#8221; practice in place, given that they have very &lt;strong&gt;low margins&lt;/strong&gt; on this (&lt;strong&gt;unlike Microsoft&lt;/strong&gt;, which has a margin that might range between 70% and 80% on each copy). So the burden is better placed on Microsoft, which is the one an only that both benefits from the practice (also by avoiding antitrust concerns) and issues the promise, for vague and imprecise that it is. &lt;em&gt;Cuius commoda, eius et incommoda&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's ask Microsoft. They say nothing. Do not bother answering. Reading the license, one finds that the OEM is supposed to pay. All in all, the OEM is not likely to pass this reimbursement onto Microsoft, which arguably does not have an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_Merchandise_Authorization&quot;&gt;RMA&lt;/a&gt; policy (on software, which is just provided on one master copy to the OEM!) and so they are back in a situation of per-CPU sales. OEM very likely do not report sales of Microsoft, but sales of units sold.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What does a class action mean for the consumers
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The consumer can join the case after it passess an initial scrutiny by the Court. &lt;strong&gt;No legal representation&lt;/strong&gt;, hence no lawyer, is needed. One just files an application with the Court Clerk, stating that they have a case which is identical to the one presented to the Court. After doing that, if the Court finds for the plaintiff, the consumer is supposed to receive the established compensation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    How individual cases are dealt and how the court establishes that the case is identical, that is still to be assessed. For the time being it seems a mess. Again, the document by Aduc explains this quite well, albeit in Italian.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why Microsoft, not Apple?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Apple has a very similar practice of bundling software and hardware. But Apple is not dominant by any measure in the PC sector, even including Mac sales. It has no policy of returning the operating system, and by all means one can buy a non Apple product and have Windows pre-installed. Apple for sure feels the competition of Microsoft, the reverse is not true. Whereas, Microsoft has OEM dealings with all the PC OEM, with the only exception of Apple.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So the legal basis for demanding so are very different, although I personally would favor an obligation to separate the two products also for Apple. Whereas identifying a price would be difficult, because it is not a multi-tiered distribution as in the PC OEM segment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why you?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Because I can, I have some knowledge about the case, and I find the current situation largely unfortunate. I was asked to provide my expertise, I accepted. Luckily there are several lawyers who have started this and I have just added some salt to a dish others have cooked.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If the result is that the parties are forced to inform the consumers that they are paying a certain price for the PC and an additional price for the operating system, and after that they still want Microsoft's software, fine with them, fine with me. But now they have neither &lt;strong&gt;information&lt;/strong&gt;, nor &lt;strong&gt;choice&lt;/strong&gt;. This is against the law and shall not endure.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/19&quot;&gt;Civil Law&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Bye bye PayPal</title>
            <link>/bye-bye-paypal/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2010 13:50:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/bye-bye-paypal/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Here is what they wrote me: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Dear Carlo Piana, &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; We are sorry that you have decided to close your PayPal account. With millions of members in dozens of countries and regions across the globe, PayPal is continually improving and expanding its award-winning services.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Here is what they wrote me:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Dear Carlo Piana,
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      We are sorry that you have decided to close your PayPal account. With millions of members in dozens of countries and regions across the globe, PayPal is continually improving and expanding its award-winning services.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      PayPal is the world's leading online money transaction service for individuals, businesses and merchants. From customized shopping carts and ATM debit cards to one-click purchases, PayPal offers individual and business solutions that are time-saving, secure, cost-effective and easy-to-use.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Should you decide you want to have a PayPal account again in the future, visit &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;https://www.paypal.com/it&quot;&gt;https://www.paypal.com/it&lt;/a&gt; and follow the few easy steps to open a new account.&lt;br /&gt;  
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Meanwhile, as also &lt;strong&gt;Visa&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Mastercard&lt;/strong&gt; have been reported fiddling with Wikileaks' account without having received any court order compelling them to do so &amp;#8212; and this is tantamount to stealing other people's money if they have blocked incoming payments &amp;#8212; I have decided that in protest they will not have the chunk of my not irrelevant Chrsitmas shopping, as I will only use other payments means. If they don't listent to people's voice, they will listen the language of money.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a name=&quot;ddos&quot; id=&quot;ddos&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;At the same rate, I find that coordinated attacks in the form of DDoS (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ddos&quot;&gt;Distributed Denial of Service&lt;/a&gt;), website hijacking and defacements are to be avoided as they use illegal actions to react to illegal actions. While there is nothing wrong in trying to boycott by coordinating service requests at a certain point in time in order to clog a service in protest, using malformed Internet calls, botnets, zombies, viruses and similar non-genuine systems to overload the capacity of one's network is an unacceptable abuse and does no good to the case of Freedom of Speech. We &lt;strong&gt;liberals&lt;/strong&gt; (and libertarians) are very restrictive when measuring the legality of our acts, because there is a clear conflict of interests that can bias our judgment. The end very seldom justifies the means, we don't react to violence with violence, as those who fight us invariably do.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Copyleft, copyright, copywhat?</title>
            <link>/copyleft-copyright-copywhat/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Dec 2010 08:36:38 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/copyleft-copyright-copywhat/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Free Software is NOT about the freedom to choose the license under which software made by others can be redistributed. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Let me expand a bit on &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;copyleft compatibylity&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Free Software is NOT about the freedom to choose the license under which software made by others can be redistributed.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let me expand a bit on &lt;strong&gt;copyleft compatibylity&lt;/strong&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/&quot;&gt;Copleft&lt;/a&gt; is a property of some licenses that uses the right to authorize derivative works as a tool to control the license(s) under which such a derivative must be relicensed. For instance, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/&quot;&gt;GNU GPL&lt;/a&gt; only permits larger works to be redistributed under the GNU GPL. No exceptions. One can argue how far this limitation can legally go and what is the border between &amp;#8220;derivative work&amp;#8221; and &amp;#8220;collection of independent works&amp;#8221;. While this distinction is clear for literary works, in software there are a lot of variants &amp;#8212; one of which is &amp;#8220;dynamic linking&amp;#8221; &amp;#8212; that make things far more complex and less cleancut. Because of this, I prefer to leave the matter unresolved and proceed under the assumption that &amp;#8220;derivative&amp;#8221; here is really a derivative, whatever that means.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Copyleft is quite rude. It says &amp;#8220;I don't permit you to take my work and put it into any other license, even if you permit me to do so.&amp;#8221; Some developers and projects have decided to mitigate this rudeness by issuing exceptions, like &amp;#8220;you can also license a derivative on this other license(s).&amp;#8221; The GPL v.3 acknowledges this practice and expressly permits to add certain &lt;strong&gt;exceptions&lt;/strong&gt; to more liberal licensing, provided that the downstream recipient of the software is always permitted to &lt;strong&gt;strip off&lt;/strong&gt; the exception and go for the strict version of the GPL. Some licenses, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.osor.eu/eupl&quot;&gt;EUPL&lt;/a&gt;, have embedded this exception in the language of the license, so an EUPL project can mingle with a given number of licenses, like the gPL v.2 or the Eclypse license. This is called &lt;strong&gt;one-way compatibility&lt;/strong&gt; clause. One way because once the downstream recipient has used the compatibility clause and licensed a derivative under a compatible license, the same work cannot be re-licensed back to the EUPL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ok they say, why don't we make all strong copyleft licenses &lt;strong&gt;reciprocally compatible&lt;/strong&gt;, in other words, let's make a &lt;strong&gt;two-way compatibility&lt;/strong&gt; regime. At face value, that seems just rational and fair. But this does not hold water even after a basic examination.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's strart with the most extremist position. One could say &amp;#8220;let's make any license compatible with any OSI-approved other license&amp;#8221;. The consequence is simply unthinkable. For instance, an Affero GPL licensed work could be modified to create a derivative and be distributed under &amp;#8212; for instance &amp;#8212; an ultraliberal license like the two-clause BSD. This would indeed simplify things, because it would reduce to nonsense most Free Software licenses and annihilate any copyleft of any sort. This would give free range to &lt;strong&gt;proprietarization&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But even if we restrict the area of compatibility to &lt;strong&gt;strong copyleft&lt;/strong&gt;, a lot of problems arise. Strong copyleft licenses are the most complicate to draft, because the system is Free Software agnostic at best, and it favours proprietary licensing. Whereas if you want copyleft, there is a lot of legal hackwork in place. All this &lt;strong&gt;would be&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;lost if relicensing was permitted&lt;/strong&gt;. For instance, suppose that in license A there is a very cunning clause against &amp;#8220;TiVoization&amp;#8221;, which is not in license B. If Evilcompany X wants to avoid that clause to circumvent the spirit of copyleft, it can just use the compatibility clause and use license B. Now try to change &amp;#8220;A&amp;#8221; with GPL v.3 and &amp;#8220;B&amp;#8221; with GPL v.2, and you know why the FSF has decided to make them incompatible.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Suppose now that license A has a compatibility clause towards license B. And suppose that license B has a compatibility clause with license C, which is weak copyleft. That would make software under strong copyleft A available under weak copyleft C. Suppose that license A has an express patent license clause, and that B has it not. Evilcompany X can take the software, &lt;strong&gt;extend&lt;/strong&gt; it with a &lt;strong&gt;patented&lt;/strong&gt; part and license it under B, so if you want to use the extended software you must also &lt;strong&gt;take a patent license&lt;/strong&gt; from X. So much for &amp;#8220;reciprocity&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Two way compatibility between strong copyleft license is simply impossible. The only way to achieve it is to renounce to the strong copyleft effect .Even then, there are so many things that can go wrong. Take the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/&quot;&gt;Mozilla&lt;/a&gt; Public License (MPL), which is a weak copyleft one (they say it is file-level copyleft). MPL has a &lt;strong&gt;patent licensing&lt;/strong&gt; provision, therefore if you make it compatible with another license (by design and not by decision of the author), and this other license has a less clear or an ineffective patent licensing provision, you end up &lt;strong&gt;diluting all efforts to preserve freedom&lt;/strong&gt; even within the single file upon which the copyleft should work.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Those who have embedded one-way compatibility into their license will now complain that it is not fair that the other way round is impossible. How come, they say, we recede from our copyleft to be compatible with yours, and you do not do the same in return? A nice argument, again, but rather nonsensical upon closer exam. The same can be said of who licenses software under a weak copyleft license, they would never say &amp;#8220;oh, but this has gone into a proprietary application&amp;#8221;, because that is the intended effect, they cannot demand that the proprietary application allows them to use the proprietary part, because that is provided by, well, copyleft. If your decision is to allow more liberal licensing from recipients, you must be coherent with your decision, can't have the cake and eat it. For the reasons sketched above, any request of reciprocity is a trojan horse to remove barriers to proprietarization. You can lower your barriers, but cannot demand that others lower theirs. One can advocate for weak or no copyleft, everybody is free to share their software under ultraliberal license or even dedicating it to public domain. This is not a reason to demand others to do the same.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The more copyleft exists, the more we will be protected against misappropriation and proprietarization. The less different copyleft Free Software licenses exist, the more commons will be shared on an equal footage. The two can go along quite well. But bear in mind that the only solution to the incompatibility problem of strong copyleft licenses is &lt;strong&gt;to avoid proliferation&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Comments are welcome via identi.ca @carlopiana
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>A simple script for ODF files</title>
            <link>/a-simple-script-for-odf-files/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 05 Nov 2010 08:22:27 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/a-simple-script-for-odf-files/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Solution&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: Luckily they are ODF files, ODF is a zipped XML, a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://search.cpan.org/dist/OpenOffice-OODoc/OODoc.pod&amp;quot;&amp;gt;PERL module&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; exists to do incredible tricks. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I have then made this basic script, just tweaking the example provided: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;  #/bin/perl!</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Solution&lt;/strong&gt;: Luckily they are ODF files, ODF is a zipped XML, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://search.cpan.org/dist/OpenOffice-OODoc/OODoc.pod&quot;&gt;PERL module&lt;/a&gt; exists to do incredible tricks.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have then made this basic script, just tweaking the example provided:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;pre&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>#/bin/perl!
#filename to be passed as an argument
use OpenOffice::OODoc;</p>
<pre><code>                    # get global access to the content of an ODF file
    my $document = odfDocument(file =&amp;gt; $ARGV[0] );
                    # select a text element containing a given string
    my $place = $document-&amp;gt;getParagraph(0);
                    # insert a new text element before the selected one
    my $newparagraph = $document-&amp;gt;insertParagraph
                    (
                    $place,
                    position        =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;before&amp;#039;,
                    text            =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;A COOL new paragraph to be inserted 
                                        at the beginning of the file&amp;#039;,
                    style           =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;Text body&amp;#039;
                    );
    
            # save the modified document
    $document-&amp;gt;save;
</code></pre>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I know it is slightly less than a hack, but do that with a MS Word document.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Installing the module is pretty straightforward, it only requires an additional module to manage zip files, as dependancy, on my Ubuntu 10.10 standard PERL installation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Many Thanks to &lt;strong&gt;Ingolf Schaefer&lt;/strong&gt; (@&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:ovidius@identi.ca&quot;&gt;ovidius@identi.ca&lt;/a&gt;) for the hints. Also &lt;strong&gt;Giuseppe Maxia&lt;/strong&gt; pointed in the right direction.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Openoffice.org, non più?</title>
            <link>/openoffice-org-non-piu/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 28 Sep 2010 07:42:31 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/openoffice-org-non-piu/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Per ora è riprovato il fatto che se la comunità non gradisce il &amp;amp;#8220;patron&amp;amp;#8221; di un prodotto di Software Libero, può portarsi via il pallone e giocare altrove (o meglio, può duplicare il pallone e giocare altrove).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Per ora è riprovato il fatto che se la comunità non gradisce il &amp;#8220;patron&amp;#8221; di un prodotto di Software Libero, può portarsi via il pallone e giocare altrove (o meglio, può duplicare il pallone e giocare altrove). Come ho scritto su &lt;a href=&quot;http://identi.ca/notice/52790094&quot;&gt;Identi.ca&lt;/a&gt;, questa è la prova vivente della bontà delle mie teorie sul forking che avevo &lt;a href=&quot;/sun&quot;&gt;espresso&lt;/a&gt; in difesa dell'acquisizione di Sun da parte di Oracle. Confermo che secondo me il &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;dual licensing&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221; è un falso problema e che nulla si frappone a una sana cooperazione, o a un forking totale, a seconda di come le parti si atteggeranno.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Entrambe le opzioni sono nei giochi del Software Libero e chi non le capisce farebbe bene ad accomodarsi in panchina a scanso di brutte figure. Io intanto godo come un riccio e seguo interessato, avendo rapporti stretti con ambo le parti. State pur certi che questa cosa farà male solo a un soggetto: l'applicazione proprietaria dominante, che sa come competere con un suo &amp;#8220;pari&amp;#8221;, ma non ha idee su come si domina contro un progetto come questo. GNU/Linux l'ha dimostrato.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di seguito il comunicato come arrivato stamattina sulla mia posta elettronica:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      La comunità OpenOffice.org annuncia The Document Foundation
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      La comunità dei volontari che sviluppano e promuovono OpenOffice.org dà vita a una fondazione indipendente per assicurare il futuro e l'evoluzione del progetto
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Internet, 28 sett 2010 &amp;#8211; La comunità dei volontari che sviluppano e promuovono OpenOffice.org, il più importante software libero per la produttività individuale, annuncia una significativa evoluzione del progetto. Dopo dieci anni di evoluzione con Sun Microsystems come fondatore e principale sponsor, il progetto annuncia una fondazione indipendente chiamata &amp;#8220;The Document Foundation&amp;#8221; con l'obiettivo di dare vita alla promessa di indipendenza del programma originale.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      La Fondazione sarà al centro di un nuovo ecosistema in cui individui e organizzazioni potranno allo stesso tempo contribuire e trarre beneficio da una suite di produttività autenticamente libera e indipendente. Questo darà vita a una concorrenza più forte, e a una maggiore scelta, a tutto vantaggio degli utenti e dell'innovazione sul mercato. D'ora in avanti, la comunità dei volontari di OpenOffice.org sarà conosciuta come &amp;#8220;The Document Foundation&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Oracle, che ha acquisito la proprietà di OpenOffice.org in seguito all'acquisizione di Sun Microsystems, è stata invitata ad aderire alla nuova Fondazione, e a donare il marchio che la comunità ha fatto crescere nel corso di questi dieci anni di storia del progetto. In caso contrario, la Fondazione ha scelto il marchio &amp;#8220;LibreOffice&amp;#8221; per le future versioni del software.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Document Foundation è il risultato dello sforzo collettivo di alcuni tra i membri più attivi all'interno della comunità indipendente OpenOffice.org, tra cui leader di progetto e membri del Community Council. In questo periodo di transizione, verrà guidata da uno Steering Committee composto da sviluppatori e leader dei progetti linguistici nazionali. L'obiettivo della Fondazione è quello di eliminare le barriere all'adozione sia per gli utenti che per gli sviluppatori, e fare di LibreOffice la più accessibile tra le suite di produttività.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      La Fondazione coordinerà lo sviluppo di LibreOffice, che è disponibile in versione beta all'indirizzo provvisorio: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.libreoffice.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.libreoffice.org&lt;/a&gt;. Gli sviluppatori sono invitati ad aderire al progetto e contribuire al codice in un ambiente aperto e collaborativo, per dare vita al futuro delle suite di produttività insieme a chi traduce, verifica, documenta, supporta e promuove il software.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Parlando a nome del gruppo di volontari, Italo Vignoli &amp;#8211; Presidente dell'Associazione PLIO &amp;#8211; ha dichiarato: &amp;#8220;Riteniamo che la Fondazione sia un passo molto importante per l'evoluzione della suite di produttività libera, perché separa lo sviluppo del codice e il futuro del progetto dagli interessi commerciali di una singola azienda. I sostenitori del software libero, in ogni parte del mondo, hanno la straordinaria opportunità di unirsi al gruppo dei membri fondatori a partire da oggi, per scrivere un nuovo capitolo nella storia del FLOSS&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Richard Stallman, Presidente della Free Software Foundation, ha dato il benvenuto a LibreOffice e alla sua decisione di puntare esclusivamente sul software libero. &amp;#8220;Sono felice di sapere che The Document Foundation non raccomanderà l'uso di estensioni non libere, che in questo momento rappresentano il principale problema di OpenOffice.org. Spero che gli sviluppatori di LibreOffice e gli sviluppatori di OpenOffice.org pagati da Oracle riescano a collaborare allo sviluppo del codice sorgente&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The Document Foundation supporta l'Open Document Format, e intende collaborare con OASIS alla prossima evoluzione dello standard ISO&amp;#8221;, afferma Charles Schulz, membro del Community Council e coordinatore della Native Language Confederation. &amp;#8220;The Document Foundation esprime il punto di vista degli sviluppatori e degli utenti, e questo può accelerare il processo di adozione di ODF tra le istituzioni e le aziende&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Chris DiBona, Open Source Programs Manager di Google, Inc., ha commentato: &amp;#8220;La nascita di The Document Foundation è un passo in avanti significativo per gli sviluppi futuri delle suite di produttività. L'eliminazione delle barriere di accesso ai contributi è fondamentale per creare una comunità ampia e attiva intorno a un progetto di software libero. Google è orgogliosa di essere tra i supporter di The Document Foundation e di partecipare al progetto&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Viva LibreOffice&amp;#8221;, dice Guy Lunardi, Product Managment Director di Novell. &amp;#8220;Siamo impazienti di collaborare con The Document Foundation allo sviluppo di una suite di produttività libera. Speriamo che LibreOffice riesca a fare nel settore dei software per la produttività quello che Mozilla Firefox ha fatto in quello dei browser&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Jan Wildeboer, EMEA Open Source Affairs di Red Hat, ha commentato: &amp;#8220;In ogni parte del mondo, gli utenti, le aziende e le istituzioni stanno scegliendo soluzioni software aperte basate su standard aperti. LibreOffice rappresenta l'anello mancante nel mondo dell'ufficio, e noi di Red Hat siamo fieri di far parte di questo progetto&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Mark Shuttleworth, fondatore e azionista di riferimento di Canonical, e ispiratore di Ubuntu, ha dichiarato: &amp;#8220;Il software di produttività è un componente indispensabile del desktop libero, e il nostro progetto integrerà LibreOffice di The Document Foundation nelle prossime versioni di Ubuntu. Grazie al patrocinio di The Document Foundation, LibreOffice offre agli sviluppatori di Ubuntu la possibilità di collaborare al codice, e questo permette a Ubuntu di essere una soluzione eccellente per i desktop in ambiente da ufficio&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Document Foundation: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.documentfoundation.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.documentfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Elenco dei membri fondatori: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.documentfoundation.org/foundation/&quot;&gt;http://www.documentfoundation.org/foundation/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt; Sezione dedicata agli sviluppatori: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.documentfoundation.org/develop/&quot;&gt;http://www.documentfoundation.org/develop/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt; Twitter: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://twitter.com/docufoundation&quot;&gt;http://twitter.com/docufoundation&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8211; Identi.ca: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot; href=&quot;http://identi.ca/docufoundation&quot;&gt;http://identi.ca/docufoundation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt; Mailing list per gli annunci (inglese): &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-abbreviated&quot; href=&quot;mailto:announce+subscribe@documentfoundation.org&quot;&gt;announce+subscribe@documentfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt; Mailing list per le discussioni (inglese): &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-abbreviated&quot; href=&quot;mailto:discuss+subscribe@documentfoundation.org&quot;&gt;discuss+subscribe@documentfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Document Foundation
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Document Foundation is an independent self-governing democratic Foundation created by leading members of the former OpenOffice.org Community. It continues to build on the Foundation of ten years' dedicated work by the OpenOffice.org community, and was created in the belief that an independent Foundation is the best fit to the Community's core values of openness, transparency, and valuing people for their contribution. It is open to any individual who agrees with our core values and contributes to our activities, and welcomes corporate participation, e.g. by sponsoring individuals to work as equals alongside other contributors in the community.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Italo Vignoli: &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-abbreviated&quot; href=&quot;mailto:italo.vignoli@documentfoundation.org&quot;&gt;italo.vignoli@documentfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      DICHIARAZIONI
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Simon Phipps, OSI
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The Open Source Initiative has observed a trend back towards open collaborative communities for open source software&amp;#8221;, said Simon Phipps, a Director of the Open Source Initiative. &amp;#8220;We welcome The Document Foundation initiative and look forward to the innovation it is able to drive with a truly open community gathered around a free software commons, in the spirit of the best of open source software&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Stormy Peters, GNOME Foundation
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;We welcome the LibreOffice project to the free software community as we believe there is a great opportunity for them to enrich the free desktop experience&amp;#8221;, says Stormy Peters, Executive Director of the GNOME Foundation. &amp;#8220;Over the years the GNOME community has been supportive of OpenOffice together with applications in the GNOME Office suite, such as Gnumeric, GnuCash and Abiword. As LibreOffice joins the free software community, we believe that free desktop users will benefit from a rich set of choices&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Patrick Luby ed Ed Peterlin, NeoOffice
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Patrick Luby, Chief Engineer of NeoOffice says &amp;#8220;I am happy to see a new, independent LibreOffice foundation to continue creating an office suite with enhanced features, pushing OpenOffice.org in new, exciting directions&amp;#8221;. Ed Peterlin, Chief Visionary at NeoOffice says &amp;#8220;I am excited we will be able to continue bringing excellent features from LibreOffice to the Mac platform. In the future I also hope to extend our web based collaboration tools to support LibreOffice users on all platforms&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Chris Hall, Credativ
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Chris Halls, UK Managing Director of Credativ, an independent consulting and services company specialising in the development, implementation and support of open source solutions: &amp;#8220;Welcomes the foundation as an opportunity to provide a new focus for the community contributors and allow them to move the project forward together. In our business, we support thousands of office desktops in many different environments. It is  vital that the feedback and code that we can contribute as part of our day to day work can flow easily into the project&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Claudio Filho, BrOffice
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The creation of The Document Foundation is in line with the vision BrOffice.org &amp;#8211; Projeto Brasil has for the Brazilian OpenOffice.org community. Our country already has a large investment in the Open Document Format and the software tools fully suporting it. BrOffice.org and The Document Foundation share the same values and objectives and we are more than happy to be part of it,&amp;#8221; says Claudio Filho, Chairman of the BrOffice.org NGO of Brazil.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Norwegian Foundation Åpne Kontorprogram På Norsk (Open Office Suites in Norwegian)
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      So far the Norwegian project has been administered and financed mainly by counties and municipalities, but recently the foundation has started a process for getting commercial companies more actively involved. We realise the need for a more substantial commercial participation to establish a long-term sustainable project. Our foundation notes that the other Nordic countries, a majority of the European countries, as well as a range of worldwide big companies like Google, Novell, Canonical and Red Hat are now cooperating with The Document Foundation. We believe this is the right way forward also for Norway. A cooperation with The Document Foundation will make it easier to create more innovative and user-friendly solutions integrated with the LibreOffice suite. Eliminating license barriers and obtaining easy access to source code and standards will facilitate further development of related and integrated surrounding products.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8212;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Italo Vignoli per The Document Foundation &lt;br /&gt; cel 348 5653829 &amp;#8211; &lt;a class=&quot;moz-txt-link-abbreviated&quot; href=&quot;mailto:italo.vignoli@documentfoundation.org&quot;&gt;italo.vignoli@documentfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Oracle vs. Google, not a private rant</title>
            <link>/oracle_google/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 08 Sep 2010 14:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/oracle_google/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I certainly do have an opinion, but also have legal and moral obligation that impose me a duty of care before reacting. When I have accepted formal instructions from Oracle I knew I was limiting my ability to say publicly what I think the exact moment when I think it.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I certainly do have an opinion, but also have legal and moral obligation that impose me a duty of care before reacting. When I have accepted formal instructions from Oracle I knew I was limiting my ability to say publicly what I think the exact moment when I think it. This is not unlike all the times I accept instructions from other – including not-for-profit – clients. At the same time I considered that the impending threat was so high that, since I had the abilities, the opportunity and the public stance to act, I had to work to remove it. When I accepted the instructions, I did it under one very clear condition: nobody is allowed to tell me what I have to say, and I will not say anything that I do not believe true. To date, I have never had to remind this to my clients.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So much for the background. Then what is my take on this legal battle, in the unlikely case somebody is interested? I suppose it is not a secret that I do not like patents very much – I think their time is over and the system is broken –, and &lt;strong&gt;I am totally against software patents&lt;/strong&gt;. Therefore I am totally against claiming software patents in court. By anybody against anybody. I am against it when it is Microsoft suing TomTom, I am against it when it is Alcatel suing Microsoft. And I am against it when it is Oracle suing Google, as I would be if it was the other way round. Of course I have no rights to impose my unwanted opinion to anybody, nor my clients are obliged to follow it. Given my outspoken belief and public activity (including on a professional basis) against software patents, such opinion would have been in open conflict of interest anyway. End of the story.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A few voices retorted that I was not equally shy of words short of one year ago, and questioned at the very least my ability to see in the future when I predicted that Oracle would have never used its patent portfolio against Free Software projects. I beg your pardon:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      first, I don't have or ever claimed to have a crystal ball and I am anyway not such an amateur to vouch for what a company would do in the future.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Second, well, I have never said anything like that.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Third, even if I had said that, it remains to be seen if that would have been wrong or not.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In the oft-quoted &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://piana.eu/sun&quot;&gt;Let the Sun Shine in (Oracle)&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8221; I wrote:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;To the best of my knowledge, Oracle is not asserting its patents against Free Software projects. But others could.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    To the best of my recalling, I have named Oracle just three more times on my blog, and have never said anything different or contradictory. Do I recant what I said because of its consequences, in the light of the recent developments? No. I still believe that my intervention was the best decision, and I am in good company. I say it again: I stand behind my decision to help the merger 100% and, looking back, I am totally in agreement with myself.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is not just a rant, otherwise I could end up my storytelling here or, better, avoid publishing it altogether. Those brave enough to read to the end might still be interested in what I have to say further.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Somebody said this is just the first instalment of a massive and &lt;strong&gt;lethal attack on Free Software by Oracle&lt;/strong&gt;, and accordingly I would be the Neville Chamberlain (or perhaps the Benito Mussolini) in the imminent Oracle vs. Free World War. Scary, but just a few think this can be the true story. Others have just pointed out that Oracle is a corporation, corporations make money, it just makes sense that if there is a revenue stream, the corporation just goes for it, regardless the collateral damages. I find this idea more compatible with the current scenario, but it would be equally scary. Also this could lead to a number of actions, perhaps fewer of them, but equally scary. I cannot entirely rule out that this is the case, absent a binding commitment by the company, and it would silly of me putting my neck on such a bet under the current circumstances.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    What is worth knowing is that &lt;strong&gt;I have received clear reassurances &lt;/strong&gt;that this is not the case, and that these reassurances come from inside the company, at a reasonably high level. Accordingly, Google is said not to be the first of a numberless series of actions, but a special case where Oracle feels it needs to pursue the judicial way. In other words, I am reported that Oracle is not pursuing a patent royalty revenue stream from the formerly Sun's (and its own) patent portfolio or to block other developers' or commercial entities through a patent stranglehold. Surely this is not what is in my wishes, and Google is surely not happy to have been singled out, but it is better than the darker scenarios above.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I don't want anybody to believe my words as such and by all means to be lead into thinking that this is a reliable prediction of what it is going to happen, unless you hear the same from an authorized representative of Oracle (please, by all means question them directly). Just trust that I am not simply uttering sourceless nonsense, for what it is worth.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/58&quot;&gt;Oracle, Sun and Mysql&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Software Freedom Day 2010</title>
            <link>/software-freedom-day-2010/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Sep 2010 09:13:30 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/software-freedom-day-2010/</guid>
            <description></description>
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            <title>Linking software, ovvero &#34;cosa è un prodotto derivato&#34;</title>
            <link>/linking-software-ovvero-cosa-e-un-prodotto-derivato/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 08:02:50 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/linking-software-ovvero-cosa-e-un-prodotto-derivato/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il risultato è quello che chiamiamo il &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork/LinkingDocument&amp;quot;&amp;gt;linking document&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;. Potrà non essere perfetto, ma è una valida piattaforma di discussione intorno una materia che fa venire più di un mal di testa a numerosi attori nel campo.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Il risultato è quello che chiamiamo il &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork/LinkingDocument&quot;&gt;linking document&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. Potrà non essere perfetto, ma è una valida piattaforma di discussione intorno una materia che fa venire più di un mal di testa a numerosi attori nel campo. Per trovare una discussione simile, ancorché controversa e limitata alle sole licenze GNU, si deve far riferimento alle  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt; della FSF.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un po di chiarezza, finalmente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Qui l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfe.org/news/2010/news-20100719-01.en.html&quot;&gt;annuncio&lt;/a&gt; della FSFE:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is proud to welcome the release of a new educational document on Free Software licensing. Developed by delegates of the European Legal Network, the document helps software developers and lawyers by making it easier to decide under which licenses they can distribute their work.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      ‘Software Interactions’ explains in detail when a program that contains source code under the GNU General Public License or other Free Software licenses needs to be distributed under the same license, and when developers can select another license. It includes examples of potential legal or community red lines in the field.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Karsten Gerloff, FSFE's President, says: “While no document can provide definitive answers for such a complex subject, today's release is a unique collaborative effort shaped over more than a year of debate by numerous experts. It represents the first time that linking has been discussed so broadly.”
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is taking the opportunity of this release to establish a long-term home for network educational documents on the FSFE Fellowship blog. &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; will expand to include all of the current and future documents released by the network, and is intended to provide a simple way for people to locate and share this material.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      ‘Software Interactions’ is the second collaborative legal knowledge released by the European Legal Network. The first was the Risk Grid, published in July 2009 in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ifo&quot;&gt;International Free and Open Source Software Law Review&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE has facilitated the European Legal Network since 2007. From humble beginnings the network has now grown to contain over 240 members from 27 countries and four continents, and is the largest professional legal forum for Free Software in the world. While FSFE does not have editorial control over network discussions and educational documents, we believe it provides great value to the broader Free Software community by ensuring legal experts from commercial, non-commercial and independent entities can share experience and insight.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      If you are a legal expert and would like to contribute to future network activities, please contact FSFE at &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:legal@fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;legal@fsfeurope.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Linking software, or what&#39;s a derivative</title>
            <link>/linking-software-or-whats-a-derivative/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 07:48:05 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/linking-software-or-whats-a-derivative/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The result is what we call &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork/LinkingDocument&amp;quot;&amp;gt;the linking document&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;. It might not be perfect, but it&#39;s a valid platform for discussion around a topic that provide headache to many players in the field.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The result is what we call &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork/LinkingDocument&quot;&gt;the linking document&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. It might not be perfect, but it's a valid platform for discussion around a topic that provide headache to many players in the field. To find a comparable discussion, albeit controversial and limited to the GNU licenses,  one should redress to the FSF's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Some clarity at last.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfe.org/news/2010/news-20100719-01.en.html&quot;&gt;announcement&lt;/a&gt; by the FSFE:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is proud to welcome the release of a new educational document on Free Software licensing. Developed by delegates of the European Legal Network, the document helps software developers and lawyers by making it easier to decide under which licenses they can distribute their work.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      ‘Software Interactions’ explains in detail when a program that contains source code under the GNU General Public License or other Free Software licenses needs to be distributed under the same license, and when developers can select another license. It includes examples of potential legal or community red lines in the field.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Karsten Gerloff, FSFE's President, says: “While no document can provide definitive answers for such a complex subject, today's release is a unique collaborative effort shaped over more than a year of debate by numerous experts. It represents the first time that linking has been discussed so broadly.”
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is taking the opportunity of this release to establish a long-term home for network educational documents on the FSFE Fellowship blog. &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.fsfe.org/EuropeanLegalNetwork&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; will expand to include all of the current and future documents released by the network, and is intended to provide a simple way for people to locate and share this material.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      ‘Software Interactions’ is the second collaborative legal knowledge released by the European Legal Network. The first was the Risk Grid, published in July 2009 in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ifo&quot;&gt;International Free and Open Source Software Law Review&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE has facilitated the European Legal Network since 2007. From humble beginnings the network has now grown to contain over 240 members from 27 countries and four continents, and is the largest professional legal forum for Free Software in the world. While FSFE does not have editorial control over network discussions and educational documents, we believe it provides great value to the broader Free Software community by ensuring legal experts from commercial, non-commercial and independent entities can share experience and insight.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      If you are a legal expert and would like to contribute to future network activities, please contact FSFE at &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:legal@fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;legal@fsfeurope.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Sentenza della Corte Costituzionale sulla Legge Regionale Piemontese sul Software Libero</title>
            <link>/sentenza-della-corte-costituzionale-sulla-legge-regionale-piemontese-sul-software-libero/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jun 2010 05:46:53 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sentenza-della-corte-costituzionale-sulla-legge-regionale-piemontese-sul-software-libero/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Constitutional Court in Italy has ruled on the compliance with the Italian Constitution of a Regional law issued by Piedmont on Free and Open Source Software and Open Standard.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Constitutional Court in Italy has ruled on the compliance with the Italian Constitution of a Regional law issued by Piedmont on Free and Open Source Software and Open Standard. The result is that a Regional law can give more “weight” in public procurements to offers that provide Free Software and implement Open Standards. The Court holds that a similar provision is compatible with the Constitution and – more specifically – such a preference is not against competition. This ruling dismantles therefore one of the most cunning objections against similar provisions that blossom across Europe, because it does not give preference to a technical solution, but rather to a peculiar asset of rights.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Italian Constitutional Court gives way to Free-Software friendly laws</title>
            <link>/italian-constitutional-court-gives-way-to-free-software-friendly-laws/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2010 13:54:09 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/italian-constitutional-court-gives-way-to-free-software-friendly-laws/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Constitutional Court in Italy has ruled on the compliance with the Italian Constitution of a Regional law issued by Piedmont on Free and Open Source Software and Open Standard.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Constitutional Court in Italy has ruled on the compliance with the Italian Constitution of a Regional law issued by Piedmont on Free and Open Source Software and Open Standard. The result is that a Regional law can give more “weight” in public procurements to offers that provide Free Software and implement Open Standards. The Court holds that a similar provision is compatible with the Constitution and – more specifically – such a preference is not against competition. This ruling dismantles therefore one of the most cunning objections against similar provisions that blossom across Europe, because it does not give preference to a technical solution, but rather to a peculiar asset of rights.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/56&quot;&gt;Software for the Public Administration&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Libroaid – Biblioaid</title>
            <link>/libroaid-biblioaid/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jun 2010 18:17:21 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/libroaid-biblioaid/</guid>
            <description></description>
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            <title>Libroaid – Biblioaid</title>
            <link>/libroaid-biblioaid-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jun 2010 18:15:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/libroaid-biblioaid-2/</guid>
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            <title>Web fonts e copyright</title>
            <link>/web-fonts-e-copyright/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 13:36:42 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/web-fonts-e-copyright/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ho dunque scelto di utilizzare questo nuovo font per dare un esempio di come i font nel web siano importanti e spesso trascurati. I font sono indicati nelle pagine web tramite l&#39;attributo HTML &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;font&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;, ora giustamente deprecato, oppure con l&#39;istruzione &amp;lt;a title=&amp;quot;CSS 2.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Ho dunque scelto di utilizzare questo nuovo font per dare un esempio di come i font nel web siano importanti e spesso trascurati. I font sono indicati nelle pagine web tramite l'attributo HTML &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;font&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, ora giustamente deprecato, oppure con l'istruzione &lt;a title=&quot;CSS 2.1 - specificazione&quot; href=&quot;http://CSS&quot;&gt;CSS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;{font-famiy:}&lt;/code&gt;. Il tutto però richiede che il font specificato sia installato sul computer dove la pagina viene visualizzata. Gli autori delle pagine web &amp;#8212; quelli più accorti &amp;#8212; lo sanno e utilizzano la possibilità offerta da CSS di specificare più di un font, cosicché in mancanza del primo viene utilizzato il secondo e così via. Normalmente viene anche indicato un font molto generico (come &amp;#8220;serif&amp;#8221;) in modo che in mancanza di tutti gli altri il browser usi quello predefinito per una delle grandi famiglie &amp;#8220;con grazie&amp;#8221; (serif), &amp;#8220;senza grazie&amp;#8221; (sans-serif) o &amp;#8220;a passo costante&amp;#8221; (monospaced).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'esigenza di avere un sempre maggior controllo sull'aspetto finale della pagina web ha portato ad avere un uso estensivo della specificazione del font, anche per effetti grafici particolari. Il che comporta l'utilizzo di font che debbono essere già disponibili e non installati alla bisogna. L'opzione di far installare un font all'utente non è praticabile per vari motivi, tra i quali l'investimento in tempo occorrente, l'insicurezza percepita dell'operazione, la mancanza di abilità da parte dell'utente o addirittura il fatto che tale operazione è vietata o resa impossibile al non amministratore di sistema. Le soluzioni sono due:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      utilizzare un font che si sa essere preinstallato;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      veicolare un font con la pagina (font embedded).
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La prima soluzione, usare un &lt;strong&gt;font preinstallato&lt;/strong&gt;, presuppone che si sappia cosa è installato sul computer con il quale la pagina è visualizzata. Ciò va contro il paradigma secondo cui Internet dovrebbe essere &lt;strong&gt;agnostica&lt;/strong&gt; delle risorse locali che non siano unicamente l'implementazione dei protocolli &lt;em&gt;standard &lt;/em&gt;utilizzati: abbiamo visto i disastri che la programmazione specifica per questo o quel browser ha fatto. Inoltre, ricercare quali siano quei font &amp;#8220;particolari&amp;#8221; che siano installati sulla maggior parte dei computer significa indirizzarsi verso quelli che sono presenti nella &lt;em&gt;maggio parte&lt;/em&gt; dei computer, e dunque ancora programmare per la piattaforma di destinazione e non per il protocollo, ma soprattutto privilegiare un produttore, quello dominante, sopra gli altri. Il che è inaccettabile. Inoltre, tale scelta non prende in considerazione che i contenuti spesso vengono visualizzati su dispositivi diversi dal PC.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La seconda soluzione prevede appunto di &lt;strong&gt;includere&lt;/strong&gt; i font utilizzati nella pagina. Così che l'utente li abbia a disposizione oppure, se non li ha, li scarichi direttamente da un server. Il problema è che &lt;strong&gt;i font&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8212; contrariamente a quanto molti pensano &amp;#8212; sono in molti paesi &lt;strong&gt;protetti da copyright&lt;/strong&gt;, per cui occorre considerare che non sempre i font che si hanno a disposizione sul proprio computer possono essere liberamente distribuiti. Ecco però che due elementi ci vengono utili: font offerti in &lt;strong&gt;licenza libera&lt;/strong&gt; e un servizio web dal quale è possibile scaricare i font a richiesta, tramite un'API (Application Programming Interface). Google recentemente ha fatto proprio questo: ha fornito una piattaforma web che, tramite l'utilizzo di un comando HTML (o CSS) scarichi tramite il browser il font necessario e specificato dall'autore della pagina web. Il che è appunto quello che ho fatto io, dalla &lt;a href=&quot;http://Google Font Directory&quot; title=&quot;Google Font Directory&quot;&gt;Google Font Directory&lt;/a&gt;. Si tratta di font rilasciati secondo una licenza che ne consente il libero utilizzo anche per scopi commerciali, a differenza della maggior parte dei font preinstallati nei PC dotati di sistema operativo proprietario (che sono free come in &amp;#8220;Free Beer&amp;#8221;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La cosa può essere considerata irrilevante ai più. Ma con la diffusione della possibiltà di produrre documenti &lt;strong&gt;PDF&lt;/strong&gt; ad esempio, non lo è. PDF infatti, per consentire la portabilità e la fedeltà del documento &amp;#8212; molto più avvertita che nel web &amp;#8212; all'originale, consente appunto di includere i font nel documento, così che siano disponibili all'autore senza null'altro necessitare che un lettore PDF. Ciò comporta che tali documenti una volta distribuiti comportino la distribuzione di &lt;strong&gt;materiale soggetto a copyright&lt;/strong&gt; non solo per quanto riguarda il documento dell'autore, ma anche per quanto riguarda &lt;strong&gt;il font&lt;/strong&gt;, appunto. La necessità di usare &lt;strong&gt;font &amp;#8220;liberi&amp;#8221;&lt;/strong&gt; è dunque una scelta saggia anche su questo fronte.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>DFD 2010</title>
            <link>/dfd-2010/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 07:54:26 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/dfd-2010/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;img alt=&amp;quot;DFD2010 banner&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/system/files/2010-banner-120x60.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/54&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Software Libero&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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    &lt;img alt=&quot;DFD2010 banner&quot; src=&quot;/system/files/2010-banner-120x60.png&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>DFD 2010</title>
            <link>/dfd-2010-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 07:49:19 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/dfd-2010-2/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;img alt=&amp;quot;DFD2010 banner&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;outline&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/system/files/2010-banner-120x60.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/53&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Free Software&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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    &lt;img alt=&quot;DFD2010 banner&quot; class=&quot;outline&quot; src=&quot;/system/files/2010-banner-120x60.png&quot; /&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>On Google and censorship</title>
            <link>/on-google-and-censorship/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 2010 14:22:35 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/on-google-and-censorship/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blog.hugoroy.eu/2010/03/10/et-si-la-loi-venait-en-renfort-de-linternet-libre/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hugo Roy&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; asked my thoughts about the recent case of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.google.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Google&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&#39;s employees being convicted&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; in Italy for a video that has been online a few months on Google Video (now YouTube).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.hugoroy.eu/2010/03/10/et-si-la-loi-venait-en-renfort-de-linternet-libre/&quot;&gt;Hugo Roy&lt;/a&gt; asked my thoughts about the recent case of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com&quot;&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;'s employees being convicted&lt;/strong&gt; in Italy for a video that has been online a few months on Google Video (now YouTube).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have already said so by and large, microblogged extensively on that. My opinion is that the decision is a shame for my Country.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What has happened
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A teenager suffering from &lt;strong&gt;Down's syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; has been beaten by a gang of classmates, who have filmed him and &lt;strong&gt;posted the video&lt;/strong&gt; on Google Video. Why on Earth somebody could be so &lt;strong&gt;stupid&lt;/strong&gt; to do either things escapes me, and I hope that those people have understood how criminal, inhuman and uncool their behaviour was. This is beyond the point, though.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The parents of the boy – with whom I am very sympathetic – reacted and sought counsel from an association of familiars of Down people, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vividown.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vividown&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Vividown did the least urgent thing to protect the online insult to the boy, went to the Police and helped the parents to press charges against both the culprits and Google. A few months later, the Police informed Google and asked to take the video offline, which in the meantime had – incredibly – reached quite a large popularity (which talks volumes as to some internauts' intelligence).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Google, as soon as it was informed of the problem, took the content down and possibly thought it was over.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Not quite, as the Prosecutor in Milan, where Google is based in Italy and where the content was allegedly put online, decided to indict four Google executives. Recently the Court of Milan decided that the executives have violated Italian Data Protection Law and convicted them.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is what I have learned from public sources, I hope I have not reported them inaccurately. I have no direct knowledge of the facts.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why the decision is wrong, wrong, wrong
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In Italy, in Europe, a provision of &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0031:en:NOT&quot;&gt;the e-Commerce Directive&lt;/a&gt; (Art. 14 &amp;#8211; 15) provides that the service provider shall not be liable for the content it hosts, unless when notified of the problem has failed to react promptly. The aim of the provision is clear: the development of the information society is possible if the service provider is not put under an excessive burden of monitoring each and any content that goes online through its services. This is the first reason why the decision is – in my very humble opinion – &lt;strong&gt;wrong&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The press reports that the Prosecutor has alleged, and the Court has upheld, that Google is not a service provider but a content provider. Wrong. A digital broadcasting TV is a content provider. An online news service is a content provider. You are a content provider because you produce or select the content that goes online. A service provider only gives tools to subscribers to go online with their own content. You are a content provider because you control the content, while the Court alleges that because you host content you are a content provider, then you must control the content. This is the second reason why the decision is &lt;strong&gt;wrong&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But you could say that you are not really bothered by this, all in all Google has tons of money and you are neither service nor content provider, hell with that. Wrong!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is the third reason why the decision is &lt;strong&gt;wrong&lt;/strong&gt;. The consequence of this is a mandatory filtering of all content that it is put online, and this is very akin to censorship.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Filtering == censorship
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is impossible to put enough people in line to watch, inspect, report of each and any video that is uploaded. Too much information is put online per second, period.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So the solution for the Prosecutor seems to be &amp;#8220;you are doing this in China, you can do this here&amp;#8221;. What Google is doing there is &lt;strong&gt;censorship&lt;/strong&gt;. So we want censorship here too.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Very clever! And precisely, how should a technical measure decide whether a content is obscene, libelous, privacy-infringing, when this sort of decisions is very hard to take in full court? Do we want to give up on the law and rely on technical means? This is &lt;a href=&quot;http://maffulli.net/2010/03/03/another-lessig-presentation-silenced-by-automatic-stupidity/&quot;&gt;madness&lt;/a&gt;! This is blue ignorance. This is exactly what Google has bowed to, and should not have, on copyright (sometimes bogus) infringements (of course, of the &amp;#8220;Majors&amp;#8221;, screw with the others).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Rodot%C3%A0&quot;&gt;Stefano Rodotà&lt;/a&gt; – former president of the Data Protection Authority in Italy – said it very bluntly in a recent radio interview I stumbled upon. He said more or less &amp;#8220;do we want to give Google an excuse to really become the Big Brother&amp;#8221;? To fix an inexistent problem these smart people would want to give immense power and an unprecedented amount of control over people's data to somebody who have the money, technical ability and – well – the data to do that?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    An inexistent problem
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    An this is the last point. Seems that the Google issue is an afterthough. We don't know how long the content has been online since when the parents have come to know it. But if when the video become known, they should have just sent a cease-and-desist letter. Had Google not reacted promptly on that, I would have been in favour of the gravest liability. But this was not the case, and I am still under the impression that the problem is that some people simply fails to understand how things go in technology and telecommunication.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The culprits are those who have committed the crime and those who have extended the effect of the crime by putting online the video. Those boys were identified and went under criminal proceedings. They have been convicted and are now clear.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Update
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The decision in full has been published. It seems that the recount I have given is quite accurate. Only the duration of the uptime for the video has been shorter than that, slightly more than one month, with 5500 downloads. The judge completely ignores some facts, it even quotes that the download figures is only a reference because of the &amp;#8220;virality&amp;#8221; of this kind of videos, while it was technically almost impossible to locally download the video and reuse in other ways different from embedding (where the actual service comes again from Google). The key is that by &amp;#8220;indexing&amp;#8221; the content the Judge finds that Google is content provider, but seems to ignore the difference between manually indexing and automatically indexing via agnostic euristic algorithms. It seems to reflect a very poor understanding of the technical implications.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://speciali.espresso.repubblica.it//pdf/Motivazioni_sentenza_Google.pdf&quot; class=&quot;moz-txt-link-freetext&quot;&gt;http://speciali.espresso.repubblica.it//pdf/Motivazioni_sentenza_Google.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (scanned, PDF)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://zambardino.blogautore.repubblica.it/2010/04/16/il-garante-privacy-sulla-sentenza-di-milano-e-sbagliata-ma-ora-bisogna-fare-regole-non-censorie/&quot;&gt;the Italian Data Protection Authority's President says more or less the same things&lt;/a&gt; on preliminary censorship and the too bold hacking of the law to justify the decision (which is based on Italian &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.garanteprivacy.it/garante/doc.jsp?ID=1311248&quot;&gt;Data Protection Code&lt;/a&gt;). Plus, he stresses one point that also struck me as completely flawed, which is that the decision finds guilty the officers for lack of proper information. This is not a criminal punishment in the first place (just an administrative fine, Section 161 Italian DPC), but more important, the duty is to be given to the user for the data they upload, not to clearly advise the subscriber that a person depicted in a video must be informed, that duty is simply non existent.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is a minor part and almost harmless, of the decision because it does not bear criminal consequences, but it is quite surprising that the Judge has misunderstood that very basic law.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Cogliete al volo la Libertà (almeno nei browser Internet)</title>
            <link>/cogliete-al-volo-la-liberta-almeno-nei-browser-internet/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 14:24:53 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/cogliete-al-volo-la-liberta-almeno-nei-browser-internet/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; È stata una lunga battaglia, che FSFE ha combattuto a pieno regime (posso dirlo, avendola rappresentata anche in questa procedura). Il rimedio può essere utile, anche se non è certo perfetto.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    È stata una lunga battaglia, che FSFE ha combattuto a pieno regime (posso dirlo, avendola rappresentata anche in questa procedura). Il rimedio può essere utile, anche se non è certo perfetto.  Inoltre permangono ulteriori problemi antitrust in altri campi, ma almeno quello del browser web sembra essere destinato a ridursi, almeno per il momento. E con la concorrenza sta finalmente arrivando un po' di innovazione, anche nell'applicazione dominante, che nel monopolio che si era guadagnata grazie a pratiche ritenute scorrette da più parti (inclusa la Commissione e il Dipartimento di Giustizia USA) era rimasto a languire nella stagnazione più completa. Non c'è dubbio: &lt;strong&gt;la concorrenza è un cibo salutare&lt;/strong&gt;, anche per i monopolisti, una volta che viene reintrodotta.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Segue l'annuncio (in inglese) di FSFE:
  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h2&gt;
      FSFE welcomes greater competition in European browser market
    &lt;/h2&gt;
    
    &lt;p newsteaser=&quot;yes&quot;&gt;
      FSFE welcomes the arrival of greater competition in the web browser market. From today, Microsoft has to offer Windows users in Europe the possibility to choose among different browsers. This step puts into practice the company's settlement with the European Commission from December 2009. The Free Software Foundation Europe was an active participant in the Commission's investigation.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;For the first time, Microsoft has been forced to offer all users a choice among different web browsers,&amp;#8221; says FSFE's President Karsten Gerloff. &amp;#8220;This is a stop sign for the company's strategy of extending its near-monopoly in desktop operating systems to other markets.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is fighting for freedom of choice and Open Standards. Microsoft's own Internet Explorer browsers do not interpret web standards correctly. The company's near-monopoly on the desktop has meant that web designers have often catered to Microsoft users only, leaving users of rival browsers to deal with broken pages.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Microsoft has gained its dominant position in the browser market by violating its consent decree with the US competition authorities. The problem we are trying to fix here wouldn't exist if Microsoft had complied with the laws,&amp;#8221; says FSFE's Legal Counsel Carlo Piana. &amp;#8220;It is no coincidence that we have recently seen more competition among browsers, after years where there was no innovation and a total lack of investment by Microsoft.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      It is now up to the users to take advantage of the choice they are offered. Gerloff reminds the EC that it will constantly need to monitor the success of the 'ballot screen'. &amp;#8220;Microsoft is a convicted monopolist and has broken countless promises in the past,&amp;#8221; he says. &amp;#8220;We urge the European Commission to keep a sharp eye on how well this measure plays out in practice.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The 'ballot screen' is currently limited to Europe. &amp;#8220;We call on competition authorities around the world to take a cue from the EC's good work in this case. The effect on competition and standards compliance would be much greater if users were offered a choice everywhere&amp;#8221;, says FSFE's Legal Counsel Carlo Piana.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      It remains to be seen how the 'ballot screen' will improve competition in the market for web browsers. FSFE is equally concerned about the lack of interoperability between Microsoft's products and Free Software competitors, and the company's practice of bundling its operating system with consumer hardware.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Background:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The initial complaint about Microsoft's abuse of its dominant position in the web browser market was brought by Opera. FSFE has supported the investigation as an interested third party, providing feedback and helping to shape the measures imposed by the European Commission.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The settlement on web browsers is only the latest among several European Commission investigations into Microsoft's anticompetitive behaviour. The most famous among these actions &amp;#8212; where &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/ms-vs-eu.en.html&quot;&gt;FSFE was a key player&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8212; concerned the workgroup server operating system market. Also known as the Samba case, it ended with a landmark decision in 2007 by the European Court of Justice. Microsoft was forced to disclose interoperability information that it had illegaly withheld from competitors.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      On the same day that the ballot screen was announced, Microsoft also promised to disclose interoperability information for a number of its products, such as Windows Server, Microsoft Office, Exchange and SharePoint. Here, an investigation by the European Commission is still ongoing.
    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>FSFE to users: Seize your freedom of choice!</title>
            <link>/ballot/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 14:11:58 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ballot/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; It has been a long battle, that FSFE has fought fullheartedly (and I represented FSFE also in this one). The remedy is something useful, although it seems short from perfect.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    It has been a long battle, that FSFE has fought fullheartedly (and I represented FSFE also in this one). The remedy is something useful, although it seems short from perfect. Other antitrust problems are still there, but luckily the web browser is going to be a lesser one for the time being. And with innovation, at least some evolution even within the dominant application will come. IE has conversely been left staling for years during the near monopoly that it achieved with anticompetitve measures (tying). &lt;strong&gt;Competition is an healthy food&lt;/strong&gt;, also for the monopolistic players, once reinstated.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Please read the press announcement by the FSFE
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h2&gt;
      FSFE welcomes greater competition in European browser market
    &lt;/h2&gt;
    
    &lt;p newsteaser=&quot;yes&quot;&gt;
      FSFE welcomes the arrival of greater competition in the web browser market. From today, Microsoft has to offer Windows users in Europe the possibility to choose among different browsers. This step puts into practice the company's settlement with the European Commission from December 2009. The Free Software Foundation Europe was an active participant in the Commission's investigation.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;For the first time, Microsoft has been forced to offer all users a choice among different web browsers,&amp;#8221; says FSFE's President Karsten Gerloff. &amp;#8220;This is a stop sign for the company's strategy of extending its near-monopoly in desktop operating systems to other markets.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE is fighting for freedom of choice and Open Standards. Microsoft's own Internet Explorer browsers do not interpret web standards correctly. The company's near-monopoly on the desktop has meant that web designers have often catered to Microsoft users only, leaving users of rival browsers to deal with broken pages.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Microsoft has gained its dominant position in the browser market by violating its consent decree with the US competition authorities. The problem we are trying to fix here wouldn't exist if Microsoft had complied with the laws,&amp;#8221; says FSFE's Legal Counsel Carlo Piana. &amp;#8220;It is no coincidence that we have recently seen more competition among browsers, after years where there was no innovation and a total lack of investment by Microsoft.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      It is now up to the users to take advantage of the choice they are offered. Gerloff reminds the EC that it will constantly need to monitor the success of the 'ballot screen'. &amp;#8220;Microsoft is a convicted monopolist and has broken countless promises in the past,&amp;#8221; he says. &amp;#8220;We urge the European Commission to keep a sharp eye on how well this measure plays out in practice.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The 'ballot screen' is currently limited to Europe. &amp;#8220;We call on competition authorities around the world to take a cue from the EC's good work in this case. The effect on competition and standards compliance would be much greater if users were offered a choice everywhere&amp;#8221;, says FSFE's Legal Counsel Carlo Piana.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      It remains to be seen how the 'ballot screen' will improve competition in the market for web browsers. FSFE is equally concerned about the lack of interoperability between Microsoft's products and Free Software competitors, and the company's practice of bundling its operating system with consumer hardware.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Background:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The initial complaint about Microsoft's abuse of its dominant position in the web browser market was brought by Opera. FSFE has supported the investigation as an interested third party, providing feedback and helping to shape the measures imposed by the European Commission.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The settlement on web browsers is only the latest among several European Commission investigations into Microsoft's anticompetitive behaviour. The most famous among these actions &amp;#8212; where &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/ms-vs-eu.en.html&quot;&gt;FSFE was a key player&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8212; concerned the workgroup server operating system market. Also known as the Samba case, it ended with a landmark decision in 2007 by the European Court of Justice. Microsoft was forced to disclose interoperability information that it had illegaly withheld from competitors.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      On the same day that the ballot screen was announced, Microsoft also promised to disclose interoperability information for a number of its products, such as Windows Server, Microsoft Office, Exchange and SharePoint. Here, an investigation by the European Commission is still ongoing.
    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>On URL Shorteners</title>
            <link>/on-url-shorteners/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jan 2010 18:05:45 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/on-url-shorteners/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; URL shorteners are &amp;amp;#8220;cloud&amp;amp;#8221; services that do basically one thing: they take a long URL (such a web address) and transform it into a short one. They became popular with the explosion of microblogging facilities like Twitter, Identi.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    URL shorteners are &amp;#8220;cloud&amp;#8221; services that do basically one thing: they take a long URL (such a web address) and transform it into a short one. They became popular with the explosion of microblogging facilities like Twitter, Identi.ca, Facebook et al.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Today &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;@AndyC&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;, who is a UK person that posts a lot on Identi.ca, ranted about URL shorteners, and about a new one called ow.ly. He wondered what in heaven could be their business model, and I discovered some not-so-good things. That ignited me to write a little bit about them, hoping to receive more feedback and provide more reasoning later.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    URL shorteners are perceived as completely neutral to the end user: you can type an address, get it shortened and off you go in your microblog post. As any decent &lt;strong&gt;cloud service&lt;/strong&gt;, you can get it off your local or cloud application. For instance, I use &lt;strong&gt;Gwibber&lt;/strong&gt; a lot for my own microblogging, and  any time I type or paste a long URL it gets shortened on the fly. In this setting, it gets completely transparent and users do not pay attention to it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    End of the story? Not quite.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Cui prodest?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Setting up a service like this requires not irrelevant &lt;strong&gt;investment&lt;/strong&gt;. So the question &amp;#8220;what is the business model&amp;#8221; is entirely a legitimate one. One could think that not always one should have a business model to start an investment. During the first and secon Internet Bubble we have seen many examples of &amp;#8220;first we get market share, then we will figure out&amp;#8221;. The very companion to a URL shortener, Twitter, has started this way and is living out of venture capital, as far as I can tell. It might well be possible that the same applies for URL shorteners. So what was true for the first two bubbles, it is going to be true for the third as well. It appears that bit.ly has received two billion dollars venture capital.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A better guess is that URL shorteners like to do &lt;strong&gt;data mining&lt;/strong&gt;, like monitoring trends and having some sort of profiling they can sell. Or &amp;#8212; like bit.ly &amp;#8212; they can offer &lt;strong&gt;premium services&lt;/strong&gt;. A look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bit.ly/pages/pro/&quot;&gt;http://bit.ly/pages/pro/&lt;/a&gt; gives a good understanding of what the business model could be and what is the value brought to the pro user. There is nothing wrong about this, it seems a legitimate service, and quite a useful one. The downside is that this sort of services tend to be &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;winner takes it all&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; game, because to be proficient and provide meaningful data one single operator should be at one time ubiquitous. Once one service is a clear winner &amp;#8212; like Google is for search engines &amp;#8212; the network effects kicks in and the market considerably tips, leaving &lt;strong&gt;one single gatekeeper&lt;/strong&gt; to control a considerable share of the Internet, and expand to adjacent markets. That also raises &lt;strong&gt;privacy&lt;/strong&gt; concerns.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So far so good, there are numerous competing services. The first one, tynyurl.com, seems to be doomed to oblivion in favour to shorter, and therefore more space-saving, ones, like bit.ly, is.gd, ur1.ca and ow.ly. They cannot get any shorter than five characters&lt;a name=&quot;note2_ref&quot; id=&quot;note2_ref&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;#note2&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, because the naming convention of all the Top Level Domain names (TLD) that I know only allow no less than two characters, plus dot and TLD's own name. Over 140 characters, five or six less characters is quite something.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What's wrong with URL shorteners?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A few points are worth considering.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;URL shorteners are a single point of failure&lt;/strong&gt;. They are not for permanent or long-term hyperlinking. For messages that are to be forgotten in a matter of minutes, or days at best, they just are OK. For longer postings, they can break up a considerable part of the Internet if the service winds up. If I use a &amp;#8220;ordinary&amp;#8221; URL I am almost assured that it will never cease and the point of failure is on the receiving end, but that is unavoidable and the contrary could be unwise and undesirable. Yet if I use a middle man to relay my hyperlink, I risk that the connection is broken when the two ends of the hyperlink are still active, and this happens to a lot of them at once. The more the middle man is a gatekeeper, the more trouble it will cause if it goes astray. Contrary to the use of URL, there is no RFC, no government body, no assurance whatsoever that the system is sufficiently robust in the long run. If tomorrow Google collapses, there is plenty of alternatives to go and search. But when a shortened URL is embedded in a document, one should always replace any of such URL in all legacy documents, when the service goes down.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In order to avoid this danger, services like Identi.ca started to record the unshortened URL as an &amp;#8220;attachment&amp;#8221; to all posts that present one URL that is recognized as shortened. And  I recently discovered that the web interface by Identi.ca offers a preview instead of simply linking, which is practically a good thing in the light of what I will discuss in a moment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Fellow &lt;strong&gt;Joshua Shacter&lt;/strong&gt; seems to &lt;a href=&quot;http://joshua.schachter.org/2009/04/on-url-shorteners.html&quot;&gt;think alike&lt;/a&gt;. And he reckons that a URL shortener can also be attacked and hijacked to cause a huge, though momentary, redirection to some facilities for nefariuos purposes.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;All shorteners are equal, but some are less equal&lt;/strong&gt;. Just today I have discovered that one of those services, &lt;strong&gt;ow.ly,&lt;/strong&gt; does not just do a translation between URLs and provide redirection. It also &amp;#8220;frames&amp;#8221; the content by adding a strip on the top of the target resource. That is questionable practice at best, because it interferes with the content and appearance of the target service and &amp;#8220;appropriates&amp;#8221; part of the screen real estate and of the attention that the service generates. And this is not noticeable by the poster, at least when I attempted to use the service I was unable to see any notice that said &amp;#8220;by using the shortened URL the user will NOT see the corresponding web page, but also an advertisement and a service&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Shorteners hijack the &amp;#8220;referrer&amp;#8221; part of the HTTP  header&lt;/strong&gt;. If somebody is directed to your website by another resource that uses a shortened URL, the logs of the website will show that the referral comes from a URL shortener site, not by the originating service. You have no clue of who has requested the shortened URL and how many have used them, you must ask to the service. This practice should perhaps be changed by mandating that the referring link passed by the shortening service contains some kind of field that can be parsed as the &amp;#8220;real&amp;#8221; referrer. It's a tricky business.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Malicious activities can be facilitated&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;strong&gt;Mario Vilas&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note1_ref&quot; id=&quot;note1_ref&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/having-fun-with-url-shorteners/&quot;&gt;demonstrated&lt;/a&gt; that some services are prone to be exploited to mask obvious attacks by malicious URL just because the shortened URL seems like a normal one, while it is resolved, for instance, as a javascript URL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Feedback
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    More clues as to pros and cons of URL shorteners? Just post them to @carlopiana on identi.ca or @carlo_piana on Twitter (preferably identi.ca)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;@andyc&lt;/strong&gt; reports how &amp;#8220;open and transparent &lt;strong&gt;ur1.ca&lt;/strong&gt; are. The DB is available.&amp;#8221; Indeed, plus ur1.ca is licensed under GPL.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Diego E. 'Flameeyes' Pettenò (@flameeyes)&lt;/strong&gt; says &amp;#8220;this is unfortunately &lt;strong&gt;nothing new&lt;/strong&gt;: framed linking has been since around 2000 for news sites (I recall emuita doing so)&amp;#8221;. Quite true, and sometimes even held illegal. If just find it annoying.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Brad Kuhn&lt;/strong&gt; (@&lt;strong&gt;bkuhn&lt;/strong&gt;) says &amp;#8220;we were talking a few weeks ago about how much url shortening is a low-hanging fruit for !autonomous network service.&amp;#8221; He explains further, that he thinks about a federated, distributed database of shortened URLs, so that you can use the same short name on various services once the first one has been used. Therefore you will not have a single point of failure, that would be some improvement in comparison with the points above.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note1&quot; id=&quot;note1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note1_ref&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/sup&gt;I have previously given credit for this to the wrong person, apologies to Mario.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note2&quot; id=&quot;note2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note2_ref&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/sup&gt;Actually this is not true, as I later &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20015397-281.html?part=rss&amp;subj=news&amp;tag=2547-1_3-0-20&quot;&gt;discovered&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;strong&gt;Twitter&lt;/strong&gt; has managed to arrange with .co ccTLD to register &lt;strong&gt;t.co&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; shading some more light on what's beyond URL shorteners. Thanks to &lt;strong&gt;Glyn Moody&lt;/strong&gt; for pointing it out.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>On URL Shorteners</title>
            <link>/on-url-shorteners-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jan 2010 17:07:03 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/on-url-shorteners-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Today &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;@AndyC&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;, who is a UK person that posts a lot on Identi.ca, ranted about URL shorteners, and about a new one called ow.ly. He wondered what in heaven could be their business model, and I discovered some not-so-good things.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Today &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;@AndyC&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;, who is a UK person that posts a lot on Identi.ca, ranted about URL shorteners, and about a new one called ow.ly. He wondered what in heaven could be their business model, and I discovered some not-so-good things. That ignited me to write a little bit about them, hoping to receive more feedback and provide more reasoning later.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    URL shorteners are perceived as completely neutral to the end user: you can type an address, get it shortened and off you go in your microblog post. As any decent &lt;strong&gt;cloud service&lt;/strong&gt;, you can get it off your local or cloud application. For instance, I use &lt;strong&gt;Gwibber&lt;/strong&gt; a lot for my own microblogging, and  any time I type or paste a long URL it gets shortened on the fly. In this setting, it gets completely transparent and users do not pay attention to it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    End of the story? Not quite.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Cui prodest?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Setting up a service like this requires not irrelevant &lt;strong&gt;investment&lt;/strong&gt;. So the question &amp;#8220;what is the business model&amp;#8221; is entirely a legitimate one. One could think that not always one should have a business model to start an investment. During the first and secon Internet Bubble we have seen many examples of &amp;#8220;first we get market share, then we will figure out&amp;#8221;. The very companion to a URL shortener, Twitter, has started this way and is living out of venture capital, as far as I can tell. It might well be possible that the same applies for URL shorteners. So what was true for the first two bubbles, it is going to be true for the third as well. It appears that bit.ly has received two billion dollars venture capital.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A better guess is that URL shorteners like to do &lt;strong&gt;data mining&lt;/strong&gt;, like monitoring trends and having some sort of profiling they can sell. Or &amp;#8212; like bit.ly &amp;#8212; they can offer &lt;strong&gt;premium services&lt;/strong&gt;. A look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://bit.ly/pages/pro/&quot;&gt;http://bit.ly/pages/pro/&lt;/a&gt; gives a good understanding of what the business model could be and what is the value brought to the pro user. There is nothing wrong about this, it seems a legitimate service, and quite a useful one. The downside is that this sort of services tend to be &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;winner takes it all&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; game, because to be proficient and provide meaningful data one single operator should be at one time ubiquitous. Once one service is a clear winner &amp;#8212; like Google is for search engines &amp;#8212; the network effects kicks in and the market considerably tips, leaving &lt;strong&gt;one single gatekeeper&lt;/strong&gt; to control a considerable share of the Internet, and expand to adjacent markets. That also raises &lt;strong&gt;privacy&lt;/strong&gt; concerns.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So far so good, there are numerous competing services. The first one, tynyurl.com, seems to be doomed to oblivion in favour to shorter, and therefore more space-saving, ones, like bit.ly, is.gd, ur1.ca and ow.ly. They cannot get any shorter than five characters&lt;a name=&quot;note2_ref&quot; id=&quot;note2_ref&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;#note2&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, because the naming convention of all the Top Level Domain names (TLD) that I know only allow no less than two characters, plus dot and TLD's own name. Over 140 characters, five or six less characters is quite something.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What's wrong with URL shorteners?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A few points are worth considering.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;URL shorteners are a single point of failure&lt;/strong&gt;. They are not for permanent or long-term hyperlinking. For messages that are to be forgotten in a matter of minutes, or days at best, they just are OK. For longer postings, they can break up a considerable part of the Internet if the service winds up. If I use a &amp;#8220;ordinary&amp;#8221; URL I am almost assured that it will never cease and the point of failure is on the receiving end, but that is unavoidable and the contrary could be unwise and undesirable. Yet if I use a middle man to relay my hyperlink, I risk that the connection is broken when the two ends of the hyperlink are still active, and this happens to a lot of them at once. The more the middle man is a gatekeeper, the more trouble it will cause if it goes astray. Contrary to the use of URL, there is no RFC, no government body, no assurance whatsoever that the system is sufficiently robust in the long run. If tomorrow Google collapses, there is plenty of alternatives to go and search. But when a shortened URL is embedded in a document, one should always replace any of such URL in all legacy documents, when the service goes down.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In order to avoid this danger, services like Identi.ca started to record the unshortened URL as an &amp;#8220;attachment&amp;#8221; to all posts that present one URL that is recognized as shortened. And  I recently discovered that the web interface by Identi.ca offers a preview instead of simply linking, which is practically a good thing in the light of what I will discuss in a moment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Fellow &lt;strong&gt;Joshua Shacter&lt;/strong&gt; seems to &lt;a href=&quot;http://joshua.schachter.org/2009/04/on-url-shorteners.html&quot;&gt;think alike&lt;/a&gt;. And he reckons that a URL shortener can also be attacked and hijacked to cause a huge, though momentary, redirection to some facilities for nefariuos purposes.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;All shorteners are equal, but some are less equal&lt;/strong&gt;. Just today I have discovered that one of those services, &lt;strong&gt;ow.ly,&lt;/strong&gt; does not just do a translation between URLs and provide redirection. It also &amp;#8220;frames&amp;#8221; the content by adding a strip on the top of the target resource. That is questionable practice at best, because it interferes with the content and appearance of the target service and &amp;#8220;appropriates&amp;#8221; part of the screen real estate and of the attention that the service generates. And this is not noticeable by the poster, at least when I attempted to use the service I was unable to see any notice that said &amp;#8220;by using the shortened URL the user will NOT see the corresponding web page, but also an advertisement and a service&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Shorteners hijack the &amp;#8220;referrer&amp;#8221; part of the HTTP  header&lt;/strong&gt;. If somebody is directed to your website by another resource that uses a shortened URL, the logs of the website will show that the referral comes from a URL shortener site, not by the originating service. You have no clue of who has requested the shortened URL and how many have used them, you must ask to the service. This practice should perhaps be changed by mandating that the referring link passed by the shortening service contains some kind of field that can be parsed as the &amp;#8220;real&amp;#8221; referrer. It's a tricky business.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Malicious activities can be facilitated&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;strong&gt;Mario Vilas&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note1_ref&quot; id=&quot;note1_ref&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/having-fun-with-url-shorteners/&quot;&gt;demonstrated&lt;/a&gt; that some services are prone to be exploited to mask obvious attacks by malicious URL just because the shortened URL seems like a normal one, while it is resolved, for instance, as a javascript URL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Feedback
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    More clues as to pros and cons of URL shorteners? Just post them to @carlopiana on identi.ca or @carlo_piana on Twitter (preferably identi.ca)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;@andyc&lt;/strong&gt; reports how &amp;#8220;open and transparent &lt;strong&gt;ur1.ca&lt;/strong&gt; are. The DB is available.&amp;#8221; Indeed, plus ur1.ca is licensed under GPL.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Diego E. 'Flameeyes' Pettenò (@flameeyes)&lt;/strong&gt; says &amp;#8220;this is unfortunately &lt;strong&gt;nothing new&lt;/strong&gt;: framed linking has been since around 2000 for news sites (I recall emuita doing so)&amp;#8221;. Quite true, and sometimes even held illegal. If just find it annoying.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Brad Kuhn&lt;/strong&gt; (@&lt;strong&gt;bkuhn&lt;/strong&gt;) says &amp;#8220;we were talking a few weeks ago about how much url shortening is a low-hanging fruit for !autonomous network service.&amp;#8221; He explains further, that he thinks about a federated, distributed database of shortened URLs, so that you can use the same short name on various services once the first one has been used. Therefore you will not have a single point of failure, that would be some improvement in comparison with the points above.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note1&quot; id=&quot;note1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note1_ref&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/sup&gt;I have previously given credit for this to the wrong person, apologies to Mario.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;note2&quot; id=&quot;note2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;#note2_ref&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/sup&gt;Actually this is not true, as I later &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20015397-281.html?part=rss&amp;subj=news&amp;tag=2547-1_3-0-20&quot;&gt;discovered&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;strong&gt;Twitter&lt;/strong&gt; has managed to arrange with .co ccTLD to register &lt;strong&gt;t.co&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; shading some more light on what's beyond URL shorteners. Thanks to &lt;strong&gt;Glyn Moody&lt;/strong&gt; for pointing it out.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>SFScon 2009</title>
            <link>/sfscon-2009/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 13:31:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sfscon-2009/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://sfscon.it/2009/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;programme&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; of the SFScon 2009 has been published. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; South Tyrol Free Software Conference 2009 &amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SFScon &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;of the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;13th November 2009&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;amp;#8211; the South Tyrol Free Software Conference &amp;amp;#8211; is an International Conference on Free Software, which is held annually in South Tyrol.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The &lt;a href=&quot;http://sfscon.it/2009/&quot;&gt;programme&lt;/a&gt; of the SFScon 2009 has been published.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      South Tyrol Free Software Conference 2009
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The &lt;strong&gt;SFScon &lt;/strong&gt;of the &lt;strong&gt;13th November 2009&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8211;  the South Tyrol Free Software Conference &amp;#8211; is an International Conference on Free Software, which is held annually in South Tyrol. This years topic of the SFScon is: &amp;#8220;Free Software: For Innovative Business!&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In order to help management and relevant experts making choices on IT infrastructures, the Conference outlines the strengths of Free Software and its contribution to innovation, presenting topical subjects and questions.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Conference is mainly directed to public and private administrative sectors decision-makers and developers, as well as to the wider audience. Its main objective is to communicate, to the widest possible audience, the importance of Free Software in the modern society, a continuously changing reality, strongly dependenting on IT infrastructures.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/56&quot;&gt;Software for the Public Administration&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>SFScon 2009</title>
            <link>/sfscon-2009-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 13:22:44 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sfscon-2009-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Pubblicato il &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://sfscon.it/2009/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;programma&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; della SFScon 2009. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; South Tyrol Free Software Conference 2009 &amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; La &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SFScon&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; del &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;13 novembre 2009&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;amp;#8211; la South Tyrol Free Software Conference &amp;amp;#8211; è la conferenza internazionale sul Software Libero, che ha luogo ogni anno in Alto Adige.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Pubblicato il &lt;a href=&quot;http://sfscon.it/2009/&quot;&gt;programma&lt;/a&gt; della SFScon 2009.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      South Tyrol Free Software Conference 2009
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      La &lt;strong&gt;SFScon&lt;/strong&gt; del &lt;strong&gt;13 novembre 2009&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8211; la South Tyrol Free Software Conference &amp;#8211; è la conferenza internazionale sul Software Libero, che ha luogo ogni anno in Alto Adige. Il tema della SFScon2009 è: “Free Software: per un business innovativo!”.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Per sostenere il management e gli esperti del settore ad operare scelte sulle infrastrutture IT, la conferenza descrive i punti di forza del Software Libero ed il suo contributo in tema di innovazione, presentando argomenti e tematiche di attualità.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      La conferenza è dedicata principalmente ai decision makers dell’amministrazione pubblica e privata ed agli sviluppatori, ma si rivolge anche al grande pubblico, con l'intento di comunicare ad ampio raggio l’importanza del Software Libero nella società odierna, una realtà in continuo mutamento, fortemente dipendente dalle infrastrutture informatiche. L'appuntamento rappresenta un'occasione per creare un punto di incontro tra gli esperti e gli utilizzatori finali. I partecipanti possono apprendere le ultimissime novità del settore e condividere esperienze di buona pratica.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Send the GNU GPL to the Amazonia</title>
            <link>/send-the-gnu-gpl-to-the-amazonia/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 14:07:58 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/send-the-gnu-gpl-to-the-amazonia/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; This is not really good news for Free Software. However, Amazon gives us the best evidence that MySQL can be &amp;amp;#8220;monetized&amp;amp;#8221; by offering it in a Software As a Service setting.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    This is not really good news for Free Software. However, Amazon gives us the best evidence that MySQL can be &amp;#8220;monetized&amp;#8221; by offering it in a Software As a Service setting. This can happen with GNU GPL licensed software and without receiving any special permission from the copyright holder, contradicting all claims that there is no viable way to fund development of a Free Software project without a dual license. The impatient reader can &lt;a href=&quot;#cloud&quot;&gt;jump&lt;/a&gt; directly to the section where I deal with the cloud, but I invite you to follow all the argument.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Dual licensing, or proprietary licensing of Free Software
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I maintained in my &lt;a href=&quot;/sun&quot;&gt;first article&lt;/a&gt; on the subject of Oracle/Sun acquisition that the dual licensing point is moot. Quite so. If I am permitted to further elaborate on this, I will try to help the reader through the arguments according to which the GNU GPL being a strong copyleft license &amp;#8212; therefore demanding strict conditions for its redistribution in derivatives &amp;#8212; is not at all relevant in allowing others to build a successful business case around it even without the revenues from selling &amp;#8220;exceptions&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let us try to get back to the basics.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The &amp;#8220;classic&amp;#8221; theory around utilizing copyright in software business is that the copyright holder can exchange the permission to use a copy of a work, or to modify it or to incorporate it into another product and distribute it, in exchange of a monetary consideration. This is the &lt;strong&gt;proprietary&lt;/strong&gt; model of selling &amp;#8220;licenses&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Then we have &lt;strong&gt;Free Software&lt;/strong&gt;. You receive the permission to do a lot of things with the software, in other words, you have the &lt;strong&gt;four Freedoms&lt;/strong&gt;. Within Free Software we have &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;permissive&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;, AKA &amp;#8220;ultraliberal&amp;#8221;, AKA &amp;#8220;non restrictive&amp;#8221; licenses. Those licenses permit you to do whatever you want with the software under the condition that you attribute the authorship of the original software to all the upstream authors, waive any legal remedy against them for any bug or malfunction, and little more. Indeed there is a license, the WTF license, that allows you to do literally WTF you want with the software. The issue with this end of the Free Software range is that those licenses permit to turn a Free Software application into a proprietary one. An example? PostgreSQL is licensed under the so called &amp;#8220;BSD&amp;#8221; license, and we have just heard that Red Hat has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS129327+27-Oct-2009+PRN20091027&quot;&gt;invested&lt;/a&gt; a considerable amount of money upon &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enterprisedb.com&quot;&gt;EnterpriseDB&lt;/a&gt;. EnterpriseDB is basically a proprietary product built around PostgreSQL and directed to the high end of the database market.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    To avoid this proprietary evolution, the &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;copyleft&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; requirements were conceived. You certainly receive the four Freedoms, but you are required, as a condition to have them, to &lt;strong&gt;contribute back&lt;/strong&gt; any improvements to the work and any larger work that is built around that work. So you cannot license under proprietary licenses what you have received under a copyleft license: what is Free shall remain Free. If you want to avoid these requirements, you must ask a special permission to the holder(s) of copyright. Then the holder(s) can ask you &lt;strong&gt;money in exchange of said permission&lt;/strong&gt;, thus they are selling you &amp;#8220;an &lt;strong&gt;exception&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;. Which is entirely fine on a copyright basis, although it is certainly a diminished way to foster Free Software, as in order to maintain this line of licensing (know as &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;dual licensing&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;) the holder of the original copyright must &lt;strong&gt;ask assignment&lt;/strong&gt; of all the modifications in order to put them in the main branch. On the other hand, anybody can simply take the GPL license and &lt;strong&gt;fork&lt;/strong&gt; away. The forker will never have the ability to sell the exception, unless the original copyright holder(s) also so permits. In a very few iterations, this is simply unmanageable.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why dual licensing does not prevent forks
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Now we come to the point of the &lt;strong&gt;MySQL&lt;/strong&gt; debate. The &lt;strong&gt;complainants&lt;/strong&gt; against the merger &lt;strong&gt;rejected&lt;/strong&gt; the argument that being MySQL a GNU GPL licensed software application, there is no real possibility for Oracle to &amp;#8220;squelch&amp;#8221; the project, as a fork would likely kick in to fill the vacant space. The &lt;strong&gt;counterargument&lt;/strong&gt; used by the opponents is that the fork would then &lt;strong&gt;miss the revenues&lt;/strong&gt; from the proprietary licensing, therefore nobody would have &lt;strong&gt;incentives to invest&lt;/strong&gt; in the fork because they would &lt;strong&gt;miss&lt;/strong&gt; the necessary &lt;strong&gt;revenues&lt;/strong&gt; to justify it on a financial basis. The &lt;strong&gt;counterfactual&lt;/strong&gt; is however that there are &lt;em&gt;plenty&lt;/em&gt; of forks of MySQL, which would be absurd or doomed to failure, in this narrow-sighted view. &lt;strong&gt;MariaDB, Percona, Our Delta and Drizzle&lt;/strong&gt; are surely the most know forks &lt;em&gt;already&lt;/em&gt; on the market before Oracle annouced its project acquisition.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a name=&quot;cloud&quot; id=&quot;cloud&quot;&gt;I&lt;/a&gt; strongly &lt;strong&gt;reject&lt;/strong&gt;, as I said before, that the only business case for any software project, including MySQL, is to sell licenses, or exceptions, whatever. This falls flatly against any contrary evidence of Free Software projects happily developed without anybody even thinking of selling a copyright license. I will not argue on it any more to avoid the impression that the argument is worth discussing. In fact it is not.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of the most obvious and present ways to derive the necessary resources to sponsor a fork comes from the &lt;strong&gt;cloud&lt;/strong&gt; example.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The cloud gets in the picture
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am not an anti-cloud luddite, but I am not an unreserved fan of cloud computing either. I would call it more properly Software As a Service (SAaS), which conveys the right message over where the issue lies. SAaS has a lot of pro's (it is a big source of competition and platform independency: these are invaluable still today). But it has also a lot of con's. Incidentally, one of the con's is that providing SAaS does not constitute &amp;#8220;distribution&amp;#8221;, therefore the copyleft effect is avoided (unless it is the Affero variant). Get it?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Now I am going to state the obvious for a little. Note that Amazon:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      can charge money to permit use of its deployed copies of MySQL. If you want it, you pay it;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      can modify the codebase;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      can avoid to provide the modifications back, if it wants (but perhaps it will not want)
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;does not need to ask the permission&lt;/strong&gt; of anybody for all of the above.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In other words, Amazon can do a proprietary exploitation of GNU GPL software without being the copyright holder or an OEM licensee. It can fork the project and charge good money without incurring into any problems, it is not required to release its improvements back unless it distributes the modified software. It can take other improvements from the community without asking assignment of copyright, and still run internally its own different versions. If it releases its own version, then others can further fork and repeat the same exercise over and over. Who controls the copyright is &lt;em&gt;irrelevant&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is bad. This a way round copyleft. This allows a new kind of proprietarization, this is what Google is frequently accused to be indulging in. To be honest, Google also releases back a wide range of contributions and does many other very good deeds to Free Software, so don't ask me to take on Google for this.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But this also disproves quite remarkably the idea that only by holding the copyright one can commercially exploit the codebase at a sufficient level that it can be invested in. If it was the case, many of my clients would be out of business. Luckily for me and for us all, that is not the case. 😉
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/58&quot;&gt;Oracle, Sun and Mysql&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Apache what?</title>
            <link>/apache-what/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 14:49:59 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/apache-what/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The same thought struck me yesterday reading a press release calling for Mysql to be &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://monty-says.blogspot.com/2009/10/press-release-concerning-oracl &amp;gt; esun.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;sold&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; to a third party, separate from the prospect buyer of Sun Microsystem, Oracle.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The same thought struck me yesterday reading a press release calling for Mysql to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://monty-says.blogspot.com/2009/10/press-release-concerning-oracl &gt; esun.html&quot;&gt;sold&lt;/a&gt; to a third party, separate from the prospect buyer of Sun Microsystem, Oracle. It says:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      [Monty Widenius] believes the EU's antitrust regulator is &amp;#8220;absolutely right to be concerned&amp;#8221; and called on Oracle &amp;#8220;to be constructive and commit to sell MySQL to a suitable third party, enabling an instant solution instead of letting Sun suffer much longer.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Speaking of conflict of interest, it appears annoyingly odd that Oracle is accused of  making Sun suffer through a prolonged merger procedure that should have been &lt;strong&gt;cleared outright&lt;/strong&gt;, was it not for some ill-advised &lt;strong&gt;complaints&lt;/strong&gt;, including some coming from the &lt;strong&gt;same source&lt;/strong&gt; now calling for splitting up. But this is barely the point. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The press release goes on pointing to a &lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp.askmonty.org/secret/COMP_M.5529_Req_to_protect_disruptive_innovation.pdf&quot;&gt;document&lt;/a&gt; which calls for re-enabling &lt;strong&gt;disruptive innovation&lt;/strong&gt; in the market. Because of my position as one of the counsels to Oracle I have of course read this document before, but equally of course I was not at liberty to discuss it openly. Now that it has been published, I feel obliged to pinpoint some issues that disconcert me. Incidentally, I am entirely in favour of disruptive innovation, only I don't see how it is relevant in the discussion. Anyway&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This &amp;#8220;disruptive&amp;#8221; document seems to be written by an opponent, not by a proponent of Free Software. It goes as far as saying:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      On the current basis, the fork vendor would be bound by the terms of the GPL, and the fork product would be affected by &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;copyleft&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;. Consequently, the users/customers of the fork would also be bound by the GPL, and any derivative works they would create (by embedding the code of the fork product) would equally be &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;infected&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;, i.e., subject to the requirement to publish the code of the derivative work under GPL terms.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Now wait a minute. You really &lt;em&gt;meant&lt;/em&gt; to say &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;Infected&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I thought this language is a remnant of a long-dead past, something that you only find in five-years old documents. There was a time when the GPL was called with all sort of names by you-know-who. That including &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;cancer&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; and &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;communism&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;. Yet nobody &amp;#8212; as far as I can tell &amp;#8212; has ever called a Free Software, copyleft license &amp;#8220;infectious&amp;#8221;. Indeed it is common to hear and read &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;viral&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; effect, but that naming is less crude, and it could be arguably used in good faith (like in &amp;#8220;viral marketing&amp;#8221;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Just a matter of style? Not quite.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The consequence of such a premise cannot be other than suggesting a remedy that imposed to Oracle to release MySQL under a &lt;strong&gt;non-copyleft&lt;/strong&gt; license like the &lt;strong&gt;Apache&lt;/strong&gt; Public License, as a condition to get the green light to buy Sun:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      An open source license meeting the above and other reasonable criteria is the Apache License, which is also used for certain projects by well-known IT companies including IBM and Sun Microsystems (Glassfish and other middleware products).
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So what's the issue with Apache, isn't it a &lt;strong&gt;Free Software license&lt;/strong&gt;? It is, but on one side there are issues concerning the compatibility with the GPL, on the other side, well, it is an &lt;strong&gt;entirely non-copyleft&lt;/strong&gt; license. In other words, a &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;permissive&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8221; one. Have I ever said I am against this kind of licenses? &amp;#8220;Liberal&amp;#8221; might sound well, but &lt;strong&gt;it rhymes with&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;proprietarization&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;. Because there is no copyleft effect, nothing prevents anybody from taking it and turning into a proprietary product. And that is not unintentional, as the rationale behind it is to allow for a dual licensing strategy, that is to say, to permit proprietary exploitation of the codebase. Anybody is free to do the math and see where we are aiming at.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is apparently old stuff, as it would appear that the &lt;strong&gt;last call&lt;/strong&gt; (as per the press release) is to &lt;strong&gt;divest&lt;/strong&gt; MySQL, to sell it to another company. Now, Sun has bought MySQL for one billion dollars. Anybody around with a spare billion? Seriously, I don't see any suitable prospect investor which would be able both to pay the bill for this and to &lt;strong&gt;safeguard&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;MySQL as Free Software&lt;/strong&gt; more than Oracle is.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's face the facts. Oracle has bought &lt;strong&gt;InnoDB&lt;/strong&gt; (the most performing transactional database engine used by MySQL). Anybody predicted that the sky would have fallen, it has not. Fact is that InnoDB is more often than not the storage engine preferred by power users over the &amp;#8220;default&amp;#8221; MyISAM. Many have predicted that Oracle would have used its &lt;strong&gt;patent portfolio&lt;/strong&gt; to squash MySQL (and surely it could have done it way before meddling with a now controversial acquisition), it has not used them a single time, &lt;strong&gt;unlike others&lt;/strong&gt;. Skeptical voices have predicted that the first move of Oracle will be to &lt;strong&gt;stop releasing the GPL&lt;/strong&gt; version of MySQL, and the second to &lt;strong&gt;stop development&lt;/strong&gt; of MySQL. No later than last week we have heard from the very voice of &lt;strong&gt;Larry Ellison&lt;/strong&gt; two strong &lt;strong&gt;commitments&lt;/strong&gt; to address both concerns once for all. Can we believe this? I think we can.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The &lt;strong&gt;track record&lt;/strong&gt; of Oracle in defending an ethical, healthy and competitive ecosystem speaks much better of keeping the deal as is than all conceivable alternatives or remedies. Consider for example the battle to defend &lt;strong&gt;open standards&lt;/strong&gt; or Oracle taking side defending the Commission in the &lt;strong&gt;browser&lt;/strong&gt; case, both of which were not in the direct area of interest of it. I have a direct and insider experience of both of them. I have spent endless hours with its executives and lawyers, I think I have quite an extensive knowledge of what is the company's motivation. This has played an important role in convincing me that there is no better choice at sight. This is the better horse we can bet on. If it's not, let's happily fork the project, the odds are that this would even benefit it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px dotted gray; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153);&quot;&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: as readers would perhaps notice, I have been writing this entry in pieces and in spare time of very busy days. Now &lt;strong&gt;Pamela Jones&lt;/strong&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://groklaw.net&quot;&gt;Groklaw&lt;/a&gt; has been more effective than I was, and used more or less the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091021164738392&quot;&gt;same arguments&lt;/a&gt;. Does it mean that great minds think alike, sheer conincidence or the fact that we have the same information based on which we reach the same conclusion? I have the answer, do you?
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/58&quot;&gt;Oracle, Sun and Mysql&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>FSFE, EC Commission, antitrust: still pending issues</title>
            <link>/fsfe-ec-commission-antitrust-still-pending-issues/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 10:30:51 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fsfe-ec-commission-antitrust-still-pending-issues/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; Microsoft settlement leaves Free Software in the cold &amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p newsteaser=&amp;quot;yes&amp;quot;&amp;gt; The European Commission yesterday announced a preliminary agreement with Microsoft. The deal is supposed to settle an antitrust investigation about the company&#39;s dominant position in the web browser market.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Microsoft settlement leaves Free Software in the cold
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p newsteaser=&quot;yes&quot;&gt;
      The European Commission yesterday announced a preliminary agreement with Microsoft. The deal is supposed to settle an antitrust investigation about the company's dominant position in the web browser market. The Commission is also ready to strike a deal on interoperability. The goal is to allow rival products to work with Microsoft's applications on the desktop.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE commends Commissioner Neelie Kroes and the European Commission on their effort to bring more competition to the European software market. Though clearly negotiated under some time pressure, parts of the agreement are better than Microsoft's previous proposals.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      While FSFE's input as a steadfast defender of software freedom over the past seven years has helped to bring about some improvements on details of the browser selection screen, the updated agreement proposed by Microsoft does not address the legitimate concerns of the Free Software community.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Karsten Gerloff, FSFE's President, says: &amp;#8220;In its current form, Microsoft's proposal has many loopholes for the convicted monopolist to slip through. The lack of a monitoring system leaves Free Software projects out in the cold. There is no clear commitment from Microsoft to adhere to web standards in the future, nor to end the company's habit of adding proprietary extensions to standards.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In order to fend off another possible investigation by the European Commission, Microsoft is also offering a set of promises to let rival programs work with some of its desktop applications such as Outlook and Sharepoint. Yet Free Software projects, which are often the strongest competitors to the company's offerings, will not be able to use the patent licence proposed by Microsoft.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE's legal counsel Carlo Piana says: &amp;#8220;We are disappointed that major issues for Free Software and other small, innovative players remain unaddressed. Private enforcement is out of reach for them. This is a missed opportunity to break new ground in antitrust enforcement.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE will analyse Microsoft's proposed commitment in detail in the coming weeks and provide feedback to the Commission. Our goal is to help shape a deal for a sustainable, interoperable and competitive future.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>FSFE, Commissione, antitrust: questioni irrisolte</title>
            <link>/fsfe-commissione-antitrust-questioni-irrisolte/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 10:26:04 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fsfe-commissione-antitrust-questioni-irrisolte/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; Microsoft settlement leaves Free Software in the cold &amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p newsteaser=&amp;quot;yes&amp;quot;&amp;gt; The European Commission yesterday announced a preliminary agreement with Microsoft. The deal is supposed to settle an antitrust investigation about the company&#39;s dominant position in the web browser market.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Microsoft settlement leaves Free Software in the cold
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p newsteaser=&quot;yes&quot;&gt;
      The European Commission yesterday announced a preliminary agreement with Microsoft. The deal is supposed to settle an antitrust investigation about the company's dominant position in the web browser market. The Commission is also ready to strike a deal on interoperability. The goal is to allow rival products to work with Microsoft's applications on the desktop.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE commends Commissioner Neelie Kroes and the European Commission on their effort to bring more competition to the European software market. Though clearly negotiated under some time pressure, parts of the agreement are better than Microsoft's previous proposals.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      While FSFE's input as a steadfast defender of software freedom over the past seven years has helped to bring about some improvements on details of the browser selection screen, the updated agreement proposed by Microsoft does not address the legitimate concerns of the Free Software community.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Karsten Gerloff, FSFE's President, says: &amp;#8220;In its current form, Microsoft's proposal has many loopholes for the convicted monopolist to slip through. The lack of a monitoring system leaves Free Software projects out in the cold. There is no clear commitment from Microsoft to adhere to web standards in the future, nor to end the company's habit of adding proprietary extensions to standards.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In order to fend off another possible investigation by the European Commission, Microsoft is also offering a set of promises to let rival programs work with some of its desktop applications such as Outlook and Sharepoint. Yet Free Software projects, which are often the strongest competitors to the company's offerings, will not be able to use the patent licence proposed by Microsoft.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE's legal counsel Carlo Piana says: &amp;#8220;We are disappointed that major issues for Free Software and other small, innovative players remain unaddressed. Private enforcement is out of reach for them. This is a missed opportunity to break new ground in antitrust enforcement.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE will analyse Microsoft's proposed commitment in detail in the coming weeks and provide feedback to the Commission. Our goal is to help shape a deal for a sustainable, interoperable and competitive future.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Let the Sun-shine in (Oracle)</title>
            <link>/let-the-sun-shine-in-oracle/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2009 14:54:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/let-the-sun-shine-in-oracle/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; First, you will pardon my cheap and obvious borrowing the lead tune from &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhNrqc6yvTU&amp;amp;feature=fvw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hair&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; In my &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/ms_undertaking&amp;quot;&amp;gt;previous blog entry&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; I have briefly discussed that I intended to take actions to help the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sun/Oracle merger&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; to be cleared by the EC Antitrust authorities.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    First, you will pardon my cheap and obvious borrowing the lead tune from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhNrqc6yvTU&amp;feature=fvw&quot;&gt;Hair&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In my &lt;a href=&quot;http://piana.eu/ms_undertaking&quot;&gt;previous blog entry&lt;/a&gt; I have briefly discussed that I intended to take actions to help the &lt;strong&gt;Sun/Oracle merger&lt;/strong&gt; to be cleared by the EC Antitrust authorities. Indeed I have offered my dispassionate help as a Free Software and digital liberties advocate to the legal team assisting Oracle. They have gladly accepted my offer to help. It was discussed if I could also take the position of &lt;strong&gt;co-counsel&lt;/strong&gt; to Oracle in the procedure, and so was decided.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This could be perhaps a surprise to casual readers. I take the opportunity to clarify what my motives are. It could be regarded as odd that I feel like I have to justify why I am accepting instructions that some of my colleagues would simply kill for. The point is that – unlike many – I am not a &lt;strong&gt;hired gun&lt;/strong&gt; for whomever can afford to pay me. And I am quite fond of saying that I am in a position to refuse cases that are against my beliefs as a Free Software advocate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Competition problems? Look at the alternatives!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun is a company that has lately been known for its &lt;strong&gt;huge contributions to Free Software&lt;/strong&gt;. Indeed one could go as far as saying that amongst the big corporations Sun has been the most friendly to the community in terms of code released under Free Software licenses and general support. After cashing in perhaps too quickly a settlement on the same antitrust case against Microsoft that it had initiated in the first place (the one I have been deeply involved during the last five years), Sun has gained again good recognition and trust from the Community.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun has four &lt;strong&gt;important projects&lt;/strong&gt; to Free Software and to a healthier and competitive environment in the software market. I am speaking about &lt;strong&gt;Openoffice.org, Java, Open Solaris, MySQL&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun is also &lt;strong&gt;financially bleeding&lt;/strong&gt;, and its share price has been considerably &lt;a href=&quot;http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=JAVA&amp;b=11&amp;a=02c=2005&amp;e=29&amp;d=08&amp;f=2009&amp;g=m&quot;&gt;dropping&lt;/a&gt; over the years. This, combined with its huge and easily cashable assets, made it a too obvious &lt;strong&gt;target for a takeover&lt;/strong&gt;. The candidate for it are quite limited. Friendly takeovers could be made by IBM – who reportedly was involved in acquisition talks – and Oracle. Hostile takeovers could be made by Microsoft (subject to huge competition problems in most of the concerned markets) and by investment funds. The latter option is the one that frightens me most.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun has a huge &lt;strong&gt;patent portfolio&lt;/strong&gt; too. Some of its patents have been pledged for instance to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oasis-open.org/&quot;&gt;OASIS&lt;/a&gt; not to be asserted against any implementation of ODF. An investment fund would have no incentive to keep the company as a whole and, absent an overall industrial plan, the easiest cash-in move would be that of arranging an &lt;strong&gt;auction&lt;/strong&gt;, one similar to that where luckily (the uninvited) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/&quot;&gt;OIN&lt;/a&gt; was able to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/press_release09_08_09.php&quot;&gt;recover the patents&lt;/a&gt; (dumped off by Microsoft) from the highest bidder. In other words, Sun or parts of it would become a litigation company, a pain similar to what &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=20080803065719599&quot; name=&quot;sco&quot; id=&quot;sco&quot;&gt;SCO&lt;/a&gt; has been lately, but multiplied n-times.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We don't need to offer patent trolls any patents that are deeply embedded in core Free Software projects. We should &lt;strong&gt;remove&lt;/strong&gt; the software patents from the equation, and we would be better off, but the threat is out there and ignoring it would do no good. &lt;strong&gt;Patent trolls&lt;/strong&gt;, or technology investment companies – as they sometimes define themselves – could simply act on their own accord with the aim to force market players to pay through the nose or – much, much worse – could be a useful instrument to seed more &lt;strong&gt;FUD&lt;/strong&gt; and to raise hurdles to the success of Free Software projects. To the best of my knowledge, Oracle is not asserting its patents against Free Software projects. But others could.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I think there is more than one reason to avoid all of that!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What is the sticking point in the investigation?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It's MySQL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Swedish database company has been &lt;strong&gt;acquired by Sun&lt;/strong&gt; last year for a sum short of one billion euro. Not bad for a company whose best yearly turnover hardly reaches 50 million euros. MySQL and Oracle are databases. This is more or less where the similarity ends. Their products are significantly dissimilar from each other because they are at the opposite ends of the market. I happened to speak with people at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ingres.com/&quot;&gt;Ingres&lt;/a&gt; recently, and they confirmed that, notwithstanding that they are also Free Software vendors with a business model similar to that of MySQL, they regard themelves as competing with Oracle and PostgreSQL, rather than with MySQL. but I don't want to argue that here. Complainants have sought to present a different view. The Commission decided that this point shall be &lt;strong&gt;further investigated&lt;/strong&gt; and that's it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    MySQL is a very successful project in terms of deployment. I myself have no less than three MySQL instances in place and you are reading this blog from a LAMP installation – where &amp;#8220;M&amp;#8221; stands for &amp;#8220;MySQL&amp;#8221;. It is very important that the project remains Free Software (it is licensed under a slightly modified &lt;strong&gt;GNU GPL V.2&lt;/strong&gt; on a &lt;strong&gt;dual licensing scheme&lt;/strong&gt;) and a lively one. Yet I fail to see how a disbanded and broken-up Sun would do a better job at it than a company like Oracle.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here we see the force and how dramatically Free Software departs from the proprietary setting. A product is very likely to survive despite the fortunes – or even against the will – of its founding company, because everybody is invited to take over or to fork. Forks are less frequent than one can think only because the simple threat of forking works in the direction of finding &lt;strong&gt;consensus&lt;/strong&gt; among leading developers. Linux has never been forked. Samba has been forked (into Samba-TNG), but there is a constructive exchange between the two projects. Mambo has been forked into Joomla, and Joomla seems to be more successful than Mambo. More or less the samehappened to &lt;strong&gt;Xfree86&lt;/strong&gt;. When the developers changed the licensing, a new project suddenly was born – &lt;a href=&quot;http://x.org&quot;&gt;X.org&lt;/a&gt; – and in six months it has &lt;strong&gt;swept away Xfree86&lt;/strong&gt; from the entirety of the GNU/Linux distributions out there.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nothing substantially prevents the success of forks, apart from the success of the original product. We could say that the licensing reduces the barriers to entry in the market for that individual product, allowing third parties not only to take it as it is distributed by the project leaders, but to depart from it and make it – or parts of it – even an entirely different project. This is a terrific &lt;strong&gt;democracy-enforcer&lt;/strong&gt;. The lack of democracy issue in the MySQL project has been latent for quite a long time, this is why &lt;strong&gt;a fork has already happened&lt;/strong&gt;, into &lt;a href=&quot;http://askmonty.org/wiki/index.php/MariaDB&quot;&gt;MariaDB&lt;/a&gt;, and if things get worse in the core development team of MySQL, it is easy to predict that the fork will have better chances to replace it – as it is drop-in replacement to the forked project. &lt;strong&gt;Nature abhors a vacuum&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If Oracle were hypothetically to bend the project away from competition in the high end or simply make it a stale project, it is clear to me that the declining fortunes of the original work would leave room (and disgruntled developers) to further the success of the fork(s).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Another misconception is that a Free Software project cannot succeed &lt;strong&gt;without a strong corporation&lt;/strong&gt; as its proponent. All the evidence is to the opposite. Openoffice.org lives out a very lively and diverse community: while it has roots deep into Sun, many corporate users (including IBM) heavily contribute to its development. Linux prospers thanks to a wide community where no single company is &lt;em&gt;relevant&lt;/em&gt;, leave alone &lt;em&gt;dominant&lt;/em&gt;. Gnome and KDE the same. Again this is the strength of Free Software, that it permits many different development models, including the &amp;#8220;bazaar&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Dual license is a moot problem
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If I understand the point correctly, the objections on what I have just said is that – because MySQL is a &lt;strong&gt;dual-licensed&lt;/strong&gt; product – a fork only relying on the GNU GPL licensing of the code would miss the revenues and investments coming from the proprietary licensing, which is out of reach of the fork.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is absolutely frivolous, and it reflects a &lt;strong&gt;misconception&lt;/strong&gt; of how the forces in the Free Software space work. It is not that a successful dual licensing enables a successful Free Software project, &lt;strong&gt;it is a successful Free Software project that permits to a dual licensing strategy to survive&lt;/strong&gt;. The idea behind a dual licensing scheme is twofold. &lt;strong&gt;First&lt;/strong&gt; you spread around a software application that becomes widely adopted, distributed, and where developers hurry up to develop for. And you offer it under the &lt;strong&gt;most restrictive copyleft&lt;/strong&gt; license. Second, you offer a &lt;strong&gt;separate deal&lt;/strong&gt; to all those who want to use the code but they are not willing to embed it into their products because they would be derivatives of the GPL'ed product, thus GPL themselves.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    While dual licensing is often portrayed as the only successful business model for Free Software, this assertion is consistently &lt;strong&gt;disproved&lt;/strong&gt;. And interestingly, this assertion comes from proprietary-intense (or proprietary-only) software makers. Its underlying assumption is that one can only make money out of selling licenses. So if somebody makes money out of Free Software, they must be offering proprietary licenses too. This misunderstanding results in frequent incorrect statements, such as – this is absolutely the most widespread myth – that &lt;strong&gt;Red Hat&lt;/strong&gt; sells &amp;#8220;commercial licenses&amp;#8221; of its operating system.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is the problem with Free Software: it changes any common-sense reference, it requires &lt;strong&gt;a change in the mindset&lt;/strong&gt;. 2+2 = +∞ !
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Dual licensing is &lt;em&gt;hardly&lt;/em&gt; a viable model &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. MySQL Ab's revenues are &lt;strong&gt;pitiful&lt;/strong&gt; in comparison with the market adoption of its project, and a considerable part of its turnover comes from other sources than licensing. MySQL is so good that it can be used via a lot of interoperability tools and via network without suffering big loss of performances, therefore the incentives to use a proprietary version come from the licensing issues of the very limited cases when a derivative product is to be distributed on proprietary terms. A proprietary standalone version of MySQL has no appeal compared to the Free Software licensed one. But in general, I know of very few cases of companies keeping a healthy dual licensed scheme (the only one I know for sure is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.funambol.com&quot;&gt;Funambol&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Dual licensing is very complicated to maintain&lt;/strong&gt;, it requires &lt;strong&gt;copyright assignment&lt;/strong&gt;, and this assignment is very hard to obtain from developers (this is at least my experience in drafting assignment agreements for clients).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Dual licensing is irrelevant&lt;/strong&gt; in the success of the variety of Free Software business propositions, its fortunes will decline even more, and it can be seen at best as an interim setting to legal migrations from proprietary to Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Guess who's complaining
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Oddly enough, the main complainants are two companies &lt;strong&gt;whose interest collide&lt;/strong&gt; against the persistence of a &lt;strong&gt;competitive pressure coming from Sun&lt;/strong&gt;. This is entirely appropriate, of course. Only, one could question &lt;strong&gt;how true&lt;/strong&gt; the grounds are to complain of at least one of them, the one which competes directly with MySQL. It bugs me that they now potray themselves as advocates for the success of MySQL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    They are quite likely afraid that the Sun acquisition will reinvigorate MySQL to compete with them for instance in the SME's space, which is not Oracle’s strength. Another reason for them to fight against the Oracle/Sun merger is the resulting increased competitive pressure in the high-end part of the IT market. Especially that of large database installations for the &lt;strong&gt;cloud&lt;/strong&gt;, a sector where it is no mystery Microsoft is trying to find a new expansion area, and which could be a very good sector where Oracle + Sun Solaris + Java could set the goalpost, while establishing a platform-diversity, under-the-hood interoperable ecosystem, with Oracle and Google and IBM on the upper hand, as well as benefiting the overall industry with huge Free Software spillovers.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The bitter end
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Persistent delay as to the final clearance is &lt;strong&gt;sucking the breath&lt;/strong&gt; from Sun, and rumors of people leaving are spreading. &lt;strong&gt;This cannot last&lt;/strong&gt;. Continuing uncertainty damages Sun's developement teams. I have the pleasure to know a number of executives in Sun and – if perhaps they are not delighted by the prospect acquisition – they realize that it must be passed through as soon as possible, or the company will die. And with it, some of the good development teams that have considerably contributed to the success of Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is time to take sides, and I know perfectly well where to stand.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Let the Sun-shine in (Oracle)</title>
            <link>/sun/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2009 13:22:10 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sun/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; In my &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/ms_undertaking&amp;quot;&amp;gt;previous blog entry&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; I have briefly discussed that I intended to take actions to help the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sun/Oracle merger&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; to be cleared by the EC Antitrust authorities.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    In my &lt;a href=&quot;http://piana.eu/ms_undertaking&quot;&gt;previous blog entry&lt;/a&gt; I have briefly discussed that I intended to take actions to help the &lt;strong&gt;Sun/Oracle merger&lt;/strong&gt; to be cleared by the EC Antitrust authorities. Indeed I have offered my dispassionate help as a Free Software and digital liberties advocate to the legal team assisting Oracle. They have gladly accepted my offer to help. It was discussed if I could also take the position of &lt;strong&gt;co-counsel&lt;/strong&gt; to Oracle in the procedure, and so was decided.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This could be perhaps a surprise to casual readers. I take the opportunity to clarify what my motives are. It could be regarded as odd that I feel like I have to justify why I am accepting instructions that some of my colleagues would simply kill for. The point is that – unlike many – I am not a &lt;strong&gt;hired gun&lt;/strong&gt; for whomever can afford to pay me. And I am quite fond of saying that I am in a position to refuse cases that are against my beliefs as a Free Software advocate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Competition problems? Look at the alternatives!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun is a company that has lately been known for its &lt;strong&gt;huge contributions to Free Software&lt;/strong&gt;. Indeed one could go as far as saying that amongst the big corporations Sun has been the most friendly to the community in terms of code released under Free Software licenses and general support. After cashing in perhaps too quickly a settlement on the same antitrust case against Microsoft that it had initiated in the first place (the one I have been deeply involved during the last five years), Sun has gained again good recognition and trust from the Community.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun has four &lt;strong&gt;important projects&lt;/strong&gt; to Free Software and to a healthier and competitive environment in the software market. I am speaking about &lt;strong&gt;Openoffice.org, Java, Open Solaris, MySQL&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun is also &lt;strong&gt;financially bleeding&lt;/strong&gt;, and its share price has been considerably &lt;a href=&quot;http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=JAVA&amp;b=11&amp;a=02c=2005&amp;e=29&amp;d=08&amp;f=2009&amp;g=m&quot;&gt;dropping&lt;/a&gt; over the years. This, combined with its huge and easily cashable assets, made it a too obvious &lt;strong&gt;target for a takeover&lt;/strong&gt;. The candidate for it are quite limited. Friendly takeovers could be made by IBM – who reportedly was involved in acquisition talks – and Oracle. Hostile takeovers could be made by Microsoft (subject to huge competition problems in most of the concerned markets) and by investment funds. The latter option is the one that frightens me most.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sun has a huge &lt;strong&gt;patent portfolio&lt;/strong&gt; too. Some of its patents have been pledged for instance to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oasis-open.org/&quot;&gt;OASIS&lt;/a&gt; not to be asserted against any implementation of ODF. An investment fund would have no incentive to keep the company as a whole and, absent an overall industrial plan, the easiest cash-in move would be that of arranging an &lt;strong&gt;auction&lt;/strong&gt;, one similar to that where luckily (the uninvited) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/&quot;&gt;OIN&lt;/a&gt; was able to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/press_release09_08_09.php&quot;&gt;recover the patents&lt;/a&gt; (dumped off by Microsoft) from the highest bidder. In other words, Sun or parts of it would become a litigation company, a pain similar to what &lt;a name=&quot;sco&quot; href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=20080803065719599&quot; id=&quot;sco&quot;&gt;SCO&lt;/a&gt; has been lately, but multiplied n-times.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We don't need to offer patent trolls any patents that are deeply embedded in core Free Software projects. We should &lt;strong&gt;remove&lt;/strong&gt; the software patents from the equation, and we would be better off, but the threat is out there and ignoring it would do no good. &lt;strong&gt;Patent trolls&lt;/strong&gt;, or technology investment companies – as they sometimes define themselves – could simply act on their own accord with the aim to force market players to pay through the nose or – much, much worse – could be a useful instrument to seed more &lt;strong&gt;FUD&lt;/strong&gt; and to raise hurdles to the success of Free Software projects. To the best of my knowledge, Oracle is not asserting its patents against Free Software projects. But others could.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I think there is more than one reason to avoid all of that!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What is the sticking point in the investigation?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It's MySQL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Swedish database company has been &lt;strong&gt;acquired by Sun&lt;/strong&gt; last year for a sum short of one billion euro. Not bad for a company whose best yearly turnover hardly reaches 50 million euros. MySQL and Oracle are databases. This is more or less where the similarity ends. Their products are significantly dissimilar from each other because they are at the opposite ends of the market. I happened to speak with people at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ingres.com/&quot;&gt;Ingres&lt;/a&gt; recently, and they confirmed that, notwithstanding that they are also Free Software vendors with a business model similar to that of MySQL, they regard themelves as competing with Oracle and PostgreSQL, rather than with MySQL. but I don't want to argue that here. Complainants have sought to present a different view. The Commission decided that this point shall be &lt;strong&gt;further investigated&lt;/strong&gt; and that's it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    MySQL is a very successful project in terms of deployment. I myself have no less than three MySQL instances in place and you are reading this blog from a LAMP installation – where &amp;#8220;M&amp;#8221; stands for &amp;#8220;MySQL&amp;#8221;. It is very important that the project remains Free Software (it is licensed under a slightly modified &lt;strong&gt;GNU GPL V.2&lt;/strong&gt; on a &lt;strong&gt;dual licensing scheme&lt;/strong&gt;) and a lively one. Yet I fail to see how a disbanded and broken-up Sun would do a better job at it than a company like Oracle.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here we see the force and how dramatically Free Software departs from the proprietary setting. A product is very likely to survive despite the fortunes – or even against the will – of its founding company, because everybody is invited to take over or to fork. Forks are less frequent than one can think only because the simple threat of forking works in the direction of finding &lt;strong&gt;consensus&lt;/strong&gt; among leading developers. Linux has never been forked. Samba has been forked (into Samba-TNG), but there is a constructive exchange between the two projects. Mambo has been forked into Joomla, and Joomla seems to be more successful than Mambo. More or less the samehappened to &lt;strong&gt;Xfree86&lt;/strong&gt;. When the developers changed the licensing, a new project suddenly was born – &lt;a href=&quot;http://x.org&quot;&gt;X.org&lt;/a&gt; – and in six months it has &lt;strong&gt;swept away Xfree86&lt;/strong&gt; from the entirety of the GNU/Linux distributions out there.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nothing substantially prevents the success of forks, apart from the success of the original product. We could say that the licensing reduces the barriers to entry in the market for that individual product, allowing third parties not only to take it as it is distributed by the project leaders, but to depart from it and make it – or parts of it – even an entirely different project. This is a terrific &lt;strong&gt;democracy-enforcer&lt;/strong&gt;. The lack of democracy issue in the MySQL project has been latent for quite a long time, this is why &lt;strong&gt;a fork has already happened&lt;/strong&gt;, into &lt;a href=&quot;http://askmonty.org/wiki/index.php/MariaDB&quot;&gt;MariaDB&lt;/a&gt;, and if things get worse in the core development team of MySQL, it is easy to predict that the fork will have better chances to replace it – as it is drop-in replacement to the forked project. &lt;strong&gt;Nature abhors a vacuum&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If Oracle were hypothetically to bend the project away from competition in the high end or simply make it a stale project, it is clear to me that the declining fortunes of the original work would leave room (and disgruntled developers) to further the success of the fork(s).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Another misconception is that a Free Software project cannot succeed &lt;strong&gt;without a strong corporation&lt;/strong&gt; as its proponent. All the evidence is to the opposite. Openoffice.org lives out a very lively and diverse community: while it has roots deep into Sun, many corporate users (including IBM) heavily contribute to its development. Linux prospers thanks to a wide community where no single company is &lt;em&gt;relevant&lt;/em&gt;, leave alone &lt;em&gt;dominant&lt;/em&gt;. Gnome and KDE the same. Again this is the strength of Free Software, that it permits many different development models, including the &amp;#8220;bazaar&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    &lt;a name=&quot;dual&quot; id=&quot;dual&quot;&gt;Dual&lt;/a&gt; license is a moot problem
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If I understand the point correctly, the objections on what I have just said is that – because MySQL is a &lt;strong&gt;dual-licensed&lt;/strong&gt; product – a fork only relying on the GNU GPL licensing of the code would miss the revenues and investments coming from the proprietary licensing, which is out of reach of the fork.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is absolutely frivolous, and it reflects a &lt;strong&gt;misconception&lt;/strong&gt; of how the forces in the Free Software space work. It is not that a successful dual licensing enables a successful Free Software project, &lt;strong&gt;it is a successful Free Software project that permits to a dual licensing strategy to survive&lt;/strong&gt;. The idea behind a dual licensing scheme is twofold. &lt;strong&gt;First&lt;/strong&gt; you spread around a software application that becomes widely adopted, distributed, and where developers hurry up to develop for. And you offer it under the &lt;strong&gt;most restrictive copyleft&lt;/strong&gt; license. Second, you offer a &lt;strong&gt;separate deal&lt;/strong&gt; to all those who want to use the code but they are not willing to embed it into their products because they would be derivatives of the GPL'ed product, thus GPL themselves.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    While dual licensing is often portrayed as the only successful business model for Free Software, this assertion is consistently &lt;strong&gt;disproved&lt;/strong&gt;. And interestingly, this assertion comes from proprietary-intense (or proprietary-only) software makers. Its underlying assumption is that one can only make money out of selling licenses. So if somebody makes money out of Free Software, they must be offering proprietary licenses too. This misunderstanding results in frequent incorrect statements, such as – this is absolutely the most widespread myth – that &lt;strong&gt;Red Hat&lt;/strong&gt; sells &amp;#8220;commercial licenses&amp;#8221; of its operating system.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is the problem with Free Software: it changes any common-sense reference, it requires &lt;strong&gt;a change in the mindset&lt;/strong&gt;. 2+2 = +∞ !
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Dual licensing is &lt;em&gt;hardly&lt;/em&gt; a viable model &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. MySQL Ab's revenues are &lt;strong&gt;pitiful&lt;/strong&gt; in comparison with the market adoption of its project, and a considerable part of its turnover comes from other sources than licensing. MySQL is so good that it can be used via a lot of interoperability tools and via network without suffering big loss of performances, therefore the incentives to use a proprietary version come from the licensing issues of the very limited cases when a derivative product is to be distributed on proprietary terms. A proprietary standalone version of MySQL has no appeal compared to the Free Software licensed one. But in general, I know of very few cases of companies keeping a healthy dual licensed scheme (the only one I know for sure is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.funambol.com&quot;&gt;Funambol&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Dual licensing is very complicated to maintain&lt;/strong&gt;, it requires &lt;strong&gt;copyright assignment&lt;/strong&gt;, and this assignment is very hard to obtain from developers (this is at least my experience in drafting assignment agreements for clients).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Dual licensing is irrelevant&lt;/strong&gt; in the success of the variety of Free Software business propositions, its fortunes will decline even more, and it can be seen at best as an interim setting to legal migrations from proprietary to Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Guess who's complaining
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Oddly enough, the main complainants are two companies &lt;strong&gt;whose interest collide&lt;/strong&gt; against the persistence of a &lt;strong&gt;competitive pressure coming from Sun&lt;/strong&gt;. This is entirely appropriate, of course. Only, one could question &lt;strong&gt;how true&lt;/strong&gt; the grounds are to complain of at least one of them, the one which competes directly with MySQL. It bugs me that they now potray themselves as advocates for the success of MySQL.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    They are quite likely afraid that the Sun acquisition will reinvigorate MySQL to compete with them for instance in the SME's space, which is not Oracle’s strength. Another reason for them to fight against the Oracle/Sun merger is the resulting increased competitive pressure in the high-end part of the IT market. Especially that of large database installations for the &lt;strong&gt;cloud&lt;/strong&gt;, a sector where it is no mystery Microsoft is trying to find a new expansion area, and which could be a very good sector where Oracle + Sun Solaris + Java could set the goalpost, while establishing a platform-diversity, under-the-hood interoperable ecosystem, with Oracle and Google and IBM on the upper hand, as well as benefiting the overall industry with huge Free Software spillovers.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The bitter end
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Persistent delay as to the final clearance is &lt;strong&gt;sucking the breath&lt;/strong&gt; from Sun, and rumors of people leaving are spreading. &lt;strong&gt;This cannot last&lt;/strong&gt;. Continuing uncertainty damages Sun's developement teams. I have the pleasure to know a number of executives in Sun and – if perhaps they are not delighted by the prospect acquisition – they realize that it must be passed through as soon as possible, or the company will die. And with it, some of the good development teams that have considerably contributed to the success of Free Software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is time to take sides, and I know perfectly well where to stand.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Let&#39;s keep eye on the ball</title>
            <link>/ms_undertaking/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2009 14:56:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ms_undertaking/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The point is that the current Commission is going to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;step down&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; in a few weeks, and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Commissioner Kroes&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; – who has an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;incredibly good track record&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; on the Microsoft case – might feel the urgency to close everything behind her, leaving the office empty and her case teams without a case.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The point is that the current Commission is going to &lt;strong&gt;step down&lt;/strong&gt; in a few weeks, and &lt;strong&gt;Commissioner Kroes&lt;/strong&gt; – who has an &lt;strong&gt;incredibly good track record&lt;/strong&gt; on the Microsoft case – might feel the urgency to close everything behind her, leaving the office empty and her case teams without a case. But at which conditions?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    To use my good friend Jeremy Allison's words, will we be able to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Where do we stand?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;The Commission has achieved something untinkable&lt;/strong&gt;. Something the biggest antitrust experts told us was impossible. We &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org/projects/ms-vs-eu/ms-vs-eu.en.html&quot;&gt;won&lt;/a&gt; – beyond any foreseeable measure – the entire Microsoft litigation, a landmark case which is going to be seminal in technology for the years to come. A Free Software project like &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org&quot;&gt;Samba&lt;/a&gt; has received the right to see all the interoperability information and to freely implement them in a GNU GPL project in a compatible way. Something that we were told had the same chances to happen as a snowball in hell.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This has given the Commission an &lt;strong&gt;unprecedented authority&lt;/strong&gt; to demand the fixing of other outstanding issues – and there are many. A very detailed and well reasoned statement of objections has been served on Microsoft, opening a large avenue to a new decision and remedies, this time backed by the huge precedent of a case about the same company and for very similar anticompetitive practices. No surprise then that Microsoft was and is very keen on avoiding another ordeal like the one it has endured so far.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;The party in the need to close the matter&lt;/strong&gt; and to “move on” (using Brad Smith's own words) &lt;strong&gt;is Microsoft&lt;/strong&gt;. The Commission does not need it, the Commission can go for a solution without a settlement unless it is a very good settlement, but the one I have seen is not quite so. If the matters have to be solved — and Heaven knows how they need to be — they must be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;really &lt;/em&gt;solved&lt;/strong&gt;. A layer of fresh paint over an old wall would not help much.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    What is missing
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The single biggest issue is &lt;b&gt;patents&lt;/b&gt;. The current WSPP agreement does not contain any meaningful provision or license or promise or non-assertion pledge or anything that is useful to Free Software projects. Without that clearance, once everything is over, who is going to stop the patents to be asserted or, worse, merely threatened (call it &amp;#8220;FUD&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;patent rattling&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;whatever&amp;#8221;)? Microsoft has been very clear to reserve this right. If it is home free with a broad undertaking, there will not be any real pressure against the assertion of the patents, apart from the reaction of some friendlier companies and of the OIN. We have seen just a small preview with the TomTom case.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Other points are crucial. With regard to the &lt;b&gt;web browser issue&lt;/b&gt;, the most likely remedy to be imposed is a “&lt;b&gt;must carry&lt;/b&gt;” provision. In other words, since the Internet Explorer (IE) dominance has been allowed to endure for at least a decade, the simple un-bundling of IE frorm Windows is deeply insufficient in order to re-establish an equal footage amongst competitors. This is because the network effects are so deeply entrenched into the market that this remedy alone would be ineffective. Therefore Microsoft should be forced to re-establish an equality of arms by providing a facility whereby people can get alternative browsers as easily as they get IE. In the proposed settlement, this is reduced to a simple “&lt;strong&gt;ballot screen&lt;/strong&gt;”, in other words a (so far badly designed) web page which offers some link to download the competitors. This page is to be presented via Internet Explorer (!). So much for the “equality of arms”. It is clear that without allowing the competing browsers to be pre-loaded like IE is pre-loaded, the others will remain at a competitive disadvantage to say the very least. More so if the alternatives are presented as — well — alternatives and there is no viable mechanism to change what is the default browser (removing IE, if so is desirable to the end user).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Also the interoperability side lacks some basic commitments, besides the patent issue. It is not even par with the agreement that the PFIF entered into under the WSPP regime, including the lack of a serious &lt;strong&gt;monitoring regime&lt;/strong&gt; to ensure compliance beyond private litigation (in the UK, as if it was within everybody's reach&amp;#8230;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Negotiation
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Page one of the perfect negotiator handbook is “never look like you need the agreement more badly than the other part does”. Row number two reads “and by the way, try &lt;b&gt;not to be&lt;/b&gt; in that position, really”. If you are not in a position to leave the table at any time, you will invariably end up with a worse deal than you deserve.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    As I said, the party which needs a settlement is Microsoft. The Commission might want a settlement, but only if it brings greater good to the consumers and to the internal market. Surely not whichever deal. The common opinion conversely is that Microsoft will go away with an unexpectedly good settlement. And if the settlement is any close to what I have seen, hence the common sense will be right.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If this will be the case, and still I trust it will be not, the apparent victory of the Commission forcing an undertaking out of Microsoft will indeed a moot one and will set a bad precedent. I am sure Commissioner Kroes will not want to leave her office playing her drums just to turn out having been too eager in one year's time. This is an epochal battle, &lt;strong&gt;the results are not short termed&lt;/strong&gt;, they are on the long run.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    But wasn't it over? Hadn't Microsoft been bashed enough?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The best trick of the Devil &amp;#8212; the Church says &amp;#8212; is to convince everybody that it (he?) does not exists. By no means I want to make any similarity with the subject (I am not the Church and Microsoft is not the Devil); but the analogy stands for the present situation. I keep hearing, even from people who is very concerned about antitrust, that the Microsoft stuff is something belonging to &lt;strong&gt;past ages&lt;/strong&gt;, that now the threats are others, that it is now the Internet space that matters.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I couldn't agree more with the last part, but the proposition that threats to the market come from other sources leaves me puzzled. Still today, if I go out to a market shop, I have really hard times finding a computer &lt;strong&gt;which is not pre-loaded with Windows&lt;/strong&gt;-something, and almost invariably this is a Mac. Even the very promising &lt;strong&gt;netbook&lt;/strong&gt; market (loads of GNU/Linux on low-end machines) has been thwarted and now in a few months' space everything is &lt;strong&gt;Windows XP&lt;/strong&gt; preloaded, thanks to marketing strategies which go &amp;#8212; apparently &amp;#8212; as far as giving near-free (as in &amp;#8220;free beer&amp;#8221;) licenses to &lt;strong&gt;swipe competition&lt;/strong&gt; (isn't this an anticompetitive move, such as &lt;strong&gt;predatory pricing?&lt;/strong&gt;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And the future will bring Silverlight. And the future will bring &lt;strong&gt;OOXML&lt;/strong&gt; mandated by public authorities as if it was an open standard. And by the way, I am still awaiting the first attempted implementation of ISO/IEC IS 29500 (what the standard is called) because Microsoft Office's file format is not even close to be that, and it is not even ECMA 376. It is a proprietary, undisclosed file format. To add insult to the damage, I start hearing that even those corrections that were hurried in during the &lt;strong&gt;Ballot Resolution Meeting&lt;/strong&gt; in order to pass the standard like a square pin into a round hole are now &lt;strong&gt;rolled back&lt;/strong&gt; very quietly in JTC1 SC34 – hijacked by Microsoft – because of lack of interoperability with MS Office. Which incidentally confirms my assessment that the implementation is the standard and the standard is the implementation. The process we underwent to approve or disapprove an international standard was merely &lt;strong&gt;a sham&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Those trying to portrait the current situation as a re-normalized competitive environment are either making a fool of themselves or plainly in bad faith. &lt;strong&gt;War is not over&lt;/strong&gt; and it is far from being won. It is like when you start taking antibiotics: you must be taking them all the way through, otherwise it is even worse than not taking anything.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Is there any comparably bad situation that needs Commission's attention instead and for a change?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    No, there isn't.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am not a big fan of big corporations trying to squash competition even when they are doing a (sadly long) stretch of the road with us fighting for Freedoms. But I am sure I  am not using pink glasses when seeing that there is no comparably bad situation in the technology market.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Take &lt;strong&gt;Google&lt;/strong&gt;. Google is being said to be monopolist. Let's assume it holds a dominant position, but where? In the online advertisement market. I am not saying that Google should be free to abuse said position (yet I fail to see this being a case), they are simply not in a position to control a platform and leverage it to impose a proprietary technology over better or simply equally viable open/free/multiplatform alternatives. I would be happy to see Google releasing more of the &lt;strong&gt;Free Software code&lt;/strong&gt; they are keeping for themselves, but this is not even close to &lt;strong&gt;put the market on a stranglehold&lt;/strong&gt; for two decades and doing any sort of things to thwart any meaningful competition &lt;b&gt;on the platform&lt;/b&gt;. Google dominance, if any, is not able to &lt;strong&gt;control a single bit of technological advancement&lt;/strong&gt;. There can be privacy issues as well, but they have been adequately addressed, and more measures can be taken.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Or take &lt;strong&gt;Oracle&lt;/strong&gt;. I doubt that Oracle is dominant under any metrics, they have highly attractive proprietary software and have lately committed to some Free Software initiatives in the lower end of the database market. But there are alternatives in the market, I have clients which produce enterprise-class software that can use Oracle as well as many of its competitors without a hassle. I see no network effect, I see very little barrier to entry, what I see is only that people rely on a product as well as a company standing behind it. Whether this trust is deserved or not is beyond my grasp, and I could not care less.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But Microsoft has been quick to go to the Commission and &lt;strong&gt;complain about&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Oracle buying&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Sun&lt;/strong&gt; (and through it the corporate soul of &lt;strong&gt;MySQL&lt;/strong&gt;), and quite puzzingly the Commission decided to go for a &lt;strong&gt;Phase II&lt;/strong&gt; examination. While the merger is in stand-by there are &lt;strong&gt;big losses for &lt;/strong&gt;the&lt;strong&gt; Free Software&lt;/strong&gt; initiatives of Sun. I am determined to do what I can to have this merger cleared, because I believe it is crucial from a strategic point of view. I would have preferred Sun to remain independent, but this was not possible, period, and the alternatives, well, I'd better not think about them.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Conclusions
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is to say that &lt;strong&gt;priority #1&lt;/strong&gt; is to keep a close eye on the &lt;strong&gt;only overdominant company in the IT market&lt;/strong&gt;, the same company that has so far scored lowest in respecting competition, users, which has made a mockery of the once blessed standardization process, inflicting a serious blow to the credibility of the entire system (not that it did not deserve a good wake-up call anyway).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The most important actor so far, the one who has been able to achieve sound results in &lt;strong&gt;resolving the outstanding issues&lt;/strong&gt; (which are increasing, not decreasing) has been the Commission. So I urge it to keep in a straight line. If this means that the agreement – if any – will come bearing the signature of a new Commissioner, who cares, anybody will know it is just the completion of a big achievement entirely attributable to the present administration.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One day we will be saying “Microsoft is a company like any other, and a good citizen in the software market”, as we are now saying of IBM (which invented some of the current anticompetitive tricks). But this day is not today, and this day is not even near to come. &lt;strong&gt;We must keep serious pressure&lt;/strong&gt; in order to allow those forces within Microsoft that are advocating a radical change. This way those forces will be allowed to grow and take over a corporate culture which – behind an external facelift – does not show to be changing.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/34&quot;&gt;Normation&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
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            <title>Software Freedom Day – Perugia</title>
            <link>/software-freedom-day-perugia/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 08:25:05 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/software-freedom-day-perugia/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Pubblicato l&#39;annuncio del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/09/19-settembre-software-freedom-day-2009-perugia/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Software Freedom Day&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; organizzato in collaborazione con la Regione Umbria e l&#39;Università di Perugia. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Anche quest&#39;anno FSUGitalia si prepara con grande entusiasmo a celebrare il Software Freedom Day.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Pubblicato l'annuncio del &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/09/19-settembre-software-freedom-day-2009-perugia/&quot;&gt;Software Freedom Day&lt;/a&gt; organizzato in collaborazione con la Regione Umbria e l'Università di Perugia.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Anche quest'anno FSUGitalia si prepara con grande entusiasmo a celebrare il Software Freedom Day. L'evento intende celebrare tutto il software libero ed il suo mondo, in una iniziativa tesa a far conoscere al grande pubblico quali sono gli aspetti e le peculiarità del mondo FOSS.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      L'evento, principalmente divulgativo, prevede una sessione mattutina di interventi, ed una sessione pomeridiana per mostrare gli aspetti pratici.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Una importante novità di quest'anno, è che alcuni degli interventi relativi alla sessione mattutina, saranno tenuti dagli studenti stessi delle scuole, che diventeranno soggetti primari dell'opera di divulgazione del software libero.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sarò a Perugia negli stessi giorni per un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ccos.regione.umbria.it/?q=FLOSS_in_festa_2009&quot;&gt;evento concomitante&lt;/a&gt; e spero di poter fare un salto e augurare buon lavoro a tutti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>New Free Software Law Review</title>
            <link>/new-free-software-law-review/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2009 07:55:36 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/new-free-software-law-review/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; It is a &amp;amp;#8220;peer reviewed&amp;amp;#8221; publication, whose aim is to offer a sound and detached vision of the legal and social phenomenon of Free Software. It hosts voices from people with legal, economical and on-the-field background.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    It is a &amp;#8220;peer reviewed&amp;#8221; publication, whose aim is to offer a sound and detached vision of the legal and social phenomenon of Free Software. It hosts voices from people with legal, economical and on-the-field background. The review is governed in a non partisan way by an editorial committee of fifteen members that partly rotate at each issue. I have been in the panel for the first issue, and possibly will serve as a member for the second one.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Any contribution is welcome and will be passed through an impartial evaluation by the international standard and practices.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The official press release follows.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Contacts: &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Andrew Katz, Editor: 07970 835001
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Amanda Brock, Editor: 0780 9389878
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      LAUNCH of INTERNATIONAL FREE and OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LAW REVIEW
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Editorial Committee, International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, London.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      London, 13 July 2009. 
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Today sees the launch of a prestigious new legal Journal which aims to bring the highest standards to bear in analysis and comment on all aspects of Free and Open Source software.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      The 'International Free and Open Source Software Law Review' (IFOSSLR) is a peer reviewed biannual journal for high-level analysis and debate about Free and Open Source Software legal issues and is published by an independent Editorial Committee. 
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Free and Open Source Software has increasingly come to challenge traditional concepts of intellectual property and collaboration by allowing every user to use, study, share and and improve code, facilitating the creation of elegant and effective software that now lies at the heart of the mainstream technology industry.  IFOSSLR aims to foster increased understanding and promote best practice for all parties engaging with this approach to licensing.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Welcoming this initiative, Karen Copenhaver, Partner Choate Hall &amp; Stewart LLP and counsel to the Linux Foundation commented: &amp;#8220;There are many reasons why The International Free and Open Source Software Law Review will be warmly received in legal circles, in the free and open source community and in the wider software industry.  For many years the focus in the legal community has been on raising questions about free and open source software licenses and development models.  With this journal we have turned the page and begun to focus on the answers.  It is rewarding to see lawyers adopting collaborative models to share knowledge and work product, arrive at common understandings, and further the development of the necessary legal ecosystem around free and open source software.  It is also significant that this international journal reflects the global community that has formed around these models.  My congratulations and thanks go to the editorial board that worked so well together to create this valuable resource.&amp;#8221;  
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      In concord with the aims of the Free and Open Source Software movement, IFOSSLR will be available printed and on-line under a licence allowing it to be freely reproduced by individuals and organisations, commercial and non-commercial alike, provided that the content and authorship of the articles is respected.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      The first issue is now available on the Internet to be read and downloaded without charge at &lt;a&gt;www.ifosslr.org&lt;/a&gt;. Paper copies can also be ordered via the website.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/ifosslr/issue/1/showToc&quot;&gt;Click here to browse IFOSSLR Volume 1, Issue 1 online&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/launch/ifosslr-v1-i1.pdf&quot;&gt;Click here to download a PDF file of IFOSSLR Volume 1, Issue 1&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;div&gt;
     
  &lt;/div&gt;
  
  &lt;div style=&quot;margin-right: -2px;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/system/files/IFOSSLR+COMMITTEE+AT+LAUNCH.jpg&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
  
  &lt;div&gt;
     
  &lt;/div&gt;
  
  &lt;div&gt;
    Some members of the Editorial Committee at launch party. Featuring: Iain G. Mitchell, Andrew Katz, Amanda Brock, Mark Henley, Carlo Piana, Ywein Van den Brande.
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Nuova rivista sul Software Libero</title>
            <link>/nuova-rivista-sul-software-libero/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2009 07:42:03 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/nuova-rivista-sul-software-libero/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Si tratta di una rivista &amp;amp;#8220;peer reviewed&amp;amp;#8221; che si propone di offrire una visione scientifica e distaccata del fenomeno legale e sociale del Software Libero, ospitando voci di legali, economisti, operatori del settore.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Si tratta di una rivista &amp;#8220;peer reviewed&amp;#8221; che si propone di offrire una visione scientifica e distaccata del fenomeno legale e sociale del Software Libero, ospitando voci di legali, economisti, operatori del settore. La rivista è guidata in modo &amp;#8220;non partigiano&amp;#8221; da un comitato editoriale di quindici membri che ruota parzialmente a ogni uscita. Io ho fatto parte del comitato per questa uscita e probabilmente anche per la prossima.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ogni contributo è bene accetto e verrà vagliato secondo gli standard usuali per il tipo di pubblicazione
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di seguito la &lt;em&gt;press release&lt;/em&gt; uffiicale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Contacts: &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Andrew Katz, Editor: 07970 835001
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Amanda Brock, Editor: 0780 9389878
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      LAUNCH of INTERNATIONAL FREE and OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LAW REVIEW
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Editorial Committee, International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, London.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      London, 13 July 2009. 
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Today sees the launch of a prestigious new legal Journal which aims to bring the highest standards to bear in analysis and comment on all aspects of Free and Open Source software.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      The 'International Free and Open Source Software Law Review' (IFOSSLR) is a peer reviewed biannual journal for high-level analysis and debate about Free and Open Source Software legal issues and is published by an independent Editorial Committee. 
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Free and Open Source Software has increasingly come to challenge traditional concepts of intellectual property and collaboration by allowing every user to use, study, share and and improve code, facilitating the creation of elegant and effective software that now lies at the heart of the mainstream technology industry.  IFOSSLR aims to foster increased understanding and promote best practice for all parties engaging with this approach to licensing.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      Welcoming this initiative, Karen Copenhaver, Partner Choate Hall &amp; Stewart LLP and counsel to the Linux Foundation commented: &amp;#8220;There are many reasons why The International Free and Open Source Software Law Review will be warmly received in legal circles, in the free and open source community and in the wider software industry.  For many years the focus in the legal community has been on raising questions about free and open source software licenses and development models.  With this journal we have turned the page and begun to focus on the answers.  It is rewarding to see lawyers adopting collaborative models to share knowledge and work product, arrive at common understandings, and further the development of the necessary legal ecosystem around free and open source software.  It is also significant that this international journal reflects the global community that has formed around these models.  My congratulations and thanks go to the editorial board that worked so well together to create this valuable resource.&amp;#8221;  
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      In concord with the aims of the Free and Open Source Software movement, IFOSSLR will be available printed and on-line under a licence allowing it to be freely reproduced by individuals and organisations, commercial and non-commercial alike, provided that the content and authorship of the articles is respected.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      The first issue is now available on the Internet to be read and downloaded without charge at &lt;a&gt;www.ifosslr.org&lt;/a&gt;. Paper copies can also be ordered via the website.
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/ifosslr/issue/1/showToc&quot;&gt;Click here to browse IFOSSLR Volume 1, Issue 1 online&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
       
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifosslr.org/launch/ifosslr-v1-i1.pdf&quot;&gt;Click here to download a PDF file of IFOSSLR Volume 1, Issue 1&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/50&quot;&gt;Riceviamo e pubblichiamo&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Opendawn</title>
            <link>/opendawn/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 14:39:33 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/opendawn/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Opendawn is finally the company of my good friend &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.linkedin.com/in/shanecoughlan&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shane Coughlan&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, who has been the driving force of one of the most successful initiatives in Free Software, the FTF.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Opendawn is finally the company of my good friend &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linkedin.com/in/shanecoughlan&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shane Coughlan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, who has been the driving force of one of the most successful initiatives in Free Software, the FTF.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quite a good bet if you need consulting advisors in the Free/open source Software environment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Opendawn</title>
            <link>/opendawn-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 14:23:09 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/opendawn-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Opendawn è anche la società di &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.linkedin.com/in/shanecoughlan&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shane Coughlan&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, che è stato il motore principale di una delle iniziative più di successo che abbia mai conosciuto: l&#39;FTF. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Certamente un nome da tener presente qualora si necessiti di consulenza nell&#39;ambito Software Libero, Open Source.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Opendawn è anche la società di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linkedin.com/in/shanecoughlan&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shane Coughlan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,  che è stato il motore principale di una delle iniziative più di successo che abbia mai conosciuto: l'FTF. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Certamente un nome da tener presente qualora si necessiti di consulenza nell'ambito Software Libero, Open Source.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Centri di competenza FLOSS italiani su OSOR</title>
            <link>/centri-di-competenza-floss-italiani-su-osor/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 07:28:14 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/centri-di-competenza-floss-italiani-su-osor/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Si è osservato come a livello regionale vi siano numerosi centri di competenza sulle tematiche del Software Libero nella Pubblica Amministrazione e del riuso informatico. Regioni e province autonome particolarmente attive sono Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trento, Bolzano (attraverso il Free Software Center del TIS), Piemonte (con il CSI), Emilia-Romagna (progetto EROSS), Toscana e Umbria .</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Si è osservato come a livello regionale vi siano numerosi centri di competenza sulle tematiche del Software Libero nella Pubblica Amministrazione e del riuso informatico. Regioni e province autonome particolarmente attive sono Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trento, Bolzano (attraverso il Free Software Center del TIS), Piemonte (con il CSI), Emilia-Romagna (progetto EROSS), Toscana e Umbria . Benché i progetti siano più o meno conosciuti da tutti gli altri, tale conoscenza è sporadica e non organizzata. Con un punto di incontro &amp;#8220;ufficiale&amp;#8221; e &amp;#8220;dal basso&amp;#8221; si vuole creare un punto di dialogo e di condivisione della conoscenza. Una volta si diceva &amp;#8220;fare sistema&amp;#8221;, più prosaicamente, si vuole evitare di reinventare tutte le volte la ruota.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La partecipazione è libera, previa registrazione sul  sito e sottoscrizione alla comunità dei centri di competenza. Il Software Libero nella Pubblica Amministrazione non è più una rarità, deve diventare la regola, ma le incertezze, il FUD, la normativa e la sua interpretazione poco amichevoli &amp;#8212; quando non ostile &amp;#8212; sono un freno che la conoscenza e la condivisione possono far saltare, con beneficio di tutti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/55&quot;&gt;Software nella PA&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Andy Updegrove on Rambus</title>
            <link>/andy-updegrove-on-rambus/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2009 09:41:10 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/andy-updegrove-on-rambus/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; His article can be found at: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20090622043038212&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=2009062204&amp;amp;#8230;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The final quote of it: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;amp;#8220;And most importantly, we will finally have an object lesson to others for what may happen as a result of the much disputed, incessantly litigated, and certainly regrettable activities that occurred within JEDEC these many years ago.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    His article can be found at:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20090622043038212&quot;&gt;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=2009062204&amp;#8230;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The final quote of it:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;And most importantly, we will finally have an object lesson to others for what may happen as a result of the much disputed, incessantly litigated, and certainly regrettable activities that occurred within JEDEC these many years ago.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    My earlier article on the same topic &amp;#8212; less on the case at hand and more on the spillovers from it &amp;#8212; can be found &lt;a href=&quot;/rambus_ec&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Rambus e i brevetti all&#39;interno degli standard</title>
            <link>/rambus-e-i-brevetti-allinterno-degli-standard/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2009 16:31:50 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/rambus-e-i-brevetti-allinterno-degli-standard/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il resto dell&#39;articolo non è ancora stato tradotto. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h2&amp;gt; Protecting the standards &amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ghosts haunt the standardization process. They go by several names and come in different forms: &amp;amp;#8220;standards abuse&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;standards hijacking&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;patent ambush&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;royalty ambush&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il resto dell'articolo non è ancora stato tradotto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Protecting the standards
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ghosts haunt the standardization process. They go by several names and come in different forms: &amp;#8220;standards abuse&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;standards hijacking&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;patent ambush&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;royalty ambush&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll&quot;&gt;patent trolling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. The standardization world has never been so much under fire. Some companies try to bend the standardization process to fit their own selfish interest, without any regard for the common weal. Some others just sit and wait until some of their patent claims are &amp;#8220;necessarily infringed&amp;#8221; by a standard, the industry is locked in, and then pass the hat to collect the high toll that standard-abiding companies are forced to pay, in spite of the licensing rules of the standard setting bodies (SSB) that would require Reasonable And Non Discriminatory conditions (RAND) as a prerequisite for inclusion of any patented contribution into the standard. Others do the same, but in addition they actively seek to seed the standards with their own patented technology. Some of them discriminate in their licensing, to give their own downstream business and advantage, and to restrict competition in standard-compliant products.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of the most colourful disputes in the panorama of standardization abuses concerns Rambus. The company has allegedly remained silent in the standardization process for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random_access_memory&quot;&gt;SDRAM&lt;/a&gt;, failing to disclose the relevant patents it held over the technology under discussion. Was it an intentional act or an ex post decision? Many evidence suggests the former is the case. It appears that when disclosure became inevitable in the standardization process, Rambus left &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jedec.org&quot;&gt;JDEC&lt;/a&gt; (the relevant SSB), arguably in an attempt to avoid SSB's IP policy rules. But allegedly it kept some insiders in the works of the SSB, which allowed it to shape its patent applications, also arguably to be in a position to charge on the implementers. In fact,  when the SDRAM standard was issued, Rambus demanded royalties on the patents it held. Litigation esued. Among other initiatives, some competitors pressed antitrust charges. They argued that Rambus acquired market power by keeping silent when it had a duty to speak, and abused that market power by charging royalties that it could not have charged had it not breached its duty to speak. Rambus argued in response that their technology was so good, it would have been chosen anyway. If Rambus really thought that, why did it not disclose its patents? Was it because they knew that the SSB would select a different, royalty-free technology?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Standards are a sport for gentlemen
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Why do I care? Standards are one of the most beneficial and honorable institutions in the world, and they allow a great deal of simplification in everyday's life. From railroads and aviation to electricity, from paper size to the Internet, innumerable parts of our life are made workable by standards, of varying complexity.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Standards are a win-win game, if all players abide by the rules. The rules must be made to ensure that anybody is playing fair, and those rules must exist within the standardization process as well as &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; the standardization process.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For a standard to work, everybody in the market should volutarily adopt it, because working on different standards is a guarantee to non interoperability and high inefficiency. Sometimes different standards merge in order to resolve interoperability problems. But the game of standardization is easily disrupted, because in order to work, a standard must be neutral, not be favouring one entity over another, it shall proceed by consensus on a good faith cooperative effort. Which is difficult to achieve, because many competing entities must agree upon a common line. Many are the standards, a comparatively small fraction of them are successful. Some are utterly successful, the largest majority remains on the paper or little more.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But some companies try to get a free ride. While big players have often more to lose than to gain from playing dirty, some &amp;#8220;technology-only companies&amp;#8221; feel less constraints in deciding what to do. Sometimes big players become fringe players, and might decide to play less nicely, or in some cases their portfolio is just put on the market in a bankruptcy proceeding and sold to a litigation company. And in some cases, they base a business model on controlling and milking standards. So the standard game could be turned into a big win (for the merry few) and a big loss (for the rest of us).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Antitrust rulez!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have already mentioned the need to achieve consensus in order for a standard to work. Cooperation and &amp;#8220;democracy&amp;#8221; flow from that pricinciple. Also vendor independence is an advantageous and willed consequence, as nobody would agree upon a standard that would favour only a competitor. There are exceptions. In some cases, competitors strive to impose their own competing specifications on the market, to make them &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; standards, and we have a classical example of two standards&amp;#8211;bad, as I wrote in an earlier &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/en/disposition_comments_2&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; of mine (&amp;#8220;There Can Be Only One&amp;#8221;, see there for more background). In other cases, one competitor tries to bend the standardization procedure through hijacking the approval process. We all know about a quite recent example of this.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The case of Rambus is different.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ftc.gov&quot;&gt;US Federal Trade Commission&lt;/a&gt; (FTC) was of this opinion. was of the opinion that Rambus engaged in an antitrust violation. But after a decision of the Court of Appeal, which was contrary to some findings of the FTC and arguably wrong, when the US Supreme Court refused to look at the case upon a &lt;em&gt;certioari&lt;/em&gt; motion, the FTC decided to &lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Rambus-says-FTC-has-dropped-apf-15248637.html?.v=9&quot;&gt;drop&lt;/a&gt; the charges, leaving the antitrust issues to private litigation. The European Commission could have followed suit, but it has not, fortunately.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    There are some people who argue that these standards ambush should not be addressed by antitrust rules, but by standards organizations themselves or by Government regulation. These arguments may be well-intended or may be designed to &amp;#8220;bury&amp;#8221; the problem in a mountain of regulatory paperwork. But I worry that this is totally unrealistic. As I said, SSBs work by consensus. This means that the companies that engage in these kind of strategies are perfectly capable of blocking new rules by the SSBs to prevent these abuses. So it seems that antitrust is the best and probably the only way to solve this: establish a few strong and clear precedents that give a clear signal to the market, and then perhaps regulate. Antitrust rulez!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Kudos to Commissioner Kroes, once again!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    While the European Commission and Rambus do not agree on the allegations, a final decision has not been made, and it can be argued that the propsed settlement would allow Rambus to benefit from its breach of the rules (charging less, but still charging when it could not have charged anything had it complied), it is nonetheless important that this case has been brought close to an end with restrictions on Rambus. This suggests that the application of antitrust to standard abuse is not beyond the realm of possible at all. The case could indeed be a convincing precedent for followup initiatives by the Commission.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Patent technical vs. legal exploitation, more failure, more remedies
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We are not safe home, though. There are other businesses who just wait and see when their more or less innovative technology is incorporated (or mandated) in industry standards and then start demanding royalties. Do these deserve the title of &amp;#8220;patent trolls&amp;#8221;? &amp;#8220;Patent trolling&amp;#8221; refers quite pejoratively to the questionable practice of collecting patents for no other purpose than for litigating against those who by chance infringe a part of them and have become dependent on them. Others call it &amp;#8220;hold-up&amp;#8221; (&amp;#8220;your money or your business!&amp;#8221;). Technology management companies &amp;#8212; I am sure this naming convention would be more acceptable to those companies &amp;#8212; most of times avoid seeking active licensing &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; a product embodying their patent hits the market. They keep quiet until their victim is well and truly locked in. The game theory again explains what happens quite easily.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Ex ante, &lt;/strong&gt;or beforehand, &lt;strong&gt;negotiation&lt;/strong&gt; is a guarantee of fair dealings, because it occurs when the SSB (in case of standardization) has choice, and in general before huge investments are made and the choices are irrevocable. Because alternative strategies exist,the bargain power of the technology provider depends roughly on the appreciation of the inherent value of the technology, on how it fits the needs of the prospective client and the price that is demanded. The patent owner can never ask for more than the benefit that the licensee can derive from using the patent instead of the next best alternative. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ex post&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;negotiation&lt;/strong&gt; is just collecting ransoms. It is like negotiating with a handgun clearly sported on the table: injunctions, seizure of goods, treble damage awards, attorney fees, etc. The paradigm is not what you gain from the technology instead of the next best alternative, but how difficult is to get rid of the product, and how deep the &lt;em&gt;cul de sac&lt;/em&gt; where the defendant has put itself in, most of the time innocently. In a holdup, the victim has a stark choice: hand over all the profits (perhaps keep a tiny bit) or get out of business.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I said &amp;#8220;innocently&amp;#8221;, yes. There are obscure outfits which just collect patents, whose description and claims are often very obscure and difficult to parse, without making any use of them beyond &amp;#8220;licensing&amp;#8221;, most frequently in a contentious setting and &lt;em&gt;ex post&lt;/em&gt;.because they are kept invisible in the form of secret patent applications (using what is called &amp;#8220;patent continuation&amp;#8221; procedure to delay publication) until the entire industry is locked in, and only then are they published. As in WW2 they just await for a vessel to pass by and attack it without an early warning. Whether this practice is legal or not &amp;#8212; I have some doubts at least for the most extreme cases &amp;#8212; it is clear to me that it should not be allowed at all. If patents have some utility is because they teach something, they contribute to the advancement of technology in an open system where knowledge is freely achievable and its implementations knowingly made after having negotiated with the relevant rightsholder a fair price. This is why they are registered and published: in order to bring innovation to the market. The manufacturer has the option to implement a given innovative technical idea in its products or to find a way to invent around if licensing from the patent holder is inconvenient on whatever account. Clearly defined patents, limited and clear-cut protection, &lt;em&gt;small number&lt;/em&gt; and high quality of granted patents are the prerequisite for this ideal scenario, which makes the technology advance. Patents are not certainly conceived to increase the level of litigation by exploiting them in court rather than on the market. Sometimes I have a feeling that the innovativeness of patents are more in the cleverness of the attorneys finding a way to describe a problem and obfuscate the solution rather than in the protected idea itself, of course when the patent is not outright ludicrous.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Any day more cases are reported of companies attacking existing implementations of standards. The quarrel around the royalties demands of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qualcomm.com&quot;&gt;Qualcomm&lt;/a&gt; concerning some patents for the 3G standards is very close the case of Rambus.  Qualcomm did not hide its patents, but is accused of misleading the SSB about how much it would charge, and making the companies pay through the nose after lock-in (and monopolizing the downstream market as well). Or look at the litigation activities by a patent portfolio management company named IPCom GmbH (not to be confused with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ip.com/&quot;&gt;IP.com Inc&lt;/a&gt;.) are reported. Other cases concern MP3 patents and affect even big and overcautious companies (when it comes to due diligence their technology) such as Microsoft &amp;#8212; which has been slapped with a billionaire award for infringing some Alcatel MP3 patents while the company was reportedly in good faith believing it had already licensed them from Thomson Licensing. Those cases and others sprouting here and there suggest that the standard and the patenting system need a fix.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am still undecided on whether a system granting patents for inventions has any sense in the current era and on whether the current regime is at pace with the times. What I feel reasonably safe assuming is that cases like those quickly examined here are an  evidence that the system is not par with its charter. The earlier the standard setting bodies adopt a serious, binding and irrevocable patent discolusure and licensing policy (like for example the one from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/&quot;&gt;W3C&lt;/a&gt;, not perfect, but already something), the better for the standardization's sake. Unfortunately, the most relevant SSB are far from entering such a sound policy, for a number of reasons most of times independent from the will of their officers.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And yet I have not mentioned the software patent issue at all, which deserves an entire separate discussion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/images/link/logo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;ConsortiumInfo.org&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 1em 1em 0px; width: 100px; float: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A very good insider's introduction to the interference between patents and standard can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/ipr/&quot;&gt;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/ipr/&lt;/a&gt; , authored by Andrew Updegrove of Gesmer Updegrove. The article shows how over-simplistic my recount of patent problems with standards is.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Commentary: Richard Wolfram, “&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/Archives/wolframrambus.ashx&quot;&gt;Analyze This&lt;/a&gt;!” Deconstructing Rambus Following the Supreme Court’s Denial of &lt;em&gt;Certiorari&lt;/em&gt; – The Mechanics of How the D.C. Circuit’s Decision ‘Jumped the Tracks’.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &amp;#8220;The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives&amp;#8221;, by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Michael-Heller/e/B001HO42GG/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1&quot;&gt;Michael Heller&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Rambus and patents in standards</title>
            <link>/rambus-and-patents-in-standards/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2009 14:06:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/rambus-and-patents-in-standards/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h2&amp;gt; Protecting the standards &amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ghosts haunt the standardization process. They go by several names and come in different forms: &amp;amp;#8220;standards abuse&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;standards hijacking&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;patent ambush&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;royalty ambush&amp;amp;#8221;, &amp;amp;#8220;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Protecting the standards
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ghosts haunt the standardization process. They go by several names and come in different forms: &amp;#8220;standards abuse&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;standards hijacking&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;patent ambush&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;royalty ambush&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll&quot;&gt;patent trolling&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. The standardization world has never been so much under fire. Some companies try to bend the standardization process to fit their own selfish interest, without any regard for the common weal. Some others just sit and wait until some of their patent claims are &amp;#8220;necessarily infringed&amp;#8221; by a standard, the industry is locked in, and then pass the hat to collect the high toll that standard-abiding companies are forced to pay, in spite of the licensing rules of the standard setting bodies (SSB) that would require Reasonable And Non Discriminatory conditions (RAND) as a prerequisite for inclusion of any patented contribution into the standard. Others do the same, but in addition they actively seek to seed the standards with their own patented technology. Some of them discriminate in their licensing, to give their own downstream business and advantage, and to restrict competition in standard-compliant products.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of the most colourful disputes in the panorama of standardization abuses concerns Rambus. The company has allegedly remained silent in the standardization process for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random_access_memory&quot;&gt;SDRAM&lt;/a&gt;, failing to disclose the relevant patents it held over the technology under discussion. Was it an intentional act or an ex post decision? Many evidence suggests the former is the case. It appears that when disclosure became inevitable in the standardization process, Rambus left &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jedec.org&quot;&gt;JDEC&lt;/a&gt; (the relevant SSB), arguably in an attempt to avoid SSB's IP policy rules. But allegedly it kept some insiders in the works of the SSB, which allowed it to shape its patent applications, also arguably to be in a position to charge on the implementers. In fact,  when the SDRAM standard was issued, Rambus demanded royalties on the patents it held. Litigation esued. Among other initiatives, some competitors pressed antitrust charges. They argued that Rambus acquired market power by keeping silent when it had a duty to speak, and abused that market power by charging royalties that it could not have charged had it not breached its duty to speak. Rambus argued in response that their technology was so good, it would have been chosen anyway. If Rambus really thought that, why did it not disclose its patents? Was it because they knew that the SSB would select a different, royalty-free technology?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Standards are a sport for gentlemen
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Why do I care? Standards are one of the most beneficial and honorable institutions in the world, and they allow a great deal of simplification in everyday's life. From railroads and aviation to electricity, from paper size to the Internet, innumerable parts of our life are made workable by standards, of varying complexity.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Standards are a win-win game, if all players abide by the rules. The rules must be made to ensure that anybody is playing fair, and those rules must exist within the standardization process as well as &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; the standardization process.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For a standard to work, everybody in the market should volutarily adopt it, because working on different standards is a guarantee to non interoperability and high inefficiency. Sometimes different standards merge in order to resolve interoperability problems. But the game of standardization is easily disrupted, because in order to work, a standard must be neutral, not be favouring one entity over another, it shall proceed by consensus on a good faith cooperative effort. Which is difficult to achieve, because many competing entities must agree upon a common line. Many are the standards, a comparatively small fraction of them are successful. Some are utterly successful, the largest majority remains on the paper or little more.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But some companies try to get a free ride. While big players have often more to lose than to gain from playing dirty, some &amp;#8220;technology-only companies&amp;#8221; feel less constraints in deciding what to do. Sometimes big players become fringe players, and might decide to play less nicely, or in some cases their portfolio is just put on the market in a bankruptcy proceeding and sold to a litigation company. And in some cases, they base a business model on controlling and milking standards. So the standard game could be turned into a big win (for the merry few) and a big loss (for the rest of us).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Antitrust rulez!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have already mentioned the need to achieve consensus in order for a standard to work. Cooperation and &amp;#8220;democracy&amp;#8221; flow from that pricinciple. Also vendor independence is an advantageous and willed consequence, as nobody would agree upon a standard that would favour only a competitor. There are exceptions. In some cases, competitors strive to impose their own competing specifications on the market, to make them &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; standards, and we have a classical example of two standards&amp;#8211;bad, as I wrote in an earlier &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/en/disposition_comments_2&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; of mine (&amp;#8220;There Can Be Only One&amp;#8221;, see there for more background). In other cases, one competitor tries to bend the standardization procedure through hijacking the approval process. We all know about a quite recent example of this.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The case of Rambus is different.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ftc.gov&quot;&gt;US Federal Trade Commission&lt;/a&gt; (FTC) was of this opinion. was of the opinion that Rambus engaged in an antitrust violation. But after a decision of the Court of Appeal, which was contrary to some findings of the FTC and arguably wrong, when the US Supreme Court refused to look at the case upon a &lt;em&gt;certioari&lt;/em&gt; motion, the FTC decided to &lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Rambus-says-FTC-has-dropped-apf-15248637.html?.v=9&quot;&gt;drop&lt;/a&gt; the charges, leaving the antitrust issues to private litigation. The European Commission could have followed suit, but it has not, fortunately.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    There are some people who argue that these standards ambush should not be addressed by antitrust rules, but by standards organizations themselves or by Government regulation. These arguments may be well-intended or may be designed to &amp;#8220;bury&amp;#8221; the problem in a mountain of regulatory paperwork. But I worry that this is totally unrealistic. As I said, SSBs work by consensus. This means that the companies that engage in these kind of strategies are perfectly capable of blocking new rules by the SSBs to prevent these abuses. So it seems that antitrust is the best and probably the only way to solve this: establish a few strong and clear precedents that give a clear signal to the market, and then perhaps regulate. Antitrust rulez!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Kudos to Commissioner Kroes, once again!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    While the European Commission and Rambus do not agree on the allegations, a final decision has not been made, and it can be argued that the propsed settlement would allow Rambus to benefit from its breach of the rules (charging less, but still charging when it could not have charged anything had it complied), it is nonetheless important that this case has been brought close to an end with restrictions on Rambus. This suggests that the application of antitrust to standard abuse is not beyond the realm of possible at all. The case could indeed be a convincing precedent for followup initiatives by the Commission.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Patent technical vs. legal exploitation, more failure, more remedies
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We are not safe home, though. There are other businesses who just wait and see when their more or less innovative technology is incorporated (or mandated) in industry standards and then start demanding royalties. Do these deserve the title of &amp;#8220;patent trolls&amp;#8221;? &amp;#8220;Patent trolling&amp;#8221; refers quite pejoratively to the questionable practice of collecting patents for no other purpose than for litigating against those who by chance infringe a part of them and have become dependent on them. Others call it &amp;#8220;hold-up&amp;#8221; (&amp;#8220;your money or your business!&amp;#8221;). Technology management companies &amp;#8212; I am sure this naming convention would be more acceptable to those companies &amp;#8212; most of times avoid seeking active licensing &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; a product embodying their patent hits the market. They keep quiet until their victim is well and truly locked in. The game theory again explains what happens quite easily.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Ex ante, &lt;/strong&gt;or beforehand, &lt;strong&gt;negotiation&lt;/strong&gt; is a guarantee of fair dealings, because it occurs when the SSB (in case of standardization) has choice, and in general before huge investments are made and the choices are irrevocable. Because alternative strategies exist,the bargain power of the technology provider depends roughly on the appreciation of the inherent value of the technology, on how it fits the needs of the prospective client and the price that is demanded. The patent owner can never ask for more than the benefit that the licensee can derive from using the patent instead of the next best alternative. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ex post&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;negotiation&lt;/strong&gt; is just collecting ransoms. It is like negotiating with a handgun clearly sported on the table: injunctions, seizure of goods, treble damage awards, attorney fees, etc. The paradigm is not what you gain from the technology instead of the next best alternative, but how difficult is to get rid of the product, and how deep the &lt;em&gt;cul de sac&lt;/em&gt; where the defendant has put itself in, most of the time innocently. In a holdup, the victim has a stark choice: hand over all the profits (perhaps keep a tiny bit) or get out of business.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I said &amp;#8220;innocently&amp;#8221;, yes. There are obscure outfits which just collect patents, whose description and claims are often very obscure and difficult to parse, without making any use of them beyond &amp;#8220;licensing&amp;#8221;, most frequently in a contentious setting and &lt;em&gt;ex post&lt;/em&gt;.because they are kept invisible in the form of secret patent applications (using what is called &amp;#8220;patent continuation&amp;#8221; procedure to delay publication) until the entire industry is locked in, and only then are they published. As in WW2 they just await for a vessel to pass by and attack it without an early warning. Whether this practice is legal or not &amp;#8212; I have some doubts at least for the most extreme cases &amp;#8212; it is clear to me that it should not be allowed at all. If patents have some utility is because they teach something, they contribute to the advancement of technology in an open system where knowledge is freely achievable and its implementations knowingly made after having negotiated with the relevant rightsholder a fair price. This is why they are registered and published: in order to bring innovation to the market. The manufacturer has the option to implement a given innovative technical idea in its products or to find a way to invent around if licensing from the patent holder is inconvenient on whatever account. Clearly defined patents, limited and clear-cut protection, &lt;em&gt;small number&lt;/em&gt; and high quality of granted patents are the prerequisite for this ideal scenario, which makes the technology advance. Patents are not certainly conceived to increase the level of litigation by exploiting them in court rather than on the market. Sometimes I have a feeling that the innovativeness of patents are more in the cleverness of the attorneys finding a way to describe a problem and obfuscate the solution rather than in the protected idea itself, of course when the patent is not outright ludicrous.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Any day more cases are reported of companies attacking existing implementations of standards. The quarrel around the royalties demands of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qualcomm.com&quot;&gt;Qualcomm&lt;/a&gt; concerning some patents for the 3G standards is very close the case of Rambus.  Qualcomm did not hide its patents, but is accused of misleading the SSB about how much it would charge, and making the companies pay through the nose after lock-in (and monopolizing the downstream market as well). Or look at the litigation activities by a patent portfolio management company named IPCom GmbH (not to be confused with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ip.com/&quot;&gt;IP.com Inc&lt;/a&gt;.) are reported. Other cases concern MP3 patents and affect even big and overcautious companies (when it comes to due diligence their technology) such as Microsoft &amp;#8212; which has been slapped with a billionaire award for infringing some Alcatel MP3 patents while the company was reportedly in good faith believing it had already licensed them from Thomson Licensing. Those cases and others sprouting here and there suggest that the standard and the patenting system need a fix.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am still undecided on whether a system granting patents for inventions has any sense in the current era and on whether the current regime is at pace with the times. What I feel reasonably safe assuming is that cases like those quickly examined here are an  evidence that the system is not par with its charter. The earlier the standard setting bodies adopt a serious, binding and irrevocable patent discolusure and licensing policy (like for example the one from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/&quot;&gt;W3C&lt;/a&gt;, not perfect, but already something), the better for the standardization's sake. Unfortunately, the most relevant SSB are far from entering such a sound policy, for a number of reasons most of times independent from the will of their officers.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And yet I have not mentioned the software patent issue at all, which deserves an entire separate discussion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/images/link/logo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;ConsortiumInfo.org&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 1em 1em 0px; width: 100px; float: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A very good insider's introduction to the interference between patents and standard can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/ipr/&quot;&gt;http://www.consortiuminfo.org/ipr/&lt;/a&gt; , authored by Andrew Updegrove of Gesmer Updegrove. The article shows how over-simplistic my recount of patent problems with standards is.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Commentary: Richard Wolfram, “&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/Archives/wolframrambus.ashx&quot;&gt;Analyze This&lt;/a&gt;!” Deconstructing Rambus Following the Supreme Court’s Denial of &lt;em&gt;Certiorari&lt;/em&gt; – The Mechanics of How the D.C. Circuit’s Decision ‘Jumped the Tracks’.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &amp;#8220;The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives&amp;#8221;, by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Michael-Heller/e/B001HO42GG/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1&quot;&gt;Michael Heller&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Confsl 2009 e tavola rotonda</title>
            <link>/confsl-2009-e-tavola-rotonda/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 14:31:57 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/confsl-2009-e-tavola-rotonda/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il Programma è quasi completo, e prevede anche una tavola rotonda, il giorno 13 prima di pranzo, sul &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Software Libero nella Pubblica Amministrazione&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, dove darò il mio modesto contributo, presentando &amp;amp;#8212; se riusciamo &amp;amp;#8212; lo stato di avanzamento di uno studio in materia in collaborazione con la Regione Emilia Romagna.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Programma è quasi completo, e prevede anche una tavola rotonda, il giorno 13 prima di pranzo, sul &lt;strong&gt;Software Libero nella Pubblica Amministrazione&lt;/strong&gt;, dove darò il mio modesto contributo, presentando &amp;#8212; se riusciamo &amp;#8212; lo stato di avanzamento di uno studio in materia in collaborazione con la Regione Emilia Romagna.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È Free anche nel senso di Free Beer (offerta libera, però!), si corre il rischio di fare del bene e di tornare a casa più liberi. Se la cosa non vi spaventa, venite numerosi!
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            <title>Telecom Package defeated (by now)</title>
            <link>/telecom-package-defeated-by-now/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2009 08:04:55 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/telecom-package-defeated-by-now/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Non è necessariamente ancora una vittoria (può addirittura venire peggiorato), ma almeno è un buon risultato. Oggi finalmente ne parlava anche la stampa generalista. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Non è necessariamente ancora una vittoria (può addirittura venire peggiorato), ma almeno è un buon risultato. Oggi finalmente ne parlava anche la stampa generalista.
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            <title>Telecom Package defeated (by now)</title>
            <link>/telecom-package-defeated-by-now-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2009 07:58:48 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/telecom-package-defeated-by-now-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; It is not necessarily a win, but at least is a good outcome. Today the news was (confusedly) on the general press too, althogh it was not clear what is actually at stake.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    It is not necessarily a win, but at least is a good outcome. Today the news was (confusedly) on the general press too, althogh it was not clear what is actually at stake. It just seems the battle between those who wants to download unpaid music and those wanting to stop &amp;#8220;illegal&amp;#8221; downloading. It is far more than this!
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            <title>Telecom Package</title>
            <link>/telecom-package/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 07:40:41 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/telecom-package/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;th&amp;gt; Size &amp;lt;/th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;File&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/modules/file/icons/x-office-document.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/system/files/Citizens%27_am_1.odt&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text; length=148328&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;Citizens&amp;amp;#039;_am_1.odt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Citizens&#39;_am_1.odt&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; 144.85 KB &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;File&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/vnd.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The amendments are listed here below. They can also be found (at an earlier stage with some few typos) here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.erikjosefsson.eu/sites/default/files/Citizens_Rights_Amendments_(Part_I).pdf&quot;&gt;Part I&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.erikjosefsson.eu/sites/default/files/Citizens_Rights_Amendments_(Part_II).pdf&quot;&gt;Part II&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.erikjosefsson.eu/sites/default/files/Citizens_Rights_Amendments_(Part_III).pdf&quot;&gt;Part III&lt;/a&gt;. More info at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iptegrity.com&quot;&gt;http://www.iptegrity.com&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    A declaration on the amendments:
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      In defence of the Citizens' Rights Amendments
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Last September the European Parliament with sometimes an overwhelming majority of up to 88% adopted two amendments to the so-called EU Telecoms Package which acknowledge the importance of access to information and of the freedom of expression for citizens in our modern Information Society.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The provisions of the EU Telecoms Package, if properly construed, can assist the European Community and its citizens to greatly benefit from the potential of modern electronic communications services. Article 32a of Directive 2002/22/EC (Amendment 166) and Article 8 paragraph 4 point (ga) of Directive 2002/21/EC (Amendment 138) which were adopted in the European Parliament's First Reading were bound to guarantee citizens' right to express themselves and access information without unnecessary and unjustified restrictions. The Citizens’ Rights Amendments that we are now proposing aim to restore that position adopted by the Parliament in its First Reading.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, as well as the constitutional traditions of Member States, have granted the right to freedom of expression and to access of information, acknowledging their importance as fundamental rights of everyone in a democratic society. Those rights should be protected against any unnecessary and unjustified restriction as the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union recognises.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The need to provide sufficient guarantees to citizens' right to freedom of expression and information appears even more crucial nowadays when innovation and creativity mostly depends on users' ability and right to access information. A balanced approach between users' rights, as well as the rights and freedoms of others, and the protection of public safety and security, calls for the sufficient protection of everyone's right to receive and impart information and to hold opinions, while ensuring that restrictions to that right may only be imposed if they are necessary, narrow in scope and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Restoring Amendments 166 and 138 and amending provisions that support the principles of those amendments are in line with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the constitutional traditions of Member States, as well as the policy guidelines adopted by governmental authorities across Europe such as the Guidelines for Internet Neutrality of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority (NPT) (Version 1.0, 24 February 2009), which reinforce users' right to an Internet connection that they are able to use freely and non-discriminatorily without legitimising unlawful or harmful actions.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      But that's not enough. The original version voted by the Parliament has been under various attacks even after the Common Position was voted by the Council. While the Parliament, the Commission and the Council are supposed to work out a compromise solution, the text prepared has been pushed in a totally different direction, further departing from the approved text. New language jeopardizing the fundamental Freedoms of citizens and the free development of Information Society has been entered without any kind of democratic control, and consistently to serve specific interests of a limited circle of interested parties against citizens' interest. The package has been so hollowed out that it is unrecognisable. Thus, simply retabling the two key amendments technically would not be sufficient guarantee to the fundamental Freedoms that we pursue. According to the rules of procedure of the Parliament (&amp;#8220;to amend a part of the text of a common position which was not included in &amp;#8211; or differs in content from &amp;#8211; the proposal submitted in First Reading&amp;#8221; &amp;#8211; rule 62), this situation fully justifies the proposal of new amendments in the Second Reading. We call upon all MEPs to stand up for the same Free Internet that has permitted an unprecedented evolution of the digital market and society, and to all citizens to support those taking action.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
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            <title>If You&#39;re Not Mad, Why You Wear a Napoleon Hat?</title>
            <link>/if-youre-not-mad-why-you-wear-a-napoleon-hat/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2009 07:24:40 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/if-youre-not-mad-why-you-wear-a-napoleon-hat/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I have submitted for approval to &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.opensource.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;OSI&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; a license on behalf of my good friend and client &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Chiariglione&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mr. Leonardo Chiariglione&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, convenor of the ISO/IEC JTC1 WG11 (also known as &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I have submitted for approval to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensource.org&quot;&gt;OSI&lt;/a&gt; a license on behalf of my good friend and client &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Chiariglione&quot;&gt;Mr. Leonardo Chiariglione&lt;/a&gt;, convenor of the ISO/IEC JTC1 WG11 (also known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/&quot;&gt;MPEG&lt;/a&gt;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/should-open-source-licence-ever-be-patent-agnostic&quot;&gt;Linux Journal&lt;/a&gt;, followed by many &lt;a href=&quot;http://carlodaffara.conecta.it/?p=186&quot;&gt;others&lt;/a&gt;, has a story:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      [&amp;#8230;] are there ever circumstances when software patents that require payment might be permitted by an open source licence? That's the question posed by a new licence that is being submitted to the Open Source Inititative (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensource.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OSI&lt;/a&gt;) for review.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      It arises out of work to create a reference implementation of the MPEG eXtensible Middleware (&lt;a href=&quot;http://mxm.wg11.sc29.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MXM&lt;/a&gt;) standard. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://mxm.wg11.sc29.org/?page_id=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aims&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;cite&gt;to promote the extended use of digital media content through increased interoperability and accelerated development of components, solutions and applications. This is achieved by specifying&lt;/cite&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;cite&gt;1.The MXM architecture&lt;br /&gt; 2.The MXM components (by reference)&lt;br /&gt; 3.The MXM components APIs&lt;br /&gt; 4.The MXM applications API&lt;br /&gt; 5.The inter-MXM communication protocols&lt;/cite&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      More details can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/visions/mxm/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The proposed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?17:mss:717:200904:chenjkbbnllffijebmno&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;licence&lt;/a&gt; is closely modelled on the Mozilla Public Licence (MPL). In his submission to the OSI, the well-known free software activist Carlo Piana explains the key difference:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;cite&gt;As you will notice, we have removed some of the patent conditions that existed in the MPL. This is because none of the contributors would have accepted to encapsulate their patents in a FOSS license without the ability to ask for a license separately from the copyright. This is a basic tenet that is enshrined in the so-called ISO/IEC Directives for the development of International Standards. Some of you might know about my public stance against software patents and my approval to some of the licenses which impose implied licensing to or patent retaliation against all who distribute FOSS software while relying on patent protection. However, the sad truth is that if we did not offer a patent-agnostic license we would have made all efforts to have an open source reference implementation moot.&lt;/cite&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    What!? Carlo Piana speaks software patents, Carlo Piana speaks &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;? He must be out of his mind, nuts, off the rocker (my English stops here, but surely you can suggest more insult).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Well, I am not. Let me explain.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I was asked by Mr. Chiariglione to help out in drafting a license which could accommodate combining an &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221; model with the need for the patent holders to retain their patents rights without releasing them freely. I said that this was an impossible task, but I could produce something close enough. Then I was asked to submit it to OSI for approval, and what we had written (some small amendments to the &lt;strong&gt;Mozilla Public License&lt;/strong&gt;) was working under copyright and patent laws, but not under the Open Source Definition. However I am not the ultimate expert of OSD, interpreting this as a legal text is within my reach, I reckon, and thus I have asked myself whether it could be possible to comply with the letter of the OSD, by more cleanly separating copyright from patents. From my submission:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;cite&gt; I have asked myself if this could work and if it complied with the OSI definition. My final conclusion is that if the BSD family is considered compliant, so shall be the MXM, as it does not condition the copyright grant to the obtaining of the patents, just as the BSD licenses don't deal with them. And insofar an implementer is confident that the part of the code it uses if free from the patented area, or it decided to later challenge the patent in case an infringement litigation is threatened, the license works just fine.&lt;/cite&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Am I saying that having &lt;strong&gt;software patents&lt;/strong&gt; attached to a reference implementation is fine? I am not, they should not. My public stance is for &lt;strong&gt;patent free standards&lt;/strong&gt;, and I will not stop advocating &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/forum10/relazioni/31piana.htm&quot;&gt;against software patents&lt;/a&gt; and against patent encumbered standards in particular. What I say is MPEG and the other ISO standards &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; patent encumbered. I say that this is not going to change in the short term, unless we make people aware of the problem. I have invested much of my time to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/is_29500&quot;&gt;fight&lt;/a&gt; against adoption of the ISO/IEC IS 29500 (AKA &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/ooxml&quot;&gt;OOXML&lt;/a&gt;) and I have learned a lot from seeing things from inside. I have presented and even had a public argument with a representative of Microsoft in Geneva about this, downstairs from the Ballot Resolution Meeting. You can see a picture of mine in the big anti sw-pats flag that was brought before the Europarliament when the CII Directive was being discussed. I don't miss a chance to present against sw-pats.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So let me be more clear: software patents are &lt;em&gt;patently&lt;/em&gt; against Freedom, Digital Liberties, competition, progress, and &lt;strong&gt;detrimental to the software industry&lt;/strong&gt; at large, especially SMEs (but the Big Guys have learned how it is detrimental also to them). The sooner they are &lt;strong&gt;abolished&lt;/strong&gt;, or possibly replaced with something more sensible, the better.  My fellows from the industry could be in disagreement, and have a less draconian stance. But this is my opinion, even if without software patents a good chunk of my daily work would disappear.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A final remark. I don't use the words &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221; lightly. In this context I could not use another wording because I was asking people to say that the license is&amp;#8230; an &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221; license. So the question &amp;#8220;is this 'open source'&amp;#8221; is out of the realm of my concerns, usually; it became relevant only in this case because I was expressly asked to follow the submission procedure. Usually, I don't care much about a license being &amp;#8220;approved&amp;#8221;, and there are simply too many licenses. The &lt;strong&gt;only licenses&lt;/strong&gt; that should exist, to me, are the &lt;strong&gt;GNU GPL&lt;/strong&gt;, the GNU &lt;strong&gt;LGPL&lt;/strong&gt; and the &lt;strong&gt;Affero&lt;/strong&gt; GPL, possibly in their &lt;strong&gt;version 3&lt;/strong&gt; or any later version. If you ask me if the license is Free Software, I would say &amp;#8220;very likely, no&amp;#8221;. If you ask me &amp;#8220;is your license worth spreading?&amp;#8221; I would say &amp;#8220;of course absolutely not!&amp;#8221;, and to push for another license was never within my instructions. As opposed to open up the ISO bunch to the concepts of &lt;strong&gt;copyelft&lt;/strong&gt;, which is something I think can be achieved and beneficial in the long run.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So, as you see, I am still not entirely mental. And I am not wearing any Napoleon hat, because I am &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Cesar&quot;&gt;Julius Cesar&lt;/a&gt;! &lt;em&gt;Alea jacta est&lt;/em&gt;!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/53&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Better Software</title>
            <link>/better-software/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2009 14:02:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/better-software/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Firenze 6 e 7 Maggio &amp;amp;#8211; Develer S.r.l.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;amp;#8211; Better Software è la prima conferenza Italiana dedicata allo sviluppo di software e rivolta a imprenditori e manager del settore IT che si svolgerà a Firenze il 6 e 7 Maggio 2009 e porterà sul palco i più importanti esperti nazionali e internazionali su programmazione agile, open source, web marketing come Alex Martelli, Antonio Cangiano, Roberto Galoppini, Carlo Piana, Roberto Ghislandi, Andrea Resmini, Matteo Vaccari e Francesco Cirillo.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Firenze 6 e 7 Maggio &amp;#8211; Develer S.r.l.&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8211; Better Software è la prima conferenza Italiana dedicata allo sviluppo di software e rivolta a imprenditori e manager del settore IT che si svolgerà a Firenze il 6 e 7 Maggio 2009 e porterà sul palco i più importanti esperti nazionali e internazionali su programmazione agile, open source, web marketing come Alex Martelli, Antonio Cangiano, Roberto Galoppini, Carlo Piana, Roberto Ghislandi, Andrea Resmini, Matteo Vaccari e Francesco Cirillo. Per restare informati sottoscrivete il blog feed &lt;a title=&quot;Better Software Blog&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bettersoftware.it/blog/&quot;&gt;blog feed&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;!--break--&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Per maggiori informazioni: &lt;a title=&quot;Sito web Better Software&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bettersoftware.it/&quot;&gt;www.bettersoftware.it&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>FSDdaily</title>
            <link>/fsddaily/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2009 14:35:27 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fsddaily/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; It works by allowing members of the community to submit news and articles relating to FOSS. This same community can then decide what stories should be promoted based on what they consider to be the most important or interesting to the community by voting stories up and down.</description>
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<pre><code>    &lt;p&gt;
      It works by allowing members of the community to submit news and articles relating to FOSS. This same community can then decide what stories should be promoted based on what they consider to be the most important or interesting to the community by voting stories up and down. Stories that receive enough votes are promoted to our homepage.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>FSFE in the browser investigation</title>
            <link>/browser_intervention/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/browser_intervention/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Today the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; has announced its request to be admitted as an intersted third party in the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/15&amp;quot;&amp;gt;investigation&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; that the Commission is undergoing on the tying of Microsoft Internet Explorer in various issues of Microsoft Windows (from 98 to Vista).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;hr /&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Today the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&lt;/a&gt; has announced its request to be admitted as an intersted third party in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/15&quot;&gt;investigation&lt;/a&gt; that the Commission is undergoing on the tying of Microsoft Internet Explorer in various issues of Microsoft Windows (from 98 to Vista).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    FSFE has been active since 2003 in the antitrust activities of the Commission, one of which led to the seminal case T-201/04 Microsoft vs. Commission and to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;publication&lt;/a&gt; of the interoperability information to the benefit of the Free (open source) Software community.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here follows the press release:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE engages in the EU browser case
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Free Software Foundation Europe today announces that it will support the European Commission's anti-trust investigation against Microsoft and to this effect it has formally requested to be admitted as interested third party.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The investigation began on the 16th of January when the European Commission DG Competition reported that it had issued a statement of objections regarding Microsoft's abuse of web standards and the tying of Internet Explorer (IE) to the Windows Operating System product family. It is based on a complaint submitted by Opera, a European company involved in web browser development,&lt;br /&gt; which FSFE publicly supported in 2007.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE considers anti-competitive behaviour unacceptable, whether it occurs through 'tying' products, or in circumventing standards and fair access. FSFE will seek to support all processes that ensure competition and enable innovation.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE promotes freedom of choice and protects Open Standards. This includes working against abuse of standards through proprietary extensions that unlawfully segment the Internet. FSFE welcomes the participation of any company in the browser market, including the optimisation of their products to work well on target platforms.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      But no company should be in a position to dictate what the Internet will look like by leveraging platform dominance into erosion of standards through control of server and client.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE President Georg Greve comments: &amp;#8220;Antitrust law has to step in when there is consistent and massive abuse of a dominant position that is damaging competition in other areas. In this case, Microsoft first used the platform monopoly to create artificial ubiquity for Internet Explorer, and then modified the standards on both ends to distort compatibility and competition&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The design decisions that give IE better integration than alternative browsers and to change web standards in undocumented ways were not technologically justified. The consequences that made the intervention of the European Commission necessary were intended, not accidental&amp;#8221;, Greve concludes.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Microsoft's pleas to be in favour of competition and interoperability must be followed by real acts of goodwill,&amp;quot; states Carlo Piana, counsel for FSFE. &amp;#8220;So far we have seen little of it: recent actions taken against Free Software are eloquent. We will be restless in demanding that real competition be restored and that all players are treated equally&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For FSFE's previous statements, please see:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2007/news-20071221-01&quot; title=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2007/news-20071221-01&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2007/news-20071221-01&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2009/news-20090120-02&quot; title=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2009/news-20090120-02&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2009/news-20090120-02&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For FSFE's letter to the European Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes, please see:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/20071219-opera-antitrust.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/20071219-opera-antitrust.pdf&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/20071219-opera-antitrust.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Background
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE previously supported the European Commission's DG Competition in its 2001 investigation against Microsoft's non-disclosure of interoperability data. This was the first time the Free Software community became involved in such a case, and helped lead to a final decision in 2004 against Microsoft demanding that interoperability information be made public.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The ruling was upheld by a 2007 ruling at the European Court of First Instance, and eventually, Samba and the entire community received access to the interoperability information upon conditions compatible with the GNU General Public License, which is now being implemented into better and more interoperable software that will benefit the entire IT ecosystem.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      About the Free Software Foundation Europe
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) is a non-profit non-governmental organisation active in many European countries and involved in many global activities. Access to software determines participation in a digital society. To secure equal participation in the information age, as well as freedom of competition, the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) pursues and is dedicated to the furthering of Free Software, defined by the freedoms to use, study, modify and copy. Founded in 2001, creating awareness for these issues, securing Free Software politically and legally, and giving people Freedom by supporting development of Free Software are central issues of the FSFE.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Further information about FSFE's work is available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org&quot; title=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Press contact:&lt;br /&gt; Georg Greve greve [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] fsfeurope.org&lt;br /&gt; Shane Coughlan coughlan [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] fsfeurope.org&lt;br /&gt; Carlo Piana carlo [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] piana.eu
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Contact
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      * Belgium: +32 2 747 03 57&lt;br /&gt; * Germany: +49 700 373 38 76 73&lt;br /&gt; * Sweden: +46 31 7802160&lt;br /&gt; * Switzerland: +41 43 500 03 66&lt;br /&gt; * UK: +44 29 200 08 17 7
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>FSFE nell&#39;indagine sui browser</title>
            <link>/fsfe-nellindagine-sui-browser/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 14:52:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fsfe-nellindagine-sui-browser/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; FSFE è stata attiva sin dal 2003 nelle iniziative antitrust della Commisione, una delle quali ha portato al storica decisione nel caso T-201/04 Microsoft vs. Commissione e alla &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://protocolfreedom.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    FSFE è stata attiva sin dal 2003 nelle iniziative antitrust della Commisione, una delle quali ha portato al storica decisione nel caso T-201/04 Microsoft vs. Commissione e alla &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;pubblicazione&lt;/a&gt; delle informazioni di interoperability a beneficio della comunità del Software Libero (open source). Di seguito  press release:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE engages in the EU browser case
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Free Software Foundation Europe today announces that it will support the European Commission's anti-trust investigation against Microsoft and to this effect it has formally requested to be admitted as interested third party.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The investigation began on the 16th of January when the European Commission DG Competition reported that it had issued a statement of objections regarding Microsoft's abuse of web standards and the tying of Internet Explorer (IE) to the Windows Operating System product family. It is based on a complaint submitted by Opera, a European company involved in web browser development, &lt;br /&gt; which FSFE publicly supported in 2007.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE considers anti-competitive behaviour unacceptable, whether it occurs through 'tying' products, or in circumventing standards and fair access. FSFE will seek to support all processes that ensure competition and enable innovation.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE promotes freedom of choice and protects Open Standards. This includes working against abuse of standards through proprietary extensions that unlawfully segment the Internet. FSFE welcomes the participation of any company in the browser market, including the optimisation of their products to work well on target platforms.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      But no company should be in a position to dictate what the Internet will look like by leveraging platform dominance into erosion of standards through control of server and client.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE President Georg Greve comments: &amp;#8220;Antitrust law has to step in when there is consistent and massive abuse of a dominant position that is damaging competition in other areas. In this case, Microsoft first used the platform monopoly to create artificial ubiquity for Internet  Explorer, and then modified the standards on both ends to distort compatibility and competition&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The design decisions that give IE better integration than alternative browsers and to change web standards in undocumented ways were not technologically justified. The consequences that made the intervention of the European Commission necessary were intended, not accidental&amp;#8221;, Greve concludes.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;Microsoft's pleas to be in favour of competition and interoperability must be followed by real acts of goodwill,&amp;quot; states Carlo Piana, counsel for FSFE. &amp;#8220;So far we have seen little of it: recent actions taken against Free Software are eloquent. We will be restless in demanding that real competition be restored and that all players are treated equally&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For FSFE's previous statements, please see: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2007/news-20071221-01&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2007/news-20071221-01&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2009/news-20090120-02&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/news/2009/news-20090120-02&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For FSFE's letter to the European Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes, please see:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/20071219-opera-antitrust.pdf&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/20071219-opera-antitrust.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Background
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE previously supported the European Commission's DG Competition in its 2001 investigation against Microsoft's non-disclosure of interoperability data. This was the first time the Free Software community became involved in such a case, and helped lead to a final decision in 2004 against Microsoft demanding that interoperability information be made public.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The ruling was upheld by a 2007 ruling at the European Court of First Instance, and eventually, Samba and the entire community received access to the interoperability information upon conditions compatible with the GNU General Public License, which is now being implemented into better and more interoperable software that will benefit the entire IT ecosystem.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      About the Free Software Foundation Europe
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) is a non-profit non-governmental organisation active in many European countries and involved in many global activities. Access to software determines participation in a digital society. To secure equal participation in the information age, as well as freedom of competition, the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) pursues and is dedicated to the furthering of Free Software, defined by the freedoms to use, study, modify and copy. Founded in 2001, creating awareness for these issues, securing Free Software politically and legally, and giving people Freedom by supporting development of Free Software are central issues of the FSFE.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Further information about FSFE's work is available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Press contact:&lt;br /&gt; Georg Greve  greve [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] fsfeurope.org&lt;br /&gt; Shane Coughlan coughlan [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] fsfeurope.org&lt;br /&gt; Carlo Piana carlo [&amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; symbol] piana.eu
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Contact
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      * Belgium: +32 2 747 03 57&lt;br /&gt; * Germany: +49 700 373 38 76 73&lt;br /&gt; * Sweden: +46 31 7802160&lt;br /&gt; * Switzerland: +41 43 500 03 66&lt;br /&gt; * UK: +44 29 200 08 17 7  
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/54&quot;&gt;Software Libero&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Tiemann on Software Development</title>
            <link>/tiemann-on-software-development/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2009 14:07:07 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/tiemann-on-software-development/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Definitely worth a mention. Have a look at the article &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://opensource.org/files/OSS-2009.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;How Open Source Software Can Save the ICT Industry One Trillion Dollars per Year.,&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; by Micael Tiemann (Creative Commons by 2.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Definitely worth a mention. Have a look at the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensource.org/files/OSS-2009.pdf&quot;&gt;How Open Source Software Can Save the ICT Industry One Trillion Dollars per Year.,&lt;/a&gt; by Micael Tiemann (Creative Commons by 2.5, I believe, but check with the author). Some further notes at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensource.org/node/384&quot;&gt;http://www.opensource.org/node/384&lt;/a&gt; .
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     My favourite quote:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      The most significant transformation in ICT has been the emergence of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). Consider the popular internet as embodied by the World Wide Web. This vision was first published by Vannevar Bush in 1945, and prior to 1990 there had been dozens of attempts to create such systems, the most popular being the French MiniTel system But none of these systems became truly ubiquitous until the underlying software was free as in freedom. The freedom to read, modify, and share web server and client code led to an explosion of innovation, and to date the most popular product of that explosion, the Apache web server, remains dominant in spite of considerable efforts by some powerful companies to take over that space. This came as no surprise to Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, who explained his decision to make the original web software free and open:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        [H]ad the technology been proprietary, and in my total control, it would probably not have taken off. The decision to make the Web an open system was necessary for it to be universal. You can't propose that something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it.
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
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            <title>Document Freedom Day, Italia</title>
            <link>/document-freedom-day-italia/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 14:25:21 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/document-freedom-day-italia/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Also in Milan, upon an initiative of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FSUG&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (Free Software User Group), an &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/02/document-freedom-day-09/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;event&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; organized in the framework of the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://documentfreedom.org/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Document Freedom Day&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; will take place.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Also in Milan, upon an initiative of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org&quot;&gt;FSUG&lt;/a&gt; (Free Software User Group), an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/02/document-freedom-day-09/&quot;&gt;event&lt;/a&gt; organized in the framework of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://documentfreedom.org/&quot;&gt;Document Freedom Day&lt;/a&gt; will take place. It is one of the many events organized in &lt;a href=&quot;http://documentfreedom.org/Category:Italy&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;. It will be the day when we will promote the possibility to be independent from a single vendor and free in preserving our data in documents. Open Standards are only supported. Next 25th day of February.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Document Freedom Day, Italia</title>
            <link>/document-freedom-day-italia-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 14:07:30 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/document-freedom-day-italia-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;UPDATE&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/dfd/doku.php?id=dfd09:materiale&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Online&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; il materiale sull&#39;evento. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Anche a Milano, su iniziativa del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FSUG&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (Free Software User Group), verrà organizzato un &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/02/document-freedom-day-09/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;evento&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; nell&#39;ambito del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://documentfreedom.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/dfd/doku.php?id=dfd09:materiale&quot;&gt;Online&lt;/a&gt; il materiale sull'evento.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Anche a Milano, su iniziativa del &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org&quot;&gt;FSUG&lt;/a&gt; (Free Software User Group), verrà organizzato un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsugitalia.org/wp/2009/02/document-freedom-day-09/&quot;&gt;evento&lt;/a&gt; nell'ambito del &lt;a href=&quot;http://documentfreedom.org/&quot;&gt;Document Freedom Day&lt;/a&gt;. È uno dei molti eventi organizzati in &lt;a href=&quot;http://documentfreedom.org/Category:Italy&quot;&gt;Italia&lt;/a&gt;. Tutto ciò nel giorno in cui promuoveremo la possibilità di essere indipendenti da un singolo venditore e liberi di conservare i nostri documenti e i nostri dati. Si supportano solo standard aperti. Il prossimo 25 Febbraio.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/storie&quot;&gt;Notizie&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Canali:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/35&quot;&gt;Normazione&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Argomento:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/23&quot;&gt;Software Libero, libertà digitali&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_en first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/doc_freedom09&quot; title=&quot;Document Freedom Day, Italia&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;
      &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>War is (not) over</title>
            <link>/browser_antitrust/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 13 Feb 2009 11:08:39 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/browser_antitrust/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Commission has served a statement of objection to Microsoft following the complaint by &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.opera.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Opera Software&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; on abuses in the field of web browsers. I planned to write something on this blog when the news spread, but things have accumulated and I could not find enough time.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The Commission has served a statement of objection to Microsoft following the complaint by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opera.com&quot;&gt;Opera Software&lt;/a&gt; on abuses in the field of web browsers. I planned to write something on this blog when the news spread, but things have accumulated and I could not find enough time.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    An interesting post by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.lizardwrangler.com/2009/02/06/the-european-commission-and-microsoft/&quot;&gt;Mitchell Baker&lt;/a&gt;, followed up by another post by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.fsfe.org/greve/?p=229&quot;&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/a&gt;, has brought me back to the topic. I don&amp;#8217;t want to write another story (the two references above are quite complete and accurate), just provide an initial Q&amp;A session on what are we speaking about.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Why now?&lt;/strong&gt; Why is the EC Commission pushing Microsoft on a market that Microsoft is losing? Market share is declining, and new competition like Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome is everywhere, ready to break into Microsoft&amp;#8217;s Monopoly.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    First, &lt;strong&gt;market share&lt;/strong&gt; is declining, but not as fast as the difference in quality and innovation would suggest. If the competition was on the merit, we would see the market share reversed, or a better Internet Explorer, or any combination of both. &lt;strong&gt;Ubiquity beats quality&lt;/strong&gt;. The fact that Explorer is in each and every PC means that the user feels no need to find an alternative. Most of people don&amp;#8217;t even know what a browser is, competitors are strongly disadvantaged. &lt;strong&gt;Tying&lt;/strong&gt;is one of the most clear abusive behaviours. The fact that &lt;em&gt;bonsai&lt;/em&gt; competition has been reinstated is not indicative that the risk of elimination is not real, nor that the competition is limited by market choice to the narrow and hard-worked present success.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Second, the browser is delivering its promise: to be &lt;strong&gt;the platform&lt;/strong&gt;. Remember the browser war? Remember that Java and Netscape were to make the operating system a commodity, replacing it as a platform? Now the technology is mature. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ajax&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://java.sun.com&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Java&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and the other technologies are already sufficiently developed to deliver rich, standard-based rich web applications. If Internet Explorer has not been bundled on each and every new computer, we may have seen this day much earlier in history. Thankfully the Mozilla people lived up the promise of their ancestors at Netscape and we are at a tipping point, a singular occurrence in history. That cannot be hijacked as the market was a dozen years ago.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Third, &lt;strong&gt;innovation&lt;/strong&gt; must be fostered. Innovation occurred &amp;#8212; after a long, too long wait &amp;#8212; as soon as Opera and Firefox started gaining traction. Tabbed browsing, URL self completion, extensions, faster HTML rendering, spellchecking in fill-in boxes, just to name a few of them, were introduced by either Opera or Firefox, in a rather stagnant situation. More competition equals more innovation. More resources coming from a higher share mean more incentives and more resources to be invested by competitors into innovation. The dominant company has no incentives to innovate, just to follow-up enough innovation to avoid mass-migration.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Why Microsoft, why the browser&lt;/strong&gt;? Microsoft is not the only one bundling different products. Apple is doing the same, and they also sell hardware and a full host of applications. Moreover, Internet Explorer is a part of the Operating System.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If and when Apple will begin to be &lt;strong&gt;as dominant&lt;/strong&gt; as Microsoft is, we could approach this argument. &lt;strong&gt;Abuse&lt;/strong&gt; of dominance is the keyword. Whatever the dent into Microsoft market share in the browser market is, having more than 75% (I have not the exact figures, let&amp;#8217;s stay conservative) of each sales is by all definitions a position where dominance is presumed. The game is not fair, since one single company is enabled to dominate the market by sheer force, not by competing on price (browsers are free as in free beer, some are more Free), not competing on technical merit. Basically, not competing.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The browser &lt;strong&gt;existed before&lt;/strong&gt; it was offer as a &amp;#8220;component&amp;#8221; of Windows. I am using quotation marks here. The browser has a &lt;strong&gt;separate market&lt;/strong&gt;, and it was sold for good money before the market was disrupted almost overnight by an inferior &amp;#8212; or at most equally valuable &amp;#8212; product. The bundling of two separate entities, one of which called &amp;#8220;part of the other&amp;#8221; to avoid antitrust is a rather obvious &lt;strong&gt;linguistic expedient&lt;/strong&gt;, nothing more.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Most remedies are going to fail&lt;/strong&gt;. Remember the failure of Windows Media Player. Now everybody uses Flash anyway. The remedy envisaged by the Commission was inefficient.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Remedies can be efficient if &lt;strong&gt;well crafted&lt;/strong&gt;. The discolsure in the 2004 Decision, however late it came, is bringing new efficiency to the competition in the Workgroup Server Operating System arena. It&amp;#8217;s still a long way, but a long journey begins with a small step. The remedies in the 2004 Decision, as far as Windows Media was concerned, were too timid and came too late, when the competition was already defeated and &lt;strong&gt;the market tipped&lt;/strong&gt; considerably. The Commission was perhaps too protective of Microsoft interests and instead of demanding the complete unbundling, required two different versions of Windows. The fact that there was disagreement as to the pricing, and the two versions were priced identically, made the remedy born dead. And the &lt;strong&gt;length of the procedure&lt;/strong&gt; has done the largest damage, a lesson that apparently the Commission has learned very well.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Flash&lt;/strong&gt; is not substitute of Windows Media. Their fields of application are overlapping, but do not coincide. And Windows Media is today even more dominant.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Antitrust remedies are not a panacea. They must be used with a grain of salt. But sometimes a heavy drug is better than letting the disease spread. If Microsoft, or any other, is afraid that an imposed remedy could be overly damaging, it can negotiate a solution, but that solution must be adequate and efficient. Architectural constraints coming from the underlying operating system are not relevant, because here they are internal constraints that those in control of the operating system can avoid. Consequences arising from self-endangerment are not an excuse. Those constraints are of course really stringent only for competitors, which have no control over the platform.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Must-carry is not sufficient&lt;/strong&gt;. The simple obligation to pre-install other browsers is no guarantee of a level playing field. Users will always choose Internet Explorer.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Commission should not be afraid of the fact that users can end up choosing Internet Explorer. If this happens because it is a better application or more suited to the user&amp;#8217;s needs, fine. But that must not happen just because Explorer is ubiquitous and better presented to the end users, who are unaware of choice and do not want to install other software, as data and surveys presently show. Sometimes users &lt;strong&gt;cannot install&lt;/strong&gt; additional software, especially in a &lt;strong&gt;corporate&lt;/strong&gt; environment, so &lt;strong&gt;one big segment&lt;/strong&gt; is excluded from any meaningful competition because of tying.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But yes, this objection is true. Must-carry remedies are insufficient. The abuse also consists of &lt;strong&gt;not complying with standards&lt;/strong&gt;, using embrace &amp; extend practices, making the Internet sort of a proprietary field &amp;#8212; the exact contrary of what Internet is and the reason for its success: a standard-based bunch of protocols where everybody can plug in. A &lt;strong&gt;more far-reaching&lt;/strong&gt; remedy should be found, that&amp;#8217;s my opinion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Public opinion is also important. If users started refusing non standard-compliant products, that would be a better driving force to competition, and a giant cost-saving. I personally dislike using them, but sometimes I simply don&amp;#8217;t know, even when I have better alternatives. People should be reminded that non-compliance costs a lot of money. Web developers know that perfectly, but they have lilttle choice: they must hack the code to support Explorer &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; the standard, or simply code for Explorer and let users of other browsers out in the cold. It is a lose-lose game.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Commission is helping out lamers&lt;/strong&gt;. Those losers who have failed competing now are trying to use the Commission to undue what a successful company has achieved, as they are not able to compete.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come on! Competitors do not have the benefit of &lt;strong&gt;controlling the platform&lt;/strong&gt;. They have not the benefit of controlling what&amp;#8217;s preloaded on a computer. There is such a clear conflict of interest that it is a miracle that some competition still exists, and this miracle has been made happen by &lt;strong&gt;Free Software&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;Mozilla&lt;/strong&gt; is entirely Free Software; &lt;strong&gt;Safari&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8216;s engine is Free Software. &lt;strong&gt;Opera&lt;/strong&gt; is not, but how much innovation and money had to throw in to survive in a decimal figure market share?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If two boxers are fighting, but one has iron gloves, would you call the other one who stands 12 rounds &amp;#8220;a loser&amp;#8221;? Let&amp;#8217;s play a fair game, then we&amp;#8217;ll see who is the best player.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>War is (not) over</title>
            <link>/browser_/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 13 Feb 2009 10:48:40 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/browser_/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; An interesting post by &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blog.lizardwrangler.com/2009/02/06/the-european-commission-and-microsoft/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mitchell Baker&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, followed up by another post by &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blogs.fsfe.org/greve/?p=229&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Georg Greve&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, has brought me back to the topic. I don&#39;t want to write another story (the two references above are quite complete and accurate), just provide an initial Q&amp;amp;A session on what are we speaking about.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    An interesting post by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.lizardwrangler.com/2009/02/06/the-european-commission-and-microsoft/&quot;&gt;Mitchell Baker&lt;/a&gt;, followed up by another post by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.fsfe.org/greve/?p=229&quot;&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/a&gt;, has brought me back to the topic. I don't want to write another story (the two references above are quite complete and accurate), just provide an initial Q&amp;A session on what are we speaking about.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Why now?&lt;/strong&gt; Why is the EC Commission pushing Microsoft on a market that Microsoft is losing? Market share is declining, and new competition like Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome is everywhere, ready to break into Microsoft's Monopoly.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    First, &lt;strong&gt;market share&lt;/strong&gt; is declining, but not as fast as the difference in quality and innovation would suggest. If the competition was on the merit, we would see the market share reversed, or a better Internet Explorer, or any combination of both. &lt;strong&gt;Ubiquity beats quality&lt;/strong&gt;. The fact that Explorer is in each and every PC means that the user feels no need to find an alternative. Most of people don't even know what a browser is, competitors are strongly disadvantaged. &lt;strong&gt;Tying&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;is one of the most clear abusive behaviours. The fact that &lt;em&gt;bonsai&lt;/em&gt; competition has been reinstated is not indicative that the risk of elimination is not real, nor that the competition is limited by market choice to the narrow and hard-worked present success.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Second, the browser is delivering its promise: to be &lt;strong&gt;the platform&lt;/strong&gt;. Remember the browser war? Remember that Java and Netscape were to make the operating system a commodity, replacing it as a platform? Now the technology is mature. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ajax&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://java.sun.com&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Java&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and the other technologies are already sufficiently developed to deliver rich, standard-based rich web applications. This is utterly important for an important paradigm: &lt;strong&gt;cloud computing&lt;/strong&gt;. If Internet Explorer has not been bundled on each and every new computer, we may have seen this day much earlier in history. Thankfully the Mozilla people lived up the promise of their ancestors at Netscape and we are at a tipping point, a singular occurrence in history. That cannot be hijacked as the market was a dozen years ago.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Third, &lt;strong&gt;innovation&lt;/strong&gt; must be fostered. Innovation occurred &amp;#8212; after a long, too long wait &amp;#8212; as soon as Opera and Firefox started gaining traction. Tabbed browsing, URL self completion, extensions, faster HTML rendering, spellchecking in fill-in boxes, just to name a few of them, were introduced by either Opera or Firefox, in a rather stagnant situation. More competition equals more innovation. More resources coming from a higher share mean more incentives and more resources to be invested by competitors into innovation. The dominant company has no incentives to innovate, just to follow-up enough innovation to avoid mass-migration.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Why Microsoft, why the browser&lt;/strong&gt;? Microsoft is not the only one bundling different products. Apple is doing the same, and they also sell hardware and a full host of applications. Moreover, Internet Explorer is a part of the Operating System.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If and when Apple will begin to be &lt;strong&gt;as dominant&lt;/strong&gt; as Microsoft is, we could approach this argument. &lt;strong&gt;Abuse&lt;/strong&gt; of dominance is the keyword. Whatever the dent into Microsoft market share in the browser market is, having more than 75% (I have not the exact figures, let's stay conservative) of each sales is by all definitions a position where dominance is presumed. The game is not fair, since one single company is enabled to dominate the market by sheer force, not by competing on price (browsers are free as in free beer, some are more Free), not competing on technical merit. Basically, not competing.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The browser &lt;strong&gt;existed before&lt;/strong&gt; it was offer as a &amp;#8220;component&amp;#8221; of Windows. I am using quotation marks here. The browser has a &lt;strong&gt;separate market&lt;/strong&gt;, and it was sold for good money before the market was disrupted almost overnight by an inferior &amp;#8212; or at most equally valuable &amp;#8212; product. The bundling of two separate entities, one of which called &amp;#8220;part of the other&amp;#8221; to avoid antitrust is a rather obvious &lt;strong&gt;linguistic expedient&lt;/strong&gt;, nothing more.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Most remedies are going to fail&lt;/strong&gt;. Remember the failure of Windows Media Player. Now everybody uses Flash anyway. The remedy envisaged by the Commission was inefficient.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Remedies can be efficient if &lt;strong&gt;well crafted&lt;/strong&gt;. The discolsure in the 2004 Decision, however late it came, is bringing new efficiency to the competition in the Workgroup Server Operating System arena. It's still a long way, but a long journey begins with a small step. The remedies in the 2004 Decision, as far as Windows Media was concerned, were too timid and came too late, when the competition was already defeated and &lt;strong&gt;the market tipped&lt;/strong&gt; considerably. The Commission was perhaps too protective of Microsoft interests and instead of demanding the complete unbundling, required two different versions of Windows. The fact that there was disagreement as to the pricing, and the two versions were priced identically, made the remedy born dead. And the &lt;strong&gt;length of the procedure&lt;/strong&gt; has done the largest damage, a lesson that apparently the Commission has learned very well.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Flash&lt;/strong&gt; is not substitute of Windows Media. Their fields of application are overlapping, but do not coincide. And Windows Media is today even more dominant.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Antitrust remedies are not a panacea. They must be used with a grain of salt. But sometimes a heavy drug is better than letting the disease spread. If Microsoft, or any other, is afraid that an imposed remedy could be overly damaging, it can negotiate a solution, but that solution must be adequate and efficient. Architectural constraints coming from the underlying operating system are not relevant, because here they are internal constraints that those in control of the operating system can avoid. Consequences arising from self-endangerment are not an excuse. Those constraints are of course really stringent only for competitors, which have no control over the platform.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Must-carry is not sufficient&lt;/strong&gt;. The simple obligation to pre-install other browsers is no guarantee of a level playing field. Users will always choose Internet Explorer.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Commission should not be afraid of the fact that users can end up choosing Internet Explorer. If this happens because it is a better application or more suited to the user's needs, fine. But that must not happen just because Explorer is ubiquitous and better presented to the end users, who are unaware of choice and do not want to install other software, as data and surveys presently show. Sometimes users &lt;strong&gt;cannot install&lt;/strong&gt; additional software, especially in a &lt;strong&gt;corporate&lt;/strong&gt; environment, so &lt;strong&gt;one big segment&lt;/strong&gt; is excluded from any meaningful competition because of tying.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But yes, this objection is true. Must-carry remedies are insufficient. The abuse also consists of &lt;strong&gt;not complying with standards&lt;/strong&gt;, using embrace &amp; extend practices, making the Internet sort of a proprietary field &amp;#8212; the exact contrary of what Internet is and the reason for its success: a standard-based bunch of protocols where everybody can plug in. A &lt;strong&gt;more far-reaching&lt;/strong&gt; remedy should be found, that's my opinion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Public opinion is also important. If users started refusing non standard-compliant products, that would be a better driving force to competition, and a giant cost-saving. I personally dislike using them, but sometimes I simply don't know, even when I have better alternatives. People should be reminded that non-compliance costs a lot of money. Web developers know that perfectly, but they have lilttle choice: they must hack the code to support Explorer &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; the standard, or simply code for Explorer and let users of other browsers out in the cold. It is a lose-lose game.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;Commission is helping out lamers&lt;/strong&gt;. Those losers who have failed competing now are trying to use the Commission to undue what a successful company has achieved, as they are not able to compete.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come on! Competitors do not have the benefit of &lt;strong&gt;controlling the platform&lt;/strong&gt;. They have not the benefit of controlling what's preloaded on a computer. There is such a clear conflict of interest that it is a miracle that some competition still exists, and this miracle has been made happen by &lt;strong&gt;Free Software&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;Mozilla&lt;/strong&gt; is entirely Free Software; &lt;strong&gt;Safari&lt;/strong&gt;'s engine is Free Software. &lt;strong&gt;Opera&lt;/strong&gt; is not, but how much innovation and money had to throw in to survive in a decimal figure market share?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If two boxers are fighting, but one has iron gloves, would you call the other one who stands 12 rounds &amp;#8220;a loser&amp;#8221;? Let's play a fair game, then we'll see who is the best player.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Inaugural speech</title>
            <link>/inaugural-speech/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jan 2009 15:35:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/inaugural-speech/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and co-operation he has shown throughout this transition.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. &lt;strong&gt;At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents&lt;/strong&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, &lt;strong&gt;but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age&lt;/strong&gt;. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land &amp;#8211; a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America &amp;#8211; they will be met.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      On this day, we gather because we have chosen &lt;strong&gt;hope over fear&lt;/strong&gt;, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises,&lt;strong&gt; the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics&lt;/strong&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted &amp;#8211; for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things &amp;#8211; some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and ploughed the hard earth.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions &amp;#8211; that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act &amp;#8211; not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions &amp;#8211; who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      What the cynics fail to understand is that&lt;strong&gt; the ground has shifted beneath them&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#8211; that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works &amp;#8211; whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account &amp;#8211; to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day &amp;#8211; because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control &amp;#8211; and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favours only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart &amp;#8211; not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      As for our common defence,&lt;strong&gt; we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals&lt;/strong&gt;. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, &lt;strong&gt;and we will not give them up for expedience’s sake&lt;/strong&gt;. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but&lt;strong&gt; with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions&lt;/strong&gt;. They understood that&lt;strong&gt; our power alone cannot protect us&lt;/strong&gt;, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort &amp;#8211; even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the spectre of a warming planet. We will not apologise for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus &amp;#8211; and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society’s ills on the West &amp;#8211; know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world’s resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment &amp;#8211; a moment that will define a generation &amp;#8211; it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the fire-fighter’s courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent’s willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends &amp;#8211; hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism &amp;#8211; these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility &amp;#8211; a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      This is the source of our confidence &amp;#8211; the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed &amp;#8211; why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have travelled. In the year of America’s birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: “Let it be told to the future world…that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive…that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].”
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children’s children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Fossology 1.0 – a licensing auditing tool</title>
            <link>/fossology/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2008 08:43:47 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fossology/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Now celebrating its first birthday as an open source software project, FOSSology is a Free Open Source Software (FOSS) project built around an open and modular architecture for analyzing software.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Now celebrating its first birthday as an open source software project, FOSSology is a Free Open Source Software (FOSS) project built around an open and modular architecture for analyzing software. Existing modules include license analysis, meta data extraction, and MIME type identification. This open source software tool analyzes a given set of software packages, and reports items such as the software licenses used by these packages.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      More than simply reporting, &amp;#8220;Package X uses license Y,&amp;#8221; the FOSSology tool attempts to analyze every file within the package to determine its license. The license report is thus an aggregate of all of the different licenses found to be in use by a package. A single package may be labeled as &amp;#8220;GPL&amp;#8221; but contain files that use other licenses (BSD, OSL, or any of the hundreds of other licenses). Even if an exact license is unknown, the license may be identifiable by common license phrases.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The FOSSology Project started as an internal software development effort within Hewlett-Packard&amp;#8217;s Open Source and Linux Organization. The tool evolved over several years at HP from a few simple shell scripts to the much more comprehensive tool you see today.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      [&amp;#8230;]
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      View the complete release notes for FOSSology 1.0.0 for more details:&lt;br /&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://fossology.org/release_notes&quot;&gt;http://fossology.org/release_notes&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      For more information on the FOSSology project and to download the software, please visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://fossology.org/&quot;&gt;http://fossology.org/&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
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            <title>How to report violations to the GPL</title>
            <link>/how-to-report-violations-to-the-gpl/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2008 18:19:21 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/how-to-report-violations-to-the-gpl/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Here is an excerpt of the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://mail.fsfeurope.org/pipermail/press-release/2008q4/000224.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;press release&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; FSFE&#39;s Freedom Task Force (FTF) and GPL-Violations.org today released a guide to reporting and fixing licence compliance issues.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Here is an excerpt of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mail.fsfeurope.org/pipermail/press-release/2008q4/000224.html&quot;&gt;press release&lt;/a&gt;:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      FSFE's Freedom Task Force (FTF) and GPL-Violations.org today released a guide to reporting and fixing licence compliance issues. &lt;br /&gt; This guide will help users and developers to deal with license violation reports. It explains how to make a report, what information is useful to include, and offers suggestions for how projects or businesses can deal with reports once they are received. &lt;br /&gt; The guide is released as part of the strategic partnership between the FTF and GPL-Violations.org, who work together to improve licensing awareness and compliance in Europe. It is located on the new FTF website, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/ftf&quot;&gt;http://www.fsfeurope.org/ftf&lt;/a&gt;, along with information on how projects and businesses can get help with understanding Free Software licences. Translations into several European languages will be made available during coming weeks from the FTF website. &lt;br /&gt; &amp;#8220;The best way to solve compliance issues is to prevent them happening in the first place&amp;#8221;, says Shane Coughlan, FTF Coordinator. &amp;#8220;We work to support this by educating the community at large. When problems do occur, we want people to be able to share information and resolve them effectively.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
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            <title>Insegnare l&#39;informatica senza computer</title>
            <link>/cs_unplugged/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 28 Nov 2008 10:47:03 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/cs_unplugged/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Segnalato da uno dei traduttori, l&#39;ottimo Prof. &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.cs.unibo.it/en/people/faculty/renzo.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Renzo Davoli&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; dell&#39;Università di Bologna, ecco che mi sono imbattuto in quello che in Italia non avevo mai visto: un libro di informatica per i bambini che insegna l&#39;informatica attraverso il gioco.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Segnalato da uno dei traduttori, l'ottimo Prof. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.unibo.it/en/people/faculty/renzo.html&quot;&gt;Renzo Davoli&lt;/a&gt; dell'Università di Bologna, ecco che mi sono imbattuto in quello che in Italia non avevo mai visto: un libro di informatica per i bambini che insegna l'informatica attraverso il gioco. Il libro si chiama &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csunplugged.org/index.php/it&quot;&gt;CS Unplugged&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8221; (Computer Science Unplugged, la scienza del computer a spina staccata) ed è concepito come uno strumento didattico per gli insegnanti, con utili materiali ed esercizi. È disponibile sotto le licenze Creative Commons attribution-non commerciale-no opere derivate. Viene reso disponibile grazie al contributo di Google. Non richiede l'uso di computer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'informatica si occupa di algoritmi, gli algoritmi sono processi matematici, i processi matematici sono rappresentabili su un foglio di carta. Per imparare la matematica non serve un computer, un computer è utile quando si sono afferrati i concetti fondamentali. Così per imparare l'informatica non serve un computer, un computer tornerà utile quando avremo appreso almeno i rudimenti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ci si deve chiedere cosa sia l'insegnamento dell'informatica nelle nostre scuole. L'impressione mia è quella che in molti casi (con lodevoli eccezioni) ci si limiti a insegnare ad usare alcuni strumenti informatici, come una particolare applicazione di scrittura (o simili applicazioni per l'ufficio). Il risultato non è quello che dovrebbe essere: si insegnerà a usare quel particolare strumento, ma gli alunni non apprenderanno elementi culturali tali da consentire loro di dominare &lt;em&gt;qualsiasi&lt;/em&gt; applicazione, presente e futura. È la differenza tra &lt;em&gt;apprendimento &lt;/em&gt; e &lt;em&gt;addestramento&lt;/em&gt;. Le scimmie possono essere addestrate, ma non possono apprendere. I nostri figli possono essere &lt;em&gt;istruiti&lt;/em&gt;, cioè &lt;em&gt;apprendere&lt;/em&gt;. Dall'apprendimento non si possono che trarre tesori, provare per credere!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Dirò dunque una bestemmia: non date computer alle scuole, date prima strumenti culturali e didattici adeguati. Se date un computer a una scuola &amp;#8212; ed esso avrà uno dei vari (!?) sistemi operativi &amp;#8220;precaricati&amp;#8221; &amp;#8212; addestrerete persone al massimo a usare un'interfaccia grafica. Se date un libro adeguato, invece, darete un importante strumento culturale. Poi quando si tratterà di passare al computer, farete in modo che l'apprendimento avvenga dal basso verso l'alto (&lt;em&gt;bottom-up&lt;/em&gt;), non vice versa. Dunque &lt;em&gt;software libero&lt;/em&gt;, e soprattutto &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html&quot;&gt;GNU/Linux&lt;/a&gt;, in modo che ci si possa mettere le mani al più basso livello e sforzare di fare andare quello che non va (ahimè, le distribuzioni oggigiorno tendono sempre di più a funzionare senza problemi, il che è un problema, didatticamente parlando!).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Prima, però, aiutiamo le menti a formarsi e a capire che quella che si avrà tra le mani non è una scatola magica in cui tutto accade per arcani misteri aperti solo agli adepti di qualche setta iniziatica, irrangiungibile ai più. Da qui il suggerimento di lettura. Il libro è liberamente scaricabile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ecco un estratto dall'introduzione:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      I Computer sono ovunque. Tutti noi dobbiamo sapere come usarli e molti di noi li usano tutti i giorni. Ma come funzionano? Come pensano? E come si fa a renderli più veloci e affidabili, insomma migliori? L'informatica è una scienza affascinante che risponde a queste domande. Le semplici e divertenti attività di questo libro, adatte a bambini e ragazzi di diverse età, introducono i concetti fondamentali dell'informatica, senza che gli studenti debbano usare alcun computer.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Questo libro può efficacemente essere usato in programmi di approfondimento, o anche durante le normali lezioni. Non dovete essere esperti di computer per potervi divertire nell'imparare i principi dell'informatica coi vostri allievi. Il libro comprende diverse attività, con chiare e semplici spiegazioni, risposte alle domande. Ogni attività si conclude con un capitolo denominato “cosa c'entra tutto questo?” che spiega la rilevanza delle attività.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Molte delle attività sono correlate ad argomenti di matematica, per esempio l'esplorazione dei numeri binari, mappe e grafi, problemi di riconoscimento e di ordinamento, crittografia. Altre attività riguardano argomenti di solito trattati in corsi di tecnologia, come per esempio l'apprendimento di come effettivamente funzioni un computer. Gli studenti sono coinvolti in attività che sviluppano le capacità di risoluzione di problemi, di comunicazione e la creatività in un contesto significativo ma anche divertente.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Questo libro è stato scritto da tre professori universitari di Informatica e da due insegnanti di scuola ed è basato sulle nostre esperienze in classe. Abbiamo visto che molti importanti concetti di Informatica possono essere insegnati senza un computer. Talvolta un computer è al contrario una distrazione che riduce la capacità di apprendimento. Quindi scollegate (unplug!) i vostri computer e preparatevi ad imparare ciò che veramente è l'Informatica.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Questo libro è disponibile per il download gratuito per usi personali e didattici grazie a una generosa donazione di Google, Inc. È distribuito secondo le regole della licenza Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs, che significa che siete liberi di copiare, distribuire, mostrare il libro a patto che non facciate modifiche (anche l'indicazione degli autori e questa nota relativa alla licenza deve sempre comparire non modificata); non è possibile usare questo testo per scopi commerciali ed è altresì vietato modificarlo, trasformarlo o usarlo per altre attività o pubblicazioni. Noi incoraggiamo l'uso di questo testo per scopi didattici, e per questo fine siete autorizzati a stampare la vostra copia del libro e a distribuire i fogli di lavoro ai vostri studenti. Tutte le richieste e i suggerimenti sono benvenuti, potete inviarli direttamente agli autori come indicato nel sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unplugged.org&quot;&gt;www.unplugged.org&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      Questo libro è stato tradotto in molte lingue. Potete verificare nel sito web la disponibilità delle traduzioni del testo.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Divulgate, soprattutto presso maestri e maestre, i quali sono senz'altro interessati a nuove conoscenze e a rendere più interessante e utile il proprio lavoro.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;Happy hacking!&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>LugTV</title>
            <link>/lugtv/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2008 13:46:22 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/lugtv/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I contenuti sono i più vari, esiste sia uno stream in broadcasting, sia un servizio di video on demand. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Mi piace talmente che l&#39;ho messa su una &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I contenuti sono i più vari, esiste sia uno stream in broadcasting, sia un servizio di video on demand.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Mi piace talmente che l'ho messa su una &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/lugtv&quot;&gt;pagina statica&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Creative Commons, ecco come applicarle</title>
            <link>/creative-commons-ecco-come-applicarle/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2008 09:46:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/creative-commons-ecco-come-applicarle/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Simone è uno degli alfieri del concetto di &amp;amp;#8220;copyleft&amp;amp;#8221; in Italia e si occupa da anni, con discreto successo, di &amp;amp;#8220;evangelizzare&amp;amp;#8221; (nel senso anglofono del termine) in tema. Con uno stile divulgativo, ma preciso, la sua opera è consigliata sia a principianti che a esperti nel campo legale.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Simone è uno degli alfieri del concetto di &amp;#8220;copyleft&amp;#8221; in Italia e si occupa da anni, con discreto successo, di &amp;#8220;evangelizzare&amp;#8221; (nel senso anglofono del termine) in tema. Con uno stile divulgativo, ma preciso, la sua opera è consigliata sia a principianti che a esperti nel campo legale. Molto spesso il concetto di &amp;#8220;copyleft&amp;#8221; è erroneamente associato a fenomeni di rifiuto del sistema del copyright (invece ne è una realizzazione avanzata) o a fenomeni politici (equivoco generato dalla parola &amp;#8220;left&amp;#8221; = &amp;#8220;sinistra&amp;#8221;). Invece il copyleft (e più in generale il Software Libero, di cui è una categoria) è il motore giuridico di una rivoluzione distributiva e tecnologica, un evento distruttivo in senso shumpeteriano che ha svelto l'immobilismo anticoncorrenziale in molti campi, dai sistemi operativi (GNU/Linux) ai browser Internet (Mozilla Firefox) ai sistemi di produttività per ufficio (Openoffice). Il copyleft, in tale ambito, svolge il ruolo di difensore delle libertà del codice dalle possibili proprietarizzazioni di ritorno, ma consente allo stesso tempo strategie imprenditoriali di successo basate su modelli alternativi.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Le licenze &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.creativecommons.it&quot;&gt;Creative Commons&lt;/a&gt; realizzano (in alcune, non tutte, loro estrinsecazioni) il concetto di copyleft, &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;some rights reserved&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;, nel campo dei contenuti artistici. Sapere utilizzarle approriatamente è fondamentale per non avere soprese poi. Come tutti gli strumenti potenti, anche le Creative Commons vanno utilizzate sapendo quali sono i risultati sperabili e quali opzioni sono disponibili.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Invito alla lettura dell'opera e, per chi preferisce una versione cartacea, all'acquisto di una copia nelle migliori librerie. Il costo sembra del tutto contenuto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Ecco come quelli di GPL-Violations scoprono chi viola la GPL!</title>
            <link>/ecco-come-quelli-di-gpl-violations-scoprono-chi-viola-la-gpl/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2008 14:36:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ecco-come-quelli-di-gpl-violations-scoprono-chi-viola-la-gpl/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;th&amp;gt; Size &amp;lt;/th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;PDF icon&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/pdf&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/system/files/compliance-manual_0.pdf&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/pdf; length=604947&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;compliance-manual.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;compliance-manual.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; 590.77 KB &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;   &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Un documento molto dettagliato di Armijn Hemel, &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Un documento molto dettagliato di Armijn Hemel, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.loohuis-consulting.nl&quot;&gt;Loohuis Consulting&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;The GPL compliance engineering guide&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;, fornisce una vista da vicino e molte informazioni. Si tratta di roba seria, per cui, a meno di non essere sufficientemente preparati, maggiori di età, non provateci a casa, e comunque lo fate a vostro rischio e pericolo!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Qualche sproloquio legale prima della lettura. &lt;strong&gt;Primo&lt;/strong&gt;, si tratta di un documento coperto da diritto d'autore, ha una licenza &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;verbatim copying&lt;/strong&gt; and disrtibution&amp;#8221;. Non possono essere tratte opere derivate. Rispettate il copyright altrui. &lt;strong&gt;Secondo&lt;/strong&gt;, alcune delle tecniche descritte nel documento possono essere di &lt;strong&gt;dubbia legalità&lt;/strong&gt; in certi casi e in certe giurisdizioni: la protezione del diritto d'autore e dei segreti commerciali non è sempre allineata, così come non lo è il diritto di indagini difensive. È mia ferma opinione che queste tecniche siano &lt;strong&gt;legittime&lt;/strong&gt; nella misura in cui sono utilizzate unicamente al fine di &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;indagare circa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;una possibile violazione&lt;/strong&gt;. Tuttavia, prima di provare, siete invitati a richiedere un &lt;strong&gt;parere legale&lt;/strong&gt; nella vostra giurisdizione. &lt;strong&gt;Terzo&lt;/strong&gt;, sono menzionati alcuni marchi. Ciò non significa affatto che tali prodotti e imprenditori associati ad essi stiano volontariamente o inconsapevolmente violando il copyright di chicchessia, essi sono nominati unicamente per via di esempio. Chiunque ritenesse che il proprio marchio venga utilizzato impropriamente, mi informi privatamente e prenderò la cosa nella dovuta considerazione. Ma non dimenticate che esiste un diritto di manifestare liberamente la propria opinione anche qui.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Qualche parola circa GPL Violations. È un'iniziativa non profit il cui scopo è quello, in fin dei conti, di convincere coloro che distribuiscono codice GPL che la &lt;a href=&quot;http://gpl-violations.org/gpl.html&quot;&gt;GPL&lt;/a&gt; non è &amp;#8220;pubblico dominio&amp;#8221; e che ci sono condizioni di licenza che vanno rispettate. Ha un recordo di casi in cui ha convinto operatori a porre rimedio a comportamenti non rispettosi della licenza e in alcuni limitati casi la cosa è finita in giudizio con una vittoria di GPL Violations, come ho &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/en/gpl_monaco&quot;&gt;riportato&lt;/a&gt; altrove. La stessa attività viene posta in essere dal &lt;a href=&quot;http://softwarefreedom.org&quot;&gt;SFLC &lt;/a&gt;nei casi &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/jul/23/busybox-supermicro/&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Busybox&amp;#8221;&lt;/a&gt;. L'attività di tutela è resa un poco più difficile dal fatto che solo il titolare di un diritto d'autore violato può agire in giudizio per la violazione, ma ci sono metodi per far sì che anche chi non rivesta tale qualità possa fare qualcosa per un sistema più salubre. Per ulteriori suggerimenti, prego visitare i siti menzionati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Buona lettura (dell'&lt;a href=&quot;/system/files/compliance-manual_0.pdf&quot;&gt;allegato&lt;/a&gt;)!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/50&quot;&gt;Riceviamo e pubblichiamo&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>So, that&#39;s how GPL Violations finds it out!</title>
            <link>/so-thats-how-gpl-violations-finds-it-out/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2008 16:24:10 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/so-thats-how-gpl-violations-finds-it-out/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;th&amp;gt; Size &amp;lt;/th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;PDF icon&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/pdf&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/system/files/compliance-manual.pdf&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/pdf; length=604947&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;compliance-manual.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;compliance-manual.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; 590.77 KB &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;   &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; A very detailed document made by Armijn Hemel of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    A very detailed document made by Armijn Hemel of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.loohuis-consulting.nl&quot;&gt;Loohuis Consulting&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;The GPL compliance engineering guide&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;, provides an insight and a lot of information. But this is serious stuff, kids, don't try at home unless you are very well trained, of age, and anyway do it at your own risk!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Some legal blah blah before reading. &lt;strong&gt;First&lt;/strong&gt;, this is a document that is covered by copyright, it has a &lt;strong&gt;verbatim copying&lt;/strong&gt; and distribution clause. No derivative can be taken. Respect others' copyright, don't mess with it. &lt;strong&gt;Second&lt;/strong&gt;, some of the techniques described there &lt;strong&gt;could be questioned&lt;/strong&gt; by somebody in certain jurisdictions: copyright and trade secret protection is not always aligned, nor is the right of obtaining discovery. It is my firm belief that these techniques are &lt;strong&gt;legitimate&lt;/strong&gt; insofar they are used only for &lt;strong&gt;obtaining knowledge of a violation&lt;/strong&gt;. But before trying, you are invited to seek &lt;strong&gt;legal advice&lt;/strong&gt; in your country. &lt;strong&gt;Third&lt;/strong&gt;, some trademarks are mentioned. This does not mean that the products and companies associated with them are willingly or unwillingly violating anybody's right, they are mentioned only for reference purposes. If you feel that there is any trademark that is misused, please inform me privately and I will take seriously any of your requests, but don't forget that there is a freedom of speech principle applying here.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A few words about GPL Violations. It is a non profit initiative whose ultimate goal is to make vendors of GPL licensed software understand that &lt;a href=&quot;http://gpl-violations.org/gpl.html&quot;&gt;GPL&lt;/a&gt; is not public domain, and that there are license conditions that are to be fulfilled.It has a long track record of convincing people to fix incompliant behaviour, and a few cases successfully brought to court, as I have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/en/gpl_munich&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; elsewhere. The same activity has been made by &lt;a href=&quot;http://softwarefreedom.org&quot;&gt;SFLC &lt;/a&gt;in the &amp;#8220;Busybox&amp;#8221; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/jul/23/busybox-supermicro/&quot;&gt;cases&lt;/a&gt;. The compliance work is made a little more difficult by the fact that only a copyright holder can sue somebody for infringement, but there are avenues also for non-copyright holders to contribute and do something for a healthier environment. For more suggestion, please visit the mentioned websites.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Have a nice reading (of the &lt;a href=&quot;/system/files/compliance-manual_0.pdf&quot;&gt;attachment&lt;/a&gt;)!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/49&quot;&gt;From other sources&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Governance e and sustainability of Open Source in Rome</title>
            <link>/governance-e-and-sustainability-of-open-source-in-rome/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 13:46:30 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/governance-e-and-sustainability-of-open-source-in-rome/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Beside myself, the discussion panel will be made of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.linkedin.com/pub/a/736/576&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Floretta Rolleri&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, member of the Board of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.cnipa.gov.it/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNIPA&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.dicosmo.org/MyOpinions/index.php&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Roberto Di Cosmo&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, professor at Paris-Diderot Univeristy and president of the working group of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Beside myself, the discussion panel will be made of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linkedin.com/pub/a/736/576&quot;&gt;Floretta Rolleri&lt;/a&gt;, member of the Board of  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnipa.gov.it/&quot;&gt;CNIPA&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dicosmo.org/MyOpinions/index.php&quot;&gt;Roberto Di Cosmo&lt;/a&gt;, professor at Paris-Diderot Univeristy and president of the working group of  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.systematic-paris-region.org/en/index.html&quot;&gt;System@tic Logiciel Libre&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robertogaloppini.net&quot;&gt;Roberto Galoppini&lt;/a&gt; will chair. More details in his &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/10/13/upcoming-italian-open-source-conference-open-source-governance-by-inforav/&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Argomento:&amp;nbsp;
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      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/18&quot;&gt;Free software, digital liberties&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/29&quot;&gt;Miscellanea&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_it first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/it/governance_roma&quot; title=&quot;Governance e sostenibilità dell&amp;#039;Open Source a Roma&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;it&quot;&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Openoffice.org 3.0 fa il botto</title>
            <link>/openoffice-org-3-0-fa-il-botto/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 11:00:46 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/openoffice-org-3-0-fa-il-botto/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; In un giorno, 390.000 download nel mondo, 32.000 in Italia &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il PLIO crea un accesso alternativo ai download sulla home di &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.plio.it&amp;quot;&amp;gt;www.plio.it&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Trieste, 14 ottobre 2008 &amp;amp;#8211; OpenOffice.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      In un giorno, 390.000 download nel mondo, 32.000 in Italia
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Il PLIO crea un accesso alternativo ai download sulla home di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plio.it&quot;&gt;www.plio.it&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Trieste, 14 ottobre 2008 &amp;#8211; OpenOffice.org 3.0 ha superato qualsiasi previsione, per quanto ottimistica, e ha raggiunto per la prima volta i 32.000 download in Italia e i 390.000 nel mondo nell'arco di una sola giornata (più precisamente, tra le 11 &amp;#8211; ora dell'annuncio &amp;#8211; e mezzanotte), &amp;#8220;muovendo&amp;#8221; 4,7TB di dati a livello nazionale e 57,6TB a livello mondiale.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Facendo un parallelo con Firefox, che ha un download di dimensioni abbondantemente inferiori, il traffico generato da OpenOffice.org 3.0 è stato largamente superiore in Italia (4,7TB corrispondono a 580.000 download di Firefox, contro i 320.000 del Guinness World Record) e solo di poco inferiore a livello mondiale (57,6TB corrispondono a 7.100.000 download di Firefox, contro gli 8 milioni del GWR).
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Tutto questo traffico ha messo in seria difficoltà la struttura del sito OpenOffice.org, le cui pagine ieri sono rimaste per ore irraggiungibili e anche oggi continuano ad avere dei problemi per il numero degli accessi. Regge tranquillamente, invece, la struttura dei mirror, per cui il PLIO ha creato un accesso alternativo ai download sulla home page del sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plio.it&quot;&gt;www.plio.it&lt;/a&gt;, nel riquadro posto immediatamente sotto al contatore dei download (che sta dando, letteralmente, i numeri&amp;#8230;).
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Enormi felicitazioni al PLIO!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Governance e sostenibilità dell&#39;Open Source a Roma</title>
            <link>/governance-e-sostenibilita-dellopen-source-a-roma/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 07:46:46 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/governance-e-sostenibilita-dellopen-source-a-roma/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Interverranno, oltre a me, &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.linkedin.com/pub/a/736/576&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Floretta Rolleri&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, membero del consiglio di amministrazione del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.cnipa.gov.it/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNIPA&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.dicosmo.org/MyOpinions/index.php&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Roberto Di Cosmo&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, professore all&#39;Università Paris-Diderot e presidente del gruppo di lavoro del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Interverranno, oltre a me, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linkedin.com/pub/a/736/576&quot;&gt;Floretta Rolleri&lt;/a&gt;, membero del consiglio di amministrazione del &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnipa.gov.it/&quot;&gt;CNIPA&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dicosmo.org/MyOpinions/index.php&quot;&gt;Roberto Di Cosmo&lt;/a&gt;, professore all'Università Paris-Diderot e presidente del gruppo di lavoro del &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.systematic-paris-region.org/en/index.html&quot;&gt;System@tic Logiciel Libre&lt;/a&gt;. Modererà &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robertogaloppini.net&quot;&gt;Roberto Galoppini&lt;/a&gt;, che ha pubblicato un &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/10/13/upcoming-italian-open-source-conference-open-source-governance-by-inforav/&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; in proposito.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
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        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/23&quot;&gt;Software Libero, libertà digitali&lt;/a&gt;
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        &lt;a href=&quot;/node/182&quot; title=&quot;Governance e and sustainability of Open Source in Rome&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Rosen su Jacobsen: copyright per le licenze FOSS</title>
            <link>/rosen-su-jacobsen-copyright-per-le-licenze-foss/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2008 08:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
            
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen&quot;&gt;Lawrence Rosen&lt;/a&gt;, uno dei più rilevanti &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rosenlaw.com&quot;&gt;esperti&lt;/a&gt; al mondo in materie attinenti il Software Libero e Open Source, già avvocato generale dell'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensource.org&quot;&gt;Open Source Initiative&lt;/a&gt;, ha pubblicato un interesante articolo sulla stessa deicisione, che ci offre maggiori spunti sulla stessa materia.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Invito a leggere l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rosenlaw.com/BadFactsMakeGoodLaw.pdf&quot;&gt;articolo&lt;/a&gt;, una copia del quale è disponibile come allegato qui. Il contributo è licenziato alle condizioni dell'Open Software License (OSL 3.0).
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>Rosen on Jacobsen: copyright for FOSS licenses</title>
            <link>/rosen-on-jacobsen-copyright-for-foss-licenses/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2008 07:53:33 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <description>&amp;lt;th&amp;gt; Size &amp;lt;/th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;PDF icon&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/pdf&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/system/files/BadFactsMakeGoodLaw.pdf&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/pdf; length=33582&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;BadFactsMakeGoodLaw.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;BadFactsMakeGoodLaw.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; 32.79 KB &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;   &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I invite you to read and peruse the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I invite you to read and peruse the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rosenlaw.com/BadFactsMakeGoodLaw.pdf&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;. A copy of which is also available here below for download. The paper is under the Open Software License (OSL 3.0).
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            <title>OSiM 2008, prime impressioni</title>
            <link>/osim-2008-prime-impressioni/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 08:51:56 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/osim-2008-prime-impressioni/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; So I have been the last two days at &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.osimworld.com/newt/l/handsetsvision/osim08/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;OSiM&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (Open Source in Mobile), I have heard of many issues, promises, problems, stuff. What do I bring home?</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    So I have been the last two days at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.osimworld.com/newt/l/handsetsvision/osim08/&quot;&gt;OSiM&lt;/a&gt; (Open Source in Mobile), I have heard of many issues, promises, problems, stuff. What do I bring home? Random thoughts, and a heck lot of confusion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The very proposition &amp;#8220;Open Source in Mobile&amp;#8221; seems &lt;strong&gt;misleading&lt;/strong&gt;. Open Source is the replacement, industry-buzzword version, of Free Software. Free Software is about licenses which grant people the four Freedoms, it's about copyright licenses. At OSiM I have heard a lot of technology and solutions, very little about software and their licenses.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is my firm belief that being &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;, i.e., releasing or using stuff released under an OSI-compliant license does not per se mean a thing. The choice of using Free Software is both a strategic and tactical (technical) decision, but as such is just an enabler, not a problem solver. Am I saying that people in the mobile sector should not strive to release or use software under a Free Software license? Not quite. Simply, there is no magic in the business, hard work is necessary, openness is mandatory, a good understanding of how things work is paramount, especially because there is no past experience upon which we can grow.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    A little talk on Limo
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's take an example discussed in Berlin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.limofoundation.org/&quot;&gt;Limo&lt;/a&gt; (LInux MObile). Limo is a cooperative effort of a number of telephone makers, platform developers and the like, to build a consistent, solid, ubiquitous platform for mobile devices, based on the Linux Kernel. Is Limo Free Software? It is not!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ok, now I am confused. Isn't it Linux, isn't Linux GPL, the mother of all Free Software licenses? Yes, indeed! And still Limo as such is not Free Software? Yes. Ok, confusion grows. So why are these guys presenting Limo on a conference that names itself after &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;? Because it is Linux-based. So what? Linux is just the kernel of an operating system, if the things surrounding it are proprietary, it just means that a piece of the whole system is Free, the rest is not. Should we be content with it? Surely not.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So I have asked &lt;a href=&quot;http://claimid.com/davidschlesinger&quot;&gt;David &amp;#8220;Lefty&amp;#8221; Schlesinger&lt;/a&gt;, software guru at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.access-company.com/&quot;&gt;Access&lt;/a&gt; and a very knowledgeable guy with the Limo Foundation, where Free Software lies and where proprietary software lies. He gave me a very good explanation, which I am unable to sensibly report, describing how Limo is made. The bottomline is that most of what they have done is proprietary, although the API are public and open, so that anybody can use them to write applications. Big deal, Windows is not any worse on this front, one would say, we have a lot of Free Software running on Windows' API. His point is, however, that there is no way out, those big guys would not contribute so effectively without keeping a big part of the platform proprietary. I hope they will change their mind.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So the Limo guys have used a piece of Free Software (Linux, some infrastructural stuff, like Gstreamer and other libraries) and used it to build a proprietary platform. Ok, now I understand better what I heard earlier. The person presenting Limo in a keynote speech, Morgan Gillis, said that they have been able to put together half a zillion of patents and to make them available to all the members of the Foundation royalty free. So I waved my hand and asked: &amp;#8220;are you able to pass the patent covenant downstream to software recipients&amp;#8221;, and the guy said &amp;#8220;no&amp;#8221;. I have then asked &amp;#8220;but how this complies with copyleft licenses and those which have patent termination provisions&amp;#8221;, and the guy said with without even blinking &amp;#8220;yes, we checked, it is compliant&amp;#8221;. Laughter followed when I said &amp;#8220;ok, we'll see&amp;#8221;, but perhaps it was undeserved humor, as it turns out he was (possibly) right. The thing is all but copyleft, is all but Free Software. Anyway the question about compliance remains open.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Good luck to the Limo guys, good luck to Lefty, they have made a legitimate choice, they have the right to follow it up. Only, this is NOT open source, this is NOT Free Software, it is using Free Software to make other things. Good enough.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Fragmentation
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The word of the moment is &amp;#8220;fragmentation&amp;#8221;. Everything is fragmented. People complains that fragmentation multiplies at all levels, it's a nightmare. Fragmentation means that anyone who writes software for a variety of telephones has to deal with a great variance of platforms at many levels. Different kernels, different libraries, different Java, different web browser supporting different Javascript language, and so on. Therefore for each and any implementation there must be a lot of work to fix any idiosyncrasies of the single telephone, with some failures in the process, wasted resources, lead time.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    True, but again this has nothing to do with the software being &amp;#8220;Open Source&amp;#8221;. The proprietary sector is probably less fragmented because it is made basically of vertical applications (one application, one platform or a family of platforms). Better, it is fragmented at another level: all the same, you cannot write applications once and run (almost) everywhere. Fragmentation is here synonym of Freedom and of competition. Only one person has not said profanities against fragmentation: the leader of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openmoko.com/&quot;&gt;Openmoko&lt;/a&gt; initiative, Sean Moss-Pultz. Openmoko is as Free as one telephone set can be: the telephone comes for a price, but all software, CAD files of the thing, schematics of the chipset, are Free (capital F).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The solutions to fragmentation, as I see it, are basically two (alternative). As a presenter (Christy Wyatt, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.motorola.com/&quot;&gt;Motorola&lt;/a&gt;) said, one is having only one hardware platform and only one operating system, dominating all the rest (like in the PC sector). The other is to standardize as much as possible, and of course I mean via &amp;#8220;Open Standards&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So let's put a stop to fragmentation, sit around a table and start de-fragmenting, at least to a decent point. But just don't blame the distribution system, blame the choice many have made (including that of not supporting standards to the fullest length).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Other interesting presentations
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We have learned of the efforts of Nokia. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jaaksi.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;Ari Jaaksi&lt;/a&gt; has been direct as usual. Mr. Jaaksi is Vice President of &lt;a href=&quot;http://nokia.com&quot;&gt;Nokia&lt;/a&gt; leading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://maemo.org&quot;&gt;Maemo&lt;/a&gt; effort (and one of the Authorities when it comes to Free Software in mobile). According to Mr. Jaaksi, Maemo is going to be a mainstream product for Nokia, not just a technology showcase. Many wonder how this will combine with Symbian and Trolltech news. Both companies have been acquired by Nokia, and oddly enough they are both involved in Free Software production. Symbian has recently announced its operating system, the foundation of many Nokia telephones, will go under a Free Software license. Symbian is a good competitor of Linux in mobile (Maemo is based on GNU/Linux), so let's see what comes out of the competition (fragmentation?).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The other part is Trolltech. &lt;a href=&quot;http://trolltech.com/&quot;&gt;Trolltech&lt;/a&gt; is the manufacturer of the QT graphic libraries. Maemo uses the GTK, another Free Software library set. Is Maemo switching to QT? There are indications, but per se this is not necessarily a bad news.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    At least it seems that in Nokia they are taking Free Software quite seriously, and it is going to stay there, as a long term commitment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Jay Sullivan from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.org&quot;&gt;Mozilla Foundation&lt;/a&gt; presented an alternative to fragmentation from his point of view. He himself says that he only has a hammer, so he tends to see any problems as a nail. No surprise then that the solution is to program for a common platform, make the underlying stack irrelevant. The platform is going to be the Web browser. As soon as some eyebrows have been raised in the attendance, the guy explained the efforts to bring the web applications to an acceptable speed (through improving by an order of magnitude &amp;#8212; or more &amp;#8212; the Javascript speed), and to have a set of API invokable directly by the browser (let's say, something like firing up the camera and capturing a video stream).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    As an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard&quot;&gt;Open Standards&lt;/a&gt; advocate my only fear is that as soon as there is a common base for web applications in the mobile, somebody will try and play the free runner. With the existing standards we experience many browser and platform to be plainly incompatible for no apparent reasons. Some would also say that standardization is stifling innovation by providing too many constraints. Nonsense, if you ask, because a non-standardized environment burns so many resources just to test any environments and to hack for a particular platforms. Mozilla's Firefox (and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opera.com&quot;&gt;Opera&lt;/a&gt;, and others) testify how one could innovate and remain standard-compliant.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intel.com&quot;&gt;Intel&lt;/a&gt; has presented another platform: moblin.org, and gave me a nice jersey (thanks). &lt;a href=&quot;http://moblin.org&quot;&gt;Moblin&lt;/a&gt; is an adaptation of GNU/Linux to the mobile devices, making good use of the Atom CPU. The plus of the platform (entirely Free Software) is that it is blazingly fast: fire it, wait five second, bingo, you have the GUI up and runnig. The downside is that it is only an Intel (x86) platform, but it can be ported (and it seems there are ports) to ARM and other CPU's.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The hardly unnamed absent
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Mobile phones, innovation, platforms. Wait a minute, why has anybody avoided mentioning Apple's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apple.com/iphone/&quot;&gt;iPhone&lt;/a&gt;? My fault, I wanted to save it for last. Apple iPhone, like it or not, has raised the bar of what a mobile thing must do to compete. It is awfully expensive, deficient in many parts one should expect in a mobile phone, it is painfully slow at times, some other times it simply does not work. But it is in almost anybody's dreams!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And it is not Free Software. On the contrary, it is as closed as it could be. Apple controls all the hardware and software stack. Apple controls the Apple store and what a user can or cannot install. All software makers which sell applications on Apple Store must sign an NDA and accept quite strict contractual rules. Finally there are reports of Apple having installed an application killer (not only a killer application!) which has the alleged scope of eliminating any non-approved application.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Wow!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In a way, though, Apple has raised the bar for all competition. Only, guys, be a little more relaxed, come on!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Mobile me, mobile we
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of Apple's killer features for iPhone is syncing the PIM information on the phone, by means of a facility called &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apple.com/mobileme/&quot;&gt;Mobile me&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. Again, all proprietary, using non standard protocols, working only on iPhone and with few services (Apples, Microsoft Exchange?)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This brings me to a competing solution, which happens to be fully Free Software (albeit under a dual license regime), which works with almost any smartphone out there. &lt;a href=&quot;http://funambol.com&quot;&gt;Funambol&lt;/a&gt;'s CEO, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.funambol.com/blog/capo/&quot;&gt;Fabrizio Capobianco&lt;/a&gt;, has chaired a parallel session and given an interesting speech on how the fact that Funambol has a community development is important in bringing solutions to the market. All of this enabled by the license: Funambol uses the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/agpl-3.0.html&quot;&gt;Affero GPL&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    To me (and not only to me, of course), Funambol is a very interesting initiative that must be watched quite closely.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The hardly nominated absent
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The most noticeable missing guys were &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/a&gt;. They came along last time I have been at OSiM, which was two years ago, where I met Mark Lange, a very fine lawyer, a man you'd love to disagree with. I wonder why they were absent this time. Of course they are not doing any Free Software also in this sector (they have the &amp;#8220;Shared Source&amp;#8221; approach, but that hardly counts), nonetheless it would have been very interesting hearing their opinion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    After all, you still cannot solve any equation in the IT market leaving Microsoft out of it. And as long as the mobile part has to rely on and sync with software in the enterprise IT, this means a lot of Microsoft products, like Exchange and Windows.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    See you next year in Amsterdam!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>OSiM 2008, first impression</title>
            <link>/osim-2008-first-impression/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 08:44:24 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/osim-2008-first-impression/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The very proposition &amp;amp;#8220;Open Source in Mobile&amp;amp;#8221; seems &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;misleading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. Open Source is the replacement, industry-buzzword version, of Free Software. Free Software is about licenses which grant people the four Freedoms, it&#39;s about copyright licenses.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The very proposition &amp;#8220;Open Source in Mobile&amp;#8221; seems &lt;strong&gt;misleading&lt;/strong&gt;. Open Source is the replacement, industry-buzzword version, of Free Software. Free Software is about licenses which grant people the four Freedoms, it's about copyright licenses. At OSiM I have heard a lot of technology and solutions, very little about software and their licenses.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is my firm belief that being &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;, i.e., releasing or using stuff released under an OSI-compliant license does not per se mean a thing. The choice of using Free Software is both a strategic and tactical (technical) decision, but as such is just an enabler, not a problem solver. Am I saying that people in the mobile sector should not strive to release or use software under a Free Software license? Not quite. Simply, there is no magic in the business, hard work is necessary, openness is mandatory, a good understanding of how things work is paramount, especially because there is no past experience upon which we can grow.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    A little talk on Limo
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Let's take an example discussed in Berlin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.limofoundation.org/&quot;&gt;Limo&lt;/a&gt; (LInux MObile). Limo is a cooperative effort of a number of telephone makers, platform developers and the like, to build a consistent, solid, ubiquitous platform for mobile devices, based on the Linux Kernel. Is Limo Free Software? It is not!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ok, now I am confused. Isn't it Linux, isn't Linux GPL, the mother of all Free Software licenses? Yes, indeed! And still Limo as such is not Free Software? Yes. Ok, confusion grows. So why are these guys presenting Limo on a conference that names itself after &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;? Because it is Linux-based. So what? Linux is just the kernel of an operating system, if the things surrounding it are proprietary, it just means that a piece of the whole system is Free, the rest is not. Should we be content with it? Surely not.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So I have asked &lt;a href=&quot;http://claimid.com/davidschlesinger&quot;&gt;David &amp;#8220;Lefty&amp;#8221; Schlesinger&lt;/a&gt;, software guru at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.access-company.com/&quot;&gt;Access&lt;/a&gt; and a very knowledgeable guy with the Limo Foundation, where Free Software lies and where proprietary software lies. He gave me a very good explanation, which I am unable to sensibly report, describing how Limo is made. The bottomline is that most of what they have done is proprietary, although the API are public and open, so that anybody can use them to write applications. Big deal, Windows is not any worse on this front, one would say, we have a lot of Free Software running on Windows' API. His point is, however, that there is no way out, those big guys would not contribute so effectively without keeping a big part of the platform proprietary. I hope they will change their mind.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So the Limo guys have used a piece of Free Software (Linux, some infrastructural stuff, like Gstreamer and other libraries) and used it to build a proprietary platform. Ok, now I understand better what I heard earlier. The person presenting Limo in a keynote speech, Morgan Gillis, said that they have been able to put together half a zillion of patents and to make them available to all the members of the Foundation royalty free. So I waved my hand and asked: &amp;#8220;are you able to pass the patent covenant downstream to software recipients&amp;#8221;, and the guy said &amp;#8220;no&amp;#8221;. I have then asked &amp;#8220;but how this complies with copyleft licenses and those which have patent termination provisions&amp;#8221;, and the guy said with without even blinking &amp;#8220;yes, we checked, it is compliant&amp;#8221;. Laughter followed when I said &amp;#8220;ok, we'll see&amp;#8221;, but perhaps it was undeserved humor, as it turns out he was (possibly) right. The thing is all but copyleft, is all but Free Software. Anyway the question about compliance remains open.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Good luck to the Limo guys, good luck to Lefty, they have made a legitimate choice, they have the right to follow it up. Only, this is NOT open source, this is NOT Free Software, it is using Free Software to make other things. Good enough.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Fragmentation
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The word of the moment is &amp;#8220;fragmentation&amp;#8221;. Everything is fragmented. People complains that fragmentation multiplies at all levels, it's a nightmare. Fragmentation means that anyone who writes software for a variety of telephones has to deal with a great variance of platforms at many levels. Different kernels, different libraries, different Java, different web browser supporting different Javascript language, and so on. Therefore for each and any implementation there must be a lot of work to fix any idiosyncrasies of the single telephone, with some failures in the process, wasted resources, lead time.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    True, but again this has nothing to do with the software being &amp;#8220;Open Source&amp;#8221;. The proprietary sector is probably less fragmented because it is made basically of vertical applications (one application, one platform or a family of platforms). Better, it is fragmented at another level: all the same, you cannot write applications once and run (almost) everywhere. Fragmentation is here synonym of Freedom and of competition. Only one person has not said profanities against fragmentation: the leader of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openmoko.com/&quot;&gt;Openmoko&lt;/a&gt; initiative, Sean Moss-Pultz. Openmoko is as Free as one telephone set can be: the telephone comes for a price, but all software, CAD files of the thing, schematics of the chipset, are Free (capital F).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The solutions to fragmentation, as I see it, are basically two (alternative). As a presenter (Christy Wyatt, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.motorola.com/&quot;&gt;Motorola&lt;/a&gt;) said, one is having only one hardware platform and only one operating system, dominating all the rest (like in the PC sector). The other is to standardize as much as possible, and of course I mean via &amp;#8220;Open Standards&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    So let's put a stop to fragmentation, sit around a table and start de-fragmenting, at least to a decent point. But just don't blame the distribution system, blame the choice many have made (including that of not supporting standards to the fullest length).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Other interesting presentations
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We have learned of the efforts of Nokia. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jaaksi.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;Ari Jaaksi&lt;/a&gt; has been direct as usual. Mr. Jaaksi is Vice President of &lt;a href=&quot;http://nokia.com&quot;&gt;Nokia&lt;/a&gt; leading the &lt;a href=&quot;http://maemo.org&quot;&gt;Maemo&lt;/a&gt; effort (and one of the Authorities when it comes to Free Software in mobile). According to Mr. Jaaksi, Maemo is going to be a mainstream product for Nokia, not just a technology showcase. Many wonder how this will combine with Symbian and Trolltech news. Both companies have been acquired by Nokia, and oddly enough they are both involved in Free Software production. Symbian has recently announced its operating system, the foundation of many Nokia telephones, will go under a Free Software license. Symbian is a good competitor of Linux in mobile (Maemo is based on GNU/Linux), so let's see what comes out of the competition (fragmentation?).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The other part is Trolltech. &lt;a href=&quot;http://trolltech.com/&quot;&gt;Trolltech&lt;/a&gt; is the manufacturer of the QT graphic libraries. Maemo uses the GTK, another Free Software library set. Is Maemo switching to QT? There are indications, but per se this is not necessarily a bad news.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    At least it seems that in Nokia they are taking Free Software quite seriously, and it is going to stay there, as a long term commitment.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Jay Sullivan from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.org&quot;&gt;Mozilla Foundation&lt;/a&gt; presented an alternative to fragmentation from his point of view. He himself says that he only has a hammer, so he tends to see any problems as a nail. No surprise then that the solution is to program for a common platform, make the underlying stack irrelevant. The platform is going to be the Web browser. As soon as some eyebrows have been raised in the attendance, the guy explained the efforts to bring the web applications to an acceptable speed (through improving by an order of magnitude &amp;#8212; or more &amp;#8212; the Javascript speed), and to have a set of API invokable directly by the browser (let's say, something like firing up the camera and capturing a video stream).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    As an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard&quot;&gt;Open Standards&lt;/a&gt; advocate my only fear is that as soon as there is a common base for web applications in the mobile, somebody will try and play the free runner. With the existing standards we experience many browser and platform to be plainly incompatible for no apparent reasons. Some would also say that standardization is stifling innovation by providing too many constraints. Nonsense, if you ask, because a non-standardized environment burns so many resources just to test any environments and to hack for a particular platforms. Mozilla's Firefox (and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opera.com&quot;&gt;Opera&lt;/a&gt;, and others) testify how one could innovate and remain standard-compliant.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intel.com&quot;&gt;Intel&lt;/a&gt; has presented another platform: moblin.org, and gave me a nice jersey (thanks). &lt;a href=&quot;http://moblin.org&quot;&gt;Moblin&lt;/a&gt; is an adaptation of GNU/Linux to the mobile devices, making good use of the Atom CPU. The plus of the platform (entirely Free Software) is that it is blazingly fast: fire it, wait five second, bingo, you have the GUI up and runnig. The downside is that it is only an Intel (x86) platform, but it can be ported (and it seems there are ports) to ARM and other CPU's.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The hardly unnamed absent
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Mobile phones, innovation, platforms. Wait a minute, why has anybody avoided mentioning Apple's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apple.com/iphone/&quot;&gt;iPhone&lt;/a&gt;? My fault, I wanted to save it for last. Apple iPhone, like it or not, has raised the bar of what a mobile thing must do to compete. It is awfully expensive, deficient in many parts one should expect in a mobile phone, it is painfully slow at times, some other times it simply does not work. But it is in almost anybody's dreams!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    And it is not Free Software. On the contrary, it is as closed as it could be. Apple controls all the hardware and software stack. Apple controls the Apple store and what a user can or cannot install. All software makers which sell applications on Apple Store must sign an NDA and accept quite strict contractual rules. Finally there are reports of Apple having installed an application killer (not only a killer application!) which has the alleged scope of eliminating any non-approved application.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Wow!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In a way, though, Apple has raised the bar for all competition. Only, guys, be a little more relaxed, come on!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Mobile me, mobile we
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One of Apple's killer features for iPhone is syncing the PIM information on the phone, by means of a facility called &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apple.com/mobileme/&quot;&gt;Mobile me&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. Again, all proprietary, using non standard protocols, working only on iPhone and with few services (Apples, Microsoft Exchange?)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This brings me to a competing solution, which happens to be fully Free Software (albeit under a dual license regime), which works with almost any smartphone out there. &lt;a href=&quot;http://funambol.com&quot;&gt;Funambol&lt;/a&gt;'s CEO, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.funambol.com/blog/capo/&quot;&gt;Fabrizio Capobianco&lt;/a&gt;, has chaired a parallel session and given an interesting speech on how the fact that Funambol has a community development is important in bringing solutions to the market. All of this enabled by the license: Funambol uses the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/agpl-3.0.html&quot;&gt;Affero GPL&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    To me (and not only to me, of course), Funambol is a very interesting initiative that must be watched quite closely.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The hardly nominated absent
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The most noticeable missing guys were &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/a&gt;. They came along last time I have been at OSiM, which was two years ago, where I met Mark Lange, a very fine lawyer, a man you'd love to disagree with. I wonder why they were absent this time. Of course they are not doing any Free Software also in this sector (they have the &amp;#8220;Shared Source&amp;#8221; approach, but that hardly counts), nonetheless it would have been very interesting hearing their opinion.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    After all, you still cannot solve any equation in the IT market leaving Microsoft out of it. And as long as the mobile part has to rely on and sync with software in the enterprise IT, this means a lot of Microsoft products, like Exchange and Windows.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    See you next year in Amsterdam!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Ius Mentis</title>
            <link>/ius-mentis/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 2008 09:54:02 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <title>KDE utilizzerà l&#39;assegnazione fiduciaria di FTF per gestire il copyright</title>
            <link>/kde-utilizzera-lassegnazione-fiduciaria-di-ftf-per-gestire-il-copyright/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2008 08:47:16 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/kde-utilizzera-lassegnazione-fiduciaria-di-ftf-per-gestire-il-copyright/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Essenzialmente, ogni sviluppatore acquisisce il copyright del lavoro che crea, il che vuol dire, per progetti complessi, che ogni sviluppatore dovrebbe avere una parola nella gestione del copyright, con frequenti problemi di flessibilità e di scalabilità (incluse le azioni giudiziarie).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Essenzialmente, ogni sviluppatore acquisisce il copyright del lavoro che crea, il che vuol dire, per progetti complessi, che ogni sviluppatore dovrebbe avere una parola nella gestione del copyright, con frequenti problemi di flessibilità e di scalabilità (incluse le azioni giudiziarie). La FLA, o licenza fiduciaria, ambisce a semplificare questo processo, assegnando il copyright a un entità, KDE e.V., che non è facilmente &amp;#8220;scalabile&amp;#8221;, e quindi offre sufficienti salvaguardie circa la possibilità che il soggetto fiduciario venga &amp;#8220;dirottato&amp;#8221;, con ogni più nefasta conseguenza immaginabile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Qui di seguito il testo del rilascio per la stampa, per ulteriore diffusione. Qui sotto una versione italiana della &lt;em&gt;press release&lt;/em&gt; di FSFE (Sandy Kirchlechner su &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnuvox.info&quot;&gt;Gnuvox.info&lt;/a&gt;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h2&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnuvox.info/2008/08/in-collaborazione-con-fsfe-kde-adotta-la-fla/&quot; rel=&quot;bookmark&quot; title=&quot;Permanent Link: In collaborazione con FSFE, KDE adotta la FLA&quot;&gt;In collaborazione con FSFE, KDE adotta la FLA&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/h2&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Dopo un anno di collaborazione tra la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/&quot;&gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kde.org/&quot;&gt;K Desktop Environment&lt;/a&gt; project, quest’ultimi hanno deciso di adottare la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/fla.it.html&quot;&gt;Fiduciary Licence Agreement&lt;/a&gt; (FLA). Una licenza che permette a progetti di software libero di assegnare i copyright a singole organizzazioni o persone. Ciò garantisce ai progetti di poter mantenere la propria legalità e di far valere i propri diritti in tribunale.&lt;img width=&quot;130&quot; vspace=&quot;2&quot; hspace=&quot;4&quot; height=&quot;130&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KDE_logo.svg/603px-KDE_logo.svg.png&quot; alt=&quot;Logo KDE&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      L’adozione di FLA da parte di KDE per noi rappresenta un passo importante nella maturità della comunità del software libero.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      annuncia Georg Greve, presidente della Free Software Foundation Europe. Lo scopo di FLA è infatti di tutelare i diritti dei progetti a lungo termine e KDE risuta essere uno dei progetti di software libero tra i più importanti, volti a portare la libertà su desktop. La decisione di KDE di adottare FLA ne sottolinea l’intenzione di far perdurare tale libertà, conclude Greve.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Adriaan de Groot, vice presidente di KDE e.V., ha motivato la scelta di una FLA particolare, basata direttamente sul modello di FSFE, annunciando che è risultato il modo preferibile per assegnare un copyright all’associazione. Il modo più semplice e rapido che ha riscosso un grande successo anche nella comunità.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Shane Coughlan, coordinatore della &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/ftf.it.html&quot;&gt;Freedom Task Force&lt;/a&gt; (FTF), spiega che attraverso FLA è possibile gestire la collabrazione tra diversi paesi, con concetti diversi di copyright and authorship. In quanto progetto internazionale, KDE è un esempio concreto di come FLA possa garantire una sicurezza dal punto di vista legale a medio-lungo termine. La Freedom Task Force di FSFE si dichiara lieta di aver potuto aiutare KDE nel processo di adzione della licenza ed è pronta a proseguire la collaborazione al fine di accompagnare KDE anche in futuro.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://mail.fsfeurope.org/pipermail/press-release/2008q3/000214.html&quot;&gt;Comunicato stampa&lt;/a&gt; (in inglese)
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>KDE uses FTF&#39;s FLA to receive fiduciary assignment of copyright</title>
            <link>/kde-uses-ftfs-fla-to-receive-fiduciary-assignment-of-copyright/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2008 15:13:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/kde-uses-ftfs-fla-to-receive-fiduciary-assignment-of-copyright/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Essentially, any developer holds the copyright of the software he/she authors, which means that for complex projects, any developer would have a say in any major decision regarding the software, with frequent problems in terms of flexibility and management (including litigation).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Essentially, any developer holds the copyright of the software he/she authors, which means that for complex projects, any developer would have a say in any major decision regarding the software, with frequent problems in terms of flexibility and management (including litigation). The fiduciary licence aims at simplifying this process, by assigning the copyright to an entity as KDE e.V. which is not &amp;#8220;salable&amp;#8221; and therefore provides sufficient safeguards as to the possible hijacking of the project for nefarious reasons.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Here below the text of the press release, for further dissemination.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;h2&gt;
      FSFE welcomes KDE's adoption of the Fiduciary Licence Agreement (FLA)
    &lt;/h2&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfe.org&quot;&gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&lt;/a&gt; welcomes the adoption of the Fiduciary Licence Agreement by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kde.org&quot;&gt;K Desktop Environment&lt;/a&gt; project. The FLA is a copyright assignment that allows Free Software projects to assign their copyright to single organisation or person. This enables projects to ensure their legal maintainability, including important issues such as preserving the ability to re-license and certainty to have sufficient rights to enforce licences in court.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;We see the adoption of the FLA by KDE as a positive and important milestone in the maturity of the Free Software community,&amp;#8221; says &lt;strong&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/strong&gt;, president of Free Software Foundation Europe. &amp;#8220;The FLA was designed to help projects increase the legal maintainability of their software to ensure long-term protection and reliability. KDE is among the most important Free Software initiatives and it is playing a central role in bringing freedom to the desktop.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      This decision of the KDE project underlines its dedication to think about how to make that freedom last.&amp;#8221; &lt;strong&gt; Adriaan de Groot, Vice President of KDE e.V.&lt;/strong&gt;, the organisation behind the KDE project, said &amp;#8220;KDE e.V. has endorsed the use of a particular FLA based directly on the FSFE's sample FLA as the preferred way to assign copyright to the association. We recognise that assignment is an option that individuals may wish to exercise; it is in no way pushed upon KDE contributors. There are also other avenues of copyright assignment available besides the FLA, but we believe this is the easiest way to get it done, with little fuss. Enthusiasm for the FLA was immediate &amp;#8212; people were asking for printed versions of the form before the week was out so that they could fill one in.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The FLA is a versatile document designed to work across different countries with different perceptions of copyright and authorship,&amp;#8221; says &lt;strong&gt;Shane Coughlan, Freedom Task Force coordinator&lt;/strong&gt;. &amp;#8220;As a truly international project, KDE provides a great example of how the FLA can provide legal coherency in the mid-to-long term. It's been a pleasure to help with the adoption process and FSFE's Freedom Task Force is ready to continuing supporting KDE in the future.&amp;#8221; KDE's adoption of the FLA is the result of cooperation between KDE e.V. and FSFE's Freedom Task Force over the last year and a half, part of the deepening collaboration between the two associate organisations.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      About the FLA:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The FLA was written by &lt;strong&gt;Dr. Axel Metzger&lt;/strong&gt; (Ifross) and &lt;strong&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/strong&gt; (FSFE) in consultation with renowned international legal and technical experts. Parties involved in the evolution of the FLA at some point or another included &lt;strong&gt;RA Dr. Till Jaeger, Carsten Schulz, Prof. Eben Moglen, RA Thorsten Feldmann, LL.M., Werner Koch, Alessandro Rubini, Reinhard Muller&lt;/strong&gt; and others. The latest revision was compiled by Georg Greve and FSFE's FTF coordinator &lt;strong&gt;Shane M Coughlan&lt;/strong&gt; based on feedback provided by &lt;strong&gt;Dr. Lucie Guibault&lt;/strong&gt; of the &lt;strong&gt;Institute for Information Law in the Netherlands&lt;/strong&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      About KDE:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      KDE is an international technology team that creates free and open source software for desktop and portable computing. Among KDE's products are a modern desktop system for Linux and UNIX platforms, comprehensive office productivity and groupware suites and hundreds of software titles in many categories including Internet and web applications, multimedia, entertainment, educational, graphics and software development. KDE software is translated into more than 60 languages and is built with ease of use and modern accessibility principles in mind. KDE4's full-featured applications run natively on Linux, BSD, Solaris, Windows and Mac OS X.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      About the Free Software Foundation Europe:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) is a non-profit non-governmental organisation active in many European countries and involved in many global activities. Access to software determines participation in a digital society. To secure equal participation in the information age, as well as freedom of competition, the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) pursues and is dedicated to the furthering of Free Software, defined by the freedoms to use, study, modify and copy. Founded in 2001, creating awareness for these issues, securing Free Software politically and legally, and giving people Freedom by supporting development of Free Software are central issues of the FSFE.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Freedom Task Force can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/ftf/&quot;&gt;http://www.fsfeurope.org/ftf/&lt;/a&gt; The Freedom Task Force can be emailed at ftf at fsfeurope.org
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Contact:
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      You can reach the FSFE switchboard from:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Belgium: +32 2 747 03 57
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Germany: +49 700 373 38 76 73
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Sweden: +46 31 7802160
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Switzerland: +41 43 500 03 66
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      UK: +44 29 200 08 17 7
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Shane Coughlan, FTF Coordinator, FSFE extension: 408
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Further information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org&quot;&gt;http://fsfeurope.org&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Il Software Freedom Law Center pubblica una guida al rispetto della GPL</title>
            <link>/il-software-freedom-law-center-pubblica-una-guida-al-rispetto-della-gpl/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 16:04:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/il-software-freedom-law-center-pubblica-una-guida-al-rispetto-della-gpl/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), provider of pro-bono legal services to protect and advance Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FOSS), today &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;published a guide to effective compliance&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; with the GNU General Public License (GPL) and related licenses.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), provider of pro-bono legal services to protect and advance Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FOSS), today &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&quot;&gt;published a guide to effective compliance&lt;/a&gt; with the GNU General Public License (GPL) and related licenses.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The guide provides a basic legal overview of GPL compliance and recommends procedures that companies can implement to avoid violations. It also discusses effective response to enforcement actions by copyright holders.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The guide, entitled &lt;cite&gt;A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance&lt;/cite&gt;, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&quot;&gt;available online in various formats&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      “While SFLC's lawsuits filed on behalf of Busybox are the most visible recent enforcement actions, the vast majority of our enforcement work is conducted quietly and cooperatively on behalf of many different clients”, said &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/about/team/#aaronw&quot;&gt;Aaron Williamson&lt;/a&gt;, a lawyer at SFLC and a co-author of the paper. SFLC's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/about/team/#bkuhn&quot;&gt;Bradley M. Kuhn&lt;/a&gt;, who has conducted GPL enforcement since 1998 and co-authored the guide, added, “Cooperative and non-confrontational enforcement has always been and remains the norm and preference of everyone in the community. Through this guide, we further advance that goal by providing even more information to help those who commercialize FLOSS to comply easily from the start”.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Fonte originale: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/aug/20/compliance-guide/&quot;&gt;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/aug/20/compliance-guide/&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Software Freedom Law Center Publishes Guide to GPL Compliance</title>
            <link>/software-freedom-law-center-publishes-guide-to-gpl-compliance/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 16:00:55 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/software-freedom-law-center-publishes-guide-to-gpl-compliance/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), provider of pro-bono legal services to protect and advance Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FOSS), today &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;published a guide to effective compliance&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; with the GNU General Public License (GPL) and related licenses.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), provider of pro-bono legal services to protect and advance Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FOSS), today &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&quot;&gt;published a guide to effective compliance&lt;/a&gt; with the GNU General Public License (GPL) and related licenses.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The guide provides a basic legal overview of GPL compliance and recommends procedures that companies can implement to avoid violations. It also discusses effective response to enforcement actions by copyright holders.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The guide, entitled &lt;cite&gt;A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance&lt;/cite&gt;, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/compliance-guide.html&quot;&gt;available online in various formats&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      “While SFLC's lawsuits filed on behalf of Busybox are the most visible recent enforcement actions, the vast majority of our enforcement work is conducted quietly and cooperatively on behalf of many different clients”, said &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/about/team/#aaronw&quot;&gt;Aaron Williamson&lt;/a&gt;, a lawyer at SFLC and a co-author of the paper. SFLC's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/about/team/#bkuhn&quot;&gt;Bradley M. Kuhn&lt;/a&gt;, who has conducted GPL enforcement since 1998 and co-authored the guide, added, “Cooperative and non-confrontational enforcement has always been and remains the norm and preference of everyone in the community. Through this guide, we further advance that goal by providing even more information to help those who commercialize FLOSS to comply easily from the start”.
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Original source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/aug/20/compliance-guide/&quot;&gt;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2008/aug/20/compliance-guide/&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Corte d&#39;Appello USA: le licenze di Sofware Libero sono proteggibili con rimedi per copyright</title>
            <link>/corte-dappello-usa-le-licenze-di-sofware-libero-sono-proteggibili-con-rimedi-per-copyright/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2008 06:44:54 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/corte-dappello-usa-le-licenze-di-sofware-libero-sono-proteggibili-con-rimedi-per-copyright/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;th&amp;gt; Size &amp;lt;/th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr class=&amp;quot;odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;file&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img class=&amp;quot;file-icon&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;PDF icon&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;application/pdf&amp;quot; src=&amp;quot;/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://piana.eu/system/files/Jacobsen.pdf&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/pdf; length=65735&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;Jacobsen.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jacobsen.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;td&amp;gt; 64.19 KB &amp;lt;/td&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/table&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;   &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il punto fondamentale della decisione è stato stabilire se le condizioni d&#39;uso della licenza di copyright in questione siano semplicemente obblighi oppure effettive condizioni per l&#39;uso del materiale soggetto a copyright sottoposto a una licenza di Software LIbero.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Il punto fondamentale della decisione è stato stabilire se le condizioni d'uso della licenza di copyright in questione siano semplicemente obblighi oppure effettive condizioni per l'uso del materiale soggetto a copyright sottoposto a una licenza di Software LIbero. La Corte d'Appello ha deciso che la natura monetaria non è fondamentale affinché venga rinvenuta una causa (&amp;#8220;consideration&amp;#8221; in inglese) in una licenza di copyright e nelle sue condizioni. Una causa può essere infatti rinvenuta anche in ogni altro beneficio economicamente apprezzabile, incluso l'incremento della reputazione dell'autore o la possibilità di ricevere aggiornamenti e correzioni di errori dal mercato a valle. Pertanto, se le condizioni di licenza non sono intenzionalmente troppo vaghe o lasse per rinvenire lo scambio di una &amp;#8220;retribuzione in natura&amp;#8221;, la violazione di tali condizioni di licenza &lt;strong&gt;è&lt;/strong&gt; una violazione del copyright e deve essere un rimedio secondo le leggi del copyright, inclusi i rimedi ingiuntivi, quando tutti gli altri requisiti processuali siano rispettati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il ragionamento della Corte è importante anche per tracciare una distinzione tra due diversi tipi di licenze: permissive e restrittive. Le licenze &lt;strong&gt;permissive&lt;/strong&gt; sono quelle come la BSD che richiedono unicamente che venga rispettata l'attribuzione di paternità nel codice così come rilasciato dal distributore iniziale. Queste licenze non recano altre obbligazioni, come quella di includere il codice sorgente completo per ogni distribuzione di codice oggetto. Queste licenze possono essere riconosciute come non meritare protezione ingiuntiva. Per contro, le licenze &lt;strong&gt;restrittive&lt;/strong&gt; pretendono che i distributori a valle rispettino certe obbligazioni in cambio del diritto di redistribuire (e/o di modificare) il codice. Da notare che tali obbligazioni sono particolarmente strette nelle licenze &lt;strong&gt;copyleft&lt;/strong&gt;, le quali impongon che anche le opere derivate siano mantenute sotto la stessa licenza di quella originale. Le licenze restrittive sono &amp;#8212; a dire di questa giurisprudenza &amp;#8212; meritevoli di protezione ingiuntiva.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa è la più importante decisione negli Stati Uniti riguardante le licenze di Software Libero (open source), e ancora una volta le dichiara proteggibili allo stesso livello delle licenze proprietarie. È ragionevole affermare che questa giurisprudenza influenzerà la già piuttosto vacua discussione circa la proteggibilità giudiziale delle licenze di Software Libero a livello mondiale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Una copia della decisione (in Inglese) è disponibile qui sotto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Groklaw ha &amp;#8212; ovviamente &amp;#8212; un esteso &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=2008081313212422&quot;&gt;articolo&lt;/a&gt; con molte valutazioni e discussioni, e cita sia Lessig che Updegrove.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Court of Appeals Recognizes Copyright Protection to Free Software Licenses</title>
            <link>/court-of-appeals-recognizes-copyright-protection-to-free-software-licenses/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2008 06:34:11 +0000</pubDate>
            
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The core of the case was to decide whether the conditions of use of the copyright license are merely covenants or actual conditions for the use of copyrighted material under a Free Software license. The Court of Appeals decided that monetary nature is not essential to find whether there is consideration in a copyright license. Consideration can be found in any other economically valuable benefit, including raise of reputation or the ability to receive upgrades or error correction from the downstream market. Therefore, if the licensing conditions are not intentionally too broad to receive some of this &amp;#8220;retribution in kind&amp;#8221; back, the violation of the conditions of the license &lt;strong&gt;is &lt;/strong&gt;a copyright violation and there must be copyright relief, including injunctory relief where all other conditions are met.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The reasoning of the Court is important also to draw a distinction between two different kinds of license: permissive and restrictive. &lt;strong&gt;Permissive&lt;/strong&gt; licenses are those like the BSD that only require that attribution of authorship is maintained in the very code as authored by the initial distributor. Those license do not bring other obligations, such as that of including a complete set of source code for any object code distribution. These license can be found not deserving injunctory protection. Conversely, &lt;strong&gt;restrictive&lt;/strong&gt; licenses require that the downstream distributor comply with some sort of obligation in exchange of the right to distribute (and/or modify) the code. Notably, these obligation are particularly strict in the &lt;strong&gt;copyleft&lt;/strong&gt; licenses, which impose that also derivative are maintained under the same license as the original. The restrictive Free Software licenses are &amp;#8212; according to this line of authority &amp;#8212; deserving injunctory relief.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is the most important decision in the USA concerning Free Software (open source) licenses, and yet again it finds for the enforceability of the same at the same level as proprietary licenses. It is reasonably safe to infer that this judicature will influence the already shallow discussion about the enforceability worldwide.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A copy of the decision is available here below.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Groklaw has &amp;#8212; obviously &amp;#8212; a quite in-depth &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=2008081313212422&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; with an interesting discussion citing Lessig and Updegrove.
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            <title>Workshop WCC on e-government</title>
            <link>/workshop-wcc-on-e-government/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 04 Aug 2008 09:06:09 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/workshop-wcc-on-e-government/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The event is upon payment. Organized by Prof. &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://undo.ilcannocchiale.it/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Flavia Marzano&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, its lead theme will be &amp;amp;#8220;Evaluating if and how a proposal to the Goverment is possible to adopt standards for documents and data, in the light of the new ISO standards: ODF, PDF, OOXML), at least in the Public Administration&amp;amp;#8221;.</description>
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    &lt;!--break--&gt;
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  &lt;p&gt;
    The event is upon payment. Organized by Prof. &lt;a href=&quot;http://undo.ilcannocchiale.it/&quot;&gt;Flavia Marzano&lt;/a&gt;, its lead theme will be &amp;#8220;Evaluating if and how a proposal to the Goverment is possible to adopt standards for documents and data, in the light of the new ISO standards: ODF, PDF, OOXML), at least in the Public Administration&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
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            <title>Workshop WCC sull&#39;e-government</title>
            <link>/workshop-wcc-sulle-government/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 04 Aug 2008 08:57:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/workshop-wcc-sulle-government/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; L&#39;evento è a pagamento.Organizzato dalla Prof. &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://undo.ilcannocchiale.it/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Flavia Marzano&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, avrà come tema &amp;amp;#8220;Valutare se e come si puo&#39; proporre al Governo (Ministro Brunetta) un disegno di legge italiano per l&#39;adozione di standard per i formati dei dati e dei documenti (nell&#39;ottica dei nuovi standard ISO: ODF, PDF e OOXML) almeno nella Pubblica Amministrazione&amp;amp;#8221;.</description>
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    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'evento è a pagamento.Organizzato dalla Prof. &lt;a href=&quot;http://undo.ilcannocchiale.it/&quot;&gt;Flavia Marzano&lt;/a&gt;, avrà come tema &amp;#8220;Valutare se e come si puo' proporre al Governo (Ministro Brunetta) un disegno di legge italiano per l'adozione di standard per i formati dei dati e dei documenti (nell'ottica dei nuovi standard ISO: ODF, PDF e OOXML) almeno nella Pubblica Amministrazione&amp;#8221;.
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            <title>OSiM 2008</title>
            <link>/osim-2008/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:58:02 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/osim-2008/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Due miei amici saranno nei panel a questo evento. Uno è Roberto Galoppini, l&#39;altro Shane Coughlan della &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;external&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FSFE&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. Roberto ha un &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/07/28/open-source-workshops-building-an-effective-commercial-open-source-strategy/#comment-509518&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;external&amp;quot;&amp;gt;post&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; sul suo blog e la sua sarà sicuramente un&#39;interessante discussione.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Due miei amici saranno nei panel a questo evento. Uno è Roberto Galoppini, l'altro Shane Coughlan della &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;FSFE&lt;/a&gt;. Roberto ha un &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/07/28/open-source-workshops-building-an-effective-commercial-open-source-strategy/#comment-509518&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; sul suo blog e la sua sarà sicuramente un'interessante discussione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.osimworld.com/newt/l/handsetsvision/osim08/agenda_d2.html&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;agenda&lt;/a&gt; del meeting è disponibile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
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      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/23&quot;&gt;Software Libero, libertà digitali&lt;/a&gt;
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      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
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        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
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      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_en first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/node/160&quot; title=&quot;OSiM 2008&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;
      &lt;/li&gt;
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            <title>OSiM 2008</title>
            <link>/osim-2008-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:47:25 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/osim-2008-2/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Argomento:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/18&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Free software, digital liberties&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-label&amp;quot;&amp;gt; Tipo di Entry:&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-items&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item even&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/news&amp;quot;&amp;gt;News&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ul class=&amp;quot;links inline&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li class=&amp;quot;translation_it first last&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/it/node/161&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;OSiM 2008&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;translation-link&amp;quot; xml:lang=&amp;quot;it&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italian&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt; </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;
        Argomento:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/18&quot;&gt;Free software, digital liberties&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
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        Tipo di Entry:&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;/div&gt;
      
      &lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;/news&quot;&gt;News&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li class=&quot;translation_it first last&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/it/node/161&quot; title=&quot;OSiM 2008&quot; class=&quot;translation-link&quot; xml:lang=&quot;it&quot;&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Ha senso spendere tempo per i network sociali?</title>
            <link>/ha-senso-spendere-tempo-per-i-network-sociali/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 08:35:53 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ha-senso-spendere-tempo-per-i-network-sociali/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I have received invitations from many to join many, many others, but I find that following more than two or three is deadly time-consuming. So now I am basically using LinkedIn, Plaxo and Picasa.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I have received invitations from many to join many, many others, but I find that following more than two or three is deadly time-consuming. So now I am basically using LinkedIn, Plaxo and Picasa. I seldom pop up on Dopplr and have relinquished other networks I have been in. LinkedIn is more popular and provides good links with people (I have well passed 100 connections), Plaxo has facilities such as updating your address book with the information provided by the people, so that you are always up to the last address change, and you also receive good birthday reminders (killer features to me). And, well, Picasa is useful for an amateur photographer like me.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I really wonder about other people's take on this. Do you share my views, have suggestions, would like to provide more advice? Please write me at &lt;strong&gt;social networks@ piana.eu&lt;/strong&gt; (delete the two spaces). I will stay up for a few months, just to collect ideas, if you oblige. If you indicate your willingness to do so, I could publish the most interesting comments with or without your name.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Are Social Networks worth spending time?</title>
            <link>/are-social-networks-worth-spending-time/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 08:21:22 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/are-social-networks-worth-spending-time/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I have received invitations from many to join many, many others, but I find that following more than two or three is deadly time-consuming. So now I am basically using LinkedIn, Plaxo and Picasa.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I have received invitations from many to join many, many others, but I find that following more than two or three is deadly time-consuming. So now I am basically using LinkedIn, Plaxo and Picasa. I seldom pop up on Dopplr and have relinquished other networks I have been in. LinkedIn is more popular and provides good links with people (I have well passed 100 connections), Plaxo has facilities such as updating your address book with the information provided by the people, so that you are always up to the last address change, and you also receive good birthday reminders (killer features to me). And, well, Picasa is useful for an amateur photographer like me.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I really wonder about other people's take on this. Do you share my views, have suggestions, would like to provide more advice? Please write me at &lt;strong&gt;social networks@ piana.eu&lt;/strong&gt; (delete the two spaces). I will stay up for a few months, just to collect ideas, if you oblige. If you indicate your willingness to do so, I could publish the most interesting comments with or without your name.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Addio, Mr. Gates!</title>
            <link>/addio-mr-gates/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2008 17:55:11 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/addio-mr-gates/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Nonostante vanta credito per almeno un paio di capelli grigi sulla sua ancora folta chioma &amp;amp;#8212; e forse un paio di decimail dal suo portafoglio azionario &amp;amp;#8212; devo dire che la fine di un&#39;era getta un&#39;ombra di tristezza su di me.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Nonostante vanta credito per almeno un paio di capelli grigi sulla sua ancora folta chioma &amp;#8212; e forse un paio di decimail dal suo portafoglio azionario &amp;#8212; devo dire che la fine di un'era getta un'ombra di tristezza su di me. Ma almeno il personaggio è in buona salute, così come apparentemente la sua creatura.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come sarà la società senza Gates? La mia prima risposta è: più Gates che mai. Tuttavia ho visto eventi contrastanti che sono ancora lontano dal capire appieno. Da una parte, preoccupanti notizie di comportamenti antitrust vecchio stile, come se fossimo ancora nei ruggenti anni novanta (piuttosto preoccupanti, se veri, e le ho da fonti affidabili); dall'altra parte, un'atteggiamento più amichevole verso il Software Libero (open source) e in generale verso concorrenti e autorità antitrust.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Allora Microsoft è una società dalle molte anime? Difficilmente. Un'impresa non ha anima, sta lì semplicemente per fare profitto e confortare gli azionisti, o così sembra l'atteggiamento a Redmon, WA. Mi sta bene, non c'è obbligo di essere graziosi verso gli altri, solo il rispetto della legge è obbligatorio. Certamente, se uno oltrepassa i limiti, non dovrebbe poi lamentarsi a tutta voce quando preso con le mani nel sacco. Ma non è questo il punto. Una grande impresa &amp;#8212; e Microsoft è grande per ogni misura di paragone &amp;#8212; è sempre fondata su un management di alto livello molto diversificato. Una spiegazione per i comportamenti contraddittori potrebbe essere in ciò: parte della società vuole mantenere il vantaggio competitivo tramite ogni mezzo, un'altra parte vuole liberarsi da un discutibile (e molte volte discusso) passato al più presto. Indovinate per quale parte tifo?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Per il momento, auguri di buona fortuna a Bill Gates, e se gli capita di trovare qualche milione dimenticato in un vecchio paio di calzoni, perché non mandarli a un paio di associazioni per il Software Libero che posso suggerirgli? Non gli salverà l'anima nel Paradiso del Software (non azzardo giudizi su quello &amp;#8220;ufficiale&amp;#8221;), ma certamente aiuterebbe. Temo proprio che la sua eredità nella società tirerà nella direzione opposta ancora per qualche anno.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>So long, Mr. Gates!</title>
            <link>/so-long-mr-gates/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2008 17:36:34 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/so-long-mr-gates/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; While I claim credit for at least a couple gray hair in his scalp &amp;amp;#8212; maybe a couple decimals away from the value of his stock portfolio &amp;amp;#8212; , I must say that the end of an era casts a shade of sadness on me.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    While I claim credit for at least a couple gray hair in his scalp  &amp;#8212; maybe a couple decimals away from the value of his stock portfolio &amp;#8212; , I must say that the end of an era casts a shade of sadness on me. But at least the man is in good shape, so apparently is his corporate breed.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    How will the Gates-less company be? My first answer is: more Gates-like than ever. But I have seen contrasting events that I am still far from fully understand. From one side, frightening reports of old anticompetitive behaviour as if we were back in the good'ol early nineties (quite scary, if true, and I get them from reliable sources); from another side, more friendly approaches to Free (open source) Software makers and a softer line in general towards competitors and competition-watchdogs.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Is possibly Microsoft a multi-souled corporation, then? Hardly so. A corporation has no soul, is there just to make profit and to please stakeholders, or this seems to be the attitude in Redmond, WA. I am entirely fine with it, there is no obligation to be merciful on others, only abidance to the law is mandatory. Of course, if one trespasses the limits, it must not cry out loud when caught red-hand. But this is not the point. A larger corporation &amp;#8212; and Microsoft is large by any comparison &amp;#8212; is always based on diverse high level management. An explanation of the contradictory behaviour I have seen could be in that: a part of the corporation wants to keep the upper hand in competition by any means, another wants to get rid of a questionable (and questioned on many accounts) past ASAP. Guess who I hope will win?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For the time being, I wish Bill Gates good luck, and if he finds some spare millions in an old pair of trousers, why not send them to a couple of Free Software charities I can suggest? It will not save his soul in the Software Heavens (I don't dare any judgment on the &amp;#8220;official&amp;#8221; one), but it will certainly help. I am afraid his corporate legacy will pull on the opposite direction for some more years.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Fossbazaar</title>
            <link>/fossbazaar/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2008 14:47:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fossbazaar/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; FOSSBazaar is an open source community of technology and industry leaders who are collaborating to accelerate adoption of free and open source software in the enterprise. Specifically, FOSSBazaar aims to: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ul&amp;gt; &amp;lt;li&amp;gt; Expand upon the open source value proposition for a richer, safer, less expensive, better overall IT experience.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    FOSSBazaar is an open source community of technology and industry leaders who are collaborating to accelerate adoption of free and open source software in the enterprise. Specifically, FOSSBazaar aims to:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Expand upon the open source value proposition for a richer, safer, less expensive, better overall IT experience.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      Focus on timely issues such as license management and support as open source software matures and is adopted more widely in IT environments.
    &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Free Software and competition in Trento</title>
            <link>/free-software-and-competition-in-trento/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2008 10:06:53 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/free-software-and-competition-in-trento/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; For further details (in Italian): &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    For further details (in Italian):
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Software Libero e concorrenza a Trento</title>
            <link>/software-libero-e-concorrenza-a-trento/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2008 10:03:28 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/software-libero-e-concorrenza-a-trento/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Per maggiori dettagli:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Per maggiori dettagli:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/altri_eventi/open_source_vezzoso.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Incontro Ordine Avvocati Udine sul Software Libero</title>
            <link>/incontro-ordine-avvocati-udine-sul-software-libero/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2008 10:07:39 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/incontro-ordine-avvocati-udine-sul-software-libero/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Udine, 23 maggio 2008 sala Ajace &amp;amp;#8211; ore 15.00&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Nell&#39;occasione farò un breve intervento introduttivo su cos&#39;è il Software Libero dal punto di vista legale. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!</description>
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    &lt;strong&gt;Udine, 23 maggio 2008 sala Ajace &amp;#8211; ore 15.00&lt;/strong&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nell'occasione farò un breve intervento introduttivo su cos'è il Software Libero dal punto di vista legale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
    
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          &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/23&quot;&gt;Software Libero, libertà digitali&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>GPL ritenuta valida a Monaco (un&#39;altra volta!)</title>
            <link>/gpl_monaco/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2008 16:57:32 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gpl_monaco/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Harald Welte&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, uno dei titolari di parti importanti di GNU/Linux (come NetFilter/Iptables) ha promosso una causa contro Skype per la violazione delle condizioni di licenza del proprio software, ovvero, per violazione della GNU GPL.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Harald Welte&lt;/a&gt;, uno dei titolari di parti importanti di GNU/Linux (come NetFilter/Iptables) ha promosso una causa contro Skype per la violazione delle condizioni di licenza del proprio software, ovvero, per violazione della GNU GPL. Con l'assitenza dell'esperto in diritto del Software Libero &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.jbb.de/html/?page=anwalt_4&amp;menue=10.3.anwalt_4&quot;&gt;Dr. Till Jaeger&lt;/a&gt;, aveva ottenuto un'ingiunzione definitiva da parte di una corte inferiore, ma Skype si era appellata all'istanza superiore. Oggi vi è stata l'udienza. I giudici hanno chiarito che le chances di vittoria erano così basse che gli avvocati di Skype hanno deciso di abbandonare il giudizio e rinunciare all'appello.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sembrerebbe che l'opinione dei giudici sia stata che o si ha una valida licenza, o chiunque debba astenersi dall'utilizzare materiale soggetto a copyright. Così, ogni argomento circa la validità o meno della GNU GPL come un contratto valido o meno non ha merito, perché anche se la stessa fosse nulla, ciò che si avrebbe sarebbero i semplici diritti di uso esclusivo accordati al titolare del diritto d'autore. Che è poi quello che si sostiene da tempo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un breve resoconto viene dato dallo stesso Welte su Groklaw (in inglese, poco tempo per tradurre):  &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080508212535665&quot;&gt;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080508212535665&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The court hearing in the &amp;#8220;Welte vs. Skype Technologies SA&amp;#8221; case went pretty well. Initially the court again suggested that the two parties might reach some form of amicable agreement. We indicated that this has been discussed before and we're not interested in settling for anything less than full GPL compliance.&lt;br /&gt; The various arguments by Skype supporting their claim that the GPL is violating German anti-trust legislation as well as further claims aiming at the GPL being invalid or incompatible with German legislation were not further analyzed by the court. The court stated that there was not enough arguments and material brought forward by Skype to support such a claim. And even if there was some truth to that, then Skype would not be able to still claim usage rights under that very same license.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The lawyer representing Skype still continued to argue for a bit into that direction, which resulted one of the judges making up an interesting analogy of something like: &amp;#8220;If a publisher wants to publish a book of an author that wants his book only to be published in a green envelope, then that might seem odd to you, but still you will have to do it as long as you want to publish the book and have no other agreement in place&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In the end, the court hinted twice that if it was to judge about the case, Skype would not have very high chances. After a short break, Skype decided to revoke their appeals case and accept the previous judgement of the lower court (Landgericht Muenchen I, the decision was in my favor) as the final judgement. This means that the previous court decision is legally binding to Skype, and we have successfully won what has probably been the most lengthy and time consuming case so far.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Harald Welte guida  &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://gpl-violations.org/&quot;&gt;GPLviolations&lt;/a&gt;, un'organizzazione non profit dedicata alla tutela dei diritti dei titolari di copyright che licenziano i propri prodotti sotto GPL.  Till Jeager è segnalato come &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/network.en.html&quot;&gt;legale esperto in Software Libero&lt;/a&gt; dalla &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/index.en.html&quot;&gt;Freedom Task Force&lt;/a&gt; della FSFE.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>GPL still stands in Munich</title>
            <link>/gpl-still-stands-in-munich/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2008 13:59:12 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gpl-still-stands-in-munich/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Harald Welte&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, one of the copyright holders of important parts of GNU/Linux distributions (such as NetFilter/Iptables), has sued Skype for violation of the licensing conditions of his software.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte&quot;&gt;Harald Welte&lt;/a&gt;, one of the copyright holders of important parts of GNU/Linux distributions (such as NetFilter/Iptables), has sued Skype for violation of the licensing conditions of his software. That is to say, for violation of the GNU GPL. With the assistance of the German Free Software expert lawyer &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbb.de/html/?page=anwalt_4&amp;menue=10.3.anwalt_4&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Dr. Till Jaeger&lt;/a&gt;, he won a lower court proceedings recognising the GNU GPL fully enforceable. Skype was not at all convinced and appealed to a superior court in Munich. Today the hearing. The judges have made it clear that chances to win the appeal were so slim that Skype lawyers decided to fold and waived the appeal.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It would appear that the opinion of the judges is that either you have a valid license, or you should refrain at all to distribute the software. So any argument against the validity of the GNU GPL as an enforceable agreement have no merit, because if the clause is null, all what you have is the copyright exclusive rights on the copyright holder.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A quick recount of what has happened can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080508212535665&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080508212535665&lt;/a&gt;. Harald Welte says there:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
      &amp;#8220;The court hearing in the &amp;#8220;Welte vs. Skype Technologies SA&amp;#8221; case went pretty well. Initially the court again suggested that the two parties might reach some form of amicable agreement. We indicated that this has been discussed before and we're not interested in settling for anything less than full GPL compliance.&lt;br /&gt; The various arguments by Skype supporting their claim that the GPL is violating German anti-trust legislation as well as further claims aiming at the GPL being invalid or incompatible with German legislation were not further analyzed by the court. The court stated that there was not enough arguments and material brought forward by Skype to support such a claim. And even if there was some truth to that, then Skype would not be able to still claim usage rights under that very same license.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      The lawyer representing Skype still continued to argue for a bit into that direction, which resulted one of the judges making up an interesting analogy of something like: &amp;#8220;If a publisher wants to publish a book of an author that wants his book only to be published in a green envelope, then that might seem odd to you, but still you will have to do it as long as you want to publish the book and have no other agreement in place&amp;#8221;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In the end, the court hinted twice that if it was to judge about the case, Skype would not have very high chances. After a short break, Skype decided to revoke their appeals case and accept the previous judgement of the lower court (Landgericht Muenchen I, the decision was in my favor) as the final judgement. This means that the previous court decision is legally binding to Skype, and we have successfully won what has probably been the most lengthy and time consuming case so far.&amp;#8221;
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Harald Welte is at the head of &lt;a href=&quot;http://gpl-violations.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;GPLviolations&lt;/a&gt;, a non profit organization dedicated to the enforcement of the rights of the GPL copyiright holders. He and Dr. Jaeger are active parts of an informal legal forum organized by the &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/index.en.html&quot;&gt;Freedom Task Force&lt;/a&gt; of the FSFE to discuss on issues pertaining Free Software licensing with also representatives of large industries on a neutral field. Dr. Jaeger is one of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/ftf/network.en.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;recommended lawyers&lt;/a&gt; for legal work related to Free Software by the FTF.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Intervista a Linux World</title>
            <link>/intervista-a-linux-world/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2008 21:33:30 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/intervista-a-linux-world/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/030808-piana.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/030808-piana.html&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  &amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/37&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Interoperabilità&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/030808-piana.html&quot;&gt;http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/030808-piana.html&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>OOXML, ISO standard</title>
            <link>/ooxml-iso-standard/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2008 16:37:30 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-iso-standard/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; What could have possibly made those national bodies that before had voted &amp;amp;#8220;no&amp;amp;#8221; or &amp;amp;#8220;abstain&amp;amp;#8221; to change their minds it is hard to understand. Not surely the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;?</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    What could  have possibly made those national bodies that before had voted &amp;#8220;no&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;abstain&amp;#8221; to change their minds it is hard to understand. Not surely the &lt;a href=&quot;?q=en/disposition_comments&quot;&gt;dispositions of comments&lt;/a&gt;, which casted more shadows than lights; not quite a &lt;strong&gt;BRM&lt;/strong&gt; (Ballot Resolution Meeting) where just a few dozens of issues were really discussed, while those open were literally thousands. Maybe in the name of the dominant player, everybody must bow to its diktats (once more)?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    ISO must rethink very carefully its role, we are very, very far from the right way. This standard should not have made a fast track, now it has been shoved through.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Starting from today is &amp;#8220;international standard&amp;#8221; not capitalized anymore?
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>OOXML, oltre il peggio</title>
            <link>/ooxml-oltre-il-peggio/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2008 16:21:02 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-oltre-il-peggio/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Cosa possa aver convinto membri nazionali che in precedenza avevano votato &amp;amp;#8220;no&amp;amp;#8221; o &amp;amp;#8220;astensione&amp;amp;#8221; a cambiare il proprio voto in senso favorevole, è difficile da comprendere. Certo non le &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;?</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Cosa possa aver convinto membri nazionali che in precedenza avevano votato &amp;#8220;no&amp;#8221; o &amp;#8220;astensione&amp;#8221; a cambiare il proprio voto in senso favorevole, è difficile da comprendere. Certo non le &lt;a href=&quot;?q=it/commenti_ecma&quot;&gt;disposition of comments&lt;/a&gt; che lasciavano più ombre che luci, non certo un &lt;strong&gt;BRM&lt;/strong&gt; (Ballot Resolution Meeting) dove si sono esaminate poche decine di questioni, mentre quelle aperte erano migliaia. Forse in nome dell'imprenditore dominante del settore tutti debbono sottostare ai suoi diktat una volta di più?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    ISO deve ripensare molto bene al suo ruolo, perché così proprio non ci siamo. Questo standard non doveva nemmeno essere proposto per fast track.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da oggi &amp;#8220;standard internazionale&amp;#8221; si scrive minuscolo. Fine delle trasmissioni, per ora.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Microsoft presto alla testa del movimento del Software Libero</title>
            <link>/microsoft-presto-alla-testa-del-movimento-del-software-libero/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2008 20:47:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/microsoft-presto-alla-testa-del-movimento-del-software-libero/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Comunque, spiego (o cerco di spiegare) perché Microsoft diverrà l&#39;aedo del Software Libero. Forse&amp;amp;#8230; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; Why Keeping MS Office Proprietary? &amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Like it or not, Microsoft Office is quite an important piece of software.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Comunque, spiego (o cerco di spiegare) perché Microsoft diverrà l'aedo del Software Libero. Forse&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Why Keeping MS Office Proprietary?
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Like it or not, Microsoft Office is quite an important piece of software. It is not the most used software application (my guess, this title goes to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/sw/bind/index.php&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Bind&lt;/a&gt;, the program that deals with DNS, which we invoke any time we use the Internet because it resolves the domain names), but for the average Joe and Mary it is perhaps 50% of their computing experience, or more. MS Office is a proprietary application; this means that users are only allowed to use as many copies of the application as they have bought from Microsoft (or, more likely, from a computer seller).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    MS Office costs money, but this is not the main shortcoming of its &lt;strong&gt;licensing conditions&lt;/strong&gt;. It comes only in object code, the source code is not available, but again this is not the sticky point. Proprietary conditions don't allow anybody else to put their hands onto the code to study, adapt and distribute modified versions of the software. MS Office is no exception to this.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    There are alternatives to MS Office, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.koffice.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Koffice&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abisource.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;AbiWord&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openoffice.org&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Openoffice.org&lt;/a&gt;, all &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;. Software whose licensing conditions allow the four Freedoms. And there are even more innovative alternative, such as web applications. So why bother if we cannot use those Freedoms for MS Office, when we have good alternatives?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Keep your curiosity warm.  
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Formats, interoperability, standards, network effects
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A telephone is worth nothing, it is not as useful as a piece of wood (you cannot burn it in your mantlepiece). Two telephones can be useful if your brother on the other side of the town has the other one. If your telephone can talk with 20% of the population it becomes quite worth buying it. Suppose that this telephone is more advanced and feature-rich than your neighbor's, but if your neighbor's telephone can talk to 80% of the population. The latter one is more useful. This is roughly called “&lt;strong&gt;network effect&lt;/strong&gt;”.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For the overall population, being able to speak to any individual that owns a telephone is very important. This is achieved by two alternative ways:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      having only one kind of telephone and only one network;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      or having as many kinds of telephones and networks as needed, all able to speak with each other, flawlessly.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The first model is called &lt;strong&gt;“monopoly”&lt;/strong&gt;, the second is based on &lt;strong&gt;“interoperability”&lt;/strong&gt;. At the dawn of the telephone era, the telephone network was considered a &lt;strong&gt;natural monopoly&lt;/strong&gt;, and in many countries the telephone network was in the hands of a state-owned company. Italy was one of them. The state-owned company could demand that any telephone connected to the network was rented by it; you were supposed to rent also the wall plug from them and not from others. It was a &lt;em&gt;legal&lt;/em&gt; in addition to being a natural monopoly. And that was not cheap. Indeed it was quite costly. In exchange, the monopolist guaranteed that the service was ubiquitous, and was obliged to bring the network even to places where it was largely a loss.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Was that a good deal for the average user? Quite hardly so!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Then came the liberalization, and the former monopolists (incumbent operators) were forced to share the lines with competitors, to respect interconnection requirements, to abide by international standards. Now I can connect a fax, a telephone, a modem to a telephone network without bothering asking permission to my operator, and I can change my operator almost at will, being sure that I can communicate almost with anybody in the world who has a similar apparatus. All this is called &lt;strong&gt;interoperability&lt;/strong&gt;, and it brings &lt;strong&gt;unencumbered competition&lt;/strong&gt;. And as the competition in the sector is fierce, the prices are dropping, new services are blooming by the day, innovation happens at many levels.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    How this relates to MS Office?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Microsoft is a &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; near monopolist in many sectors, including those connected with Microsoft Office. When I suggest people to go for Openoffice.org, the natural question is not &amp;#8220;can I do the same things as with Microsoft Office?&amp;#8221;, but &amp;#8220;can I open and save attachments in .doc, .xls that my friends send me?&amp;#8221;. People tend to &lt;strong&gt;share documents&lt;/strong&gt;, and thus the ubiquity of the leading application grants huge network effect.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ideally, there should be a &lt;strong&gt;standard&lt;/strong&gt; for doing this, and indeed &lt;em&gt;too many&lt;/em&gt; standard exist. For the kind of documents like those produced by MS Office (which we will call &lt;strong&gt;Personal Productivity Application's (PPA)&lt;/strong&gt; documents) two standard exist: one is recognized by ISO (ISO 26300, also known as &lt;strong&gt;ODF&lt;/strong&gt;, which is the one used by Openoffice.org), another is an industry standard recognized by ECMA (ECMA 376, also known as Office Open XML, in short &lt;strong&gt;OOXML&lt;/strong&gt;). Both of them are XML formats (which means that they are written in human readable formats, but parseable by a machine). ODF is an open standard, OOXML seems short of being it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    None of them is currently much used. ODF is not installed or used on many computers. People who use MS Office (somewhere in the region of 90% of the people using a PC) have not the ability to save files in ODF, so Microsoft does not support the existing standard for PPA's documents. There is a plugin currently developed, but how many of you have ever installed a plugin into an application?  Meanwhile, people don't use OOXML either. OOXML is only available with MS Office 2007 and yet it is not the default option for saving docs. And it is itself not fully compliant with with the OOXML presented as ECMA 376. It is even more far from being compliant with the current proposal of ISO DIS 29500, the fast-tracked attempt to turn ECMA 376 into an International Standard, after thousands of comments in the ballot process requested deep changes to make it a standard.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The bottomline? People share documents in MS Office proprietary and binary file formats. So there is still clearly a strong network effect and an interoperability issue in the everyday life of interconnected people. I write very complicated documents (such as contracts) with multiple numbering, cross references and other stuff which goes partly amiss when I convert them into a Word document. Therefore sometimes I am forced not to use the most advanced features because they are not translated during conversion. And the odds are that my counterparts don't have Openoffice.org, despite it's free (Free Software and free to download) and inter-platform, so it can be used on virtually any computer (Windows, GNU/Linux, Mac, Solaris, FreeBSD etc. ).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    One single standard
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Having two different, non interoperable standard would not do much to improve the situation. As I wrote in my previous post &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=en/disposition_comments_2&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;there can be only one&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. this would eventually lead to the adoption of the standard supported by the most widespread application in spite of the quality of the standard and the richness, value of its implementation. But also if ODF were eventually the winning standard, we would have a suboptimal situation. I cannot think of a standard for PPAs that flatly ignores the needs of the most widespread application in the field.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Please note that in my last point the following elements have been intentionally disregarded:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That Microsoft refused to contribute to ODF despite being a member of the proposing body (OASIS)
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That Microsoft started standardizing its format &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; OASIS published ODF 1.0
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That it would have been very more efficient to start an unified standard for a generic PPA, taking into consideration the requirements of all possible players, present and future.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That the approval process of OOXML is open to criticism on many accounts.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    My aim is not to see who did good deeds and who did the wong ones, I have my ideas and I think anybody can easily find out. The point is where do we move from here?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have no doubts: &lt;strong&gt;the two standards must merge&lt;/strong&gt;. There can be only one. Not necessarily ODF, surely not OOXML.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Microsoft Office, Free Software
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Standardization of the format, if properly done, would be a very powerful drive. Who would care using and paying Microsoft's product if interoperable alternatives were available? Those thinking that the additional features of Microsoft Office are worth the price (in terms of licensing costs and of computing power). Those many others using a wordprocessor like a typing machine would probably think better. This is why nobody in his/her mind thinkg that the effort of Microsoft to bring a documentary standard around MS Office is a genuine effort towards interoperability. As it has been presented, OOXML was at best a way for other applications to write something that works for Microsoft Office, a one-way interoperability, with Microsoft's product at the center. Because of its tailorization, OOXML could be implemented at heart only by one product. Therefore, among many other reasons, the attempt to standardize it, sorry, to make it a &lt;em&gt;de iure&lt;/em&gt; standard recognized by ISO, must be rejected outright. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ok, let's suppose that a true open, independent standard eventually wins, as it is in my wishes. Then the ball is in Microsoft's field. Microsoft is not a Free Software company, I think we can all agree upon it. Microsoft's core business is to produce proprietary software and sell licenses to use it. Asking Microsoft to put some of its software, and especially the best seller Microsoft Office under conditions that permit anybody to copy, distribute, modify it seems to be 100% naive. Here is &lt;strong&gt;the answer to the initial question:&lt;/strong&gt; why not to put MS Office under Free Sofwtare coditions? Microsoft &lt;strong&gt;would lose billions&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Would it?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Well, yes, it probably would. But &lt;strong&gt;the alternative&lt;/strong&gt; is to enclose itself even more in an all-proprietary world. It cannot go on forever. There is a mounting pressure to open up protocols and formats, to ensure interoperability, even Microsoft acknowledges so. Two years ago they said it was impossible for them to disclose their proprietary and secret network protocols. Now they have issued the &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/default.mspx&quot;&gt;Open Specification Promise&lt;/a&gt; and they increase the list of protocols submitted under it. It is not perfect, it would perhaps be more perfect if &lt;strong&gt;software patents&lt;/strong&gt; did not exist. But it is somethig that it seemed and was vigorously maintained to be impossible. And with the release of the other protocols not put under the OSP, like most of the protocols of the WSPP (the program set up by Microsoft to comply with the 2004 EU Commission Decision) Microsoft has probably realized that the disclosure of them to Samba and to other projects through the &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;Protocol Freedom Information Foundation&lt;/a&gt; has brought considerable progress in the strenghtening of the protocols, so that Microsoft decided to go slightly beyond what it was their disclosure obligation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The idea is that what seems out of reach now, tomorrow could be quite ordinary. Sun has released &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensolaris.org/os/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Open Solaris&lt;/a&gt; under GNU GPL conditions, and so is doing with Java. In two or three years Microsoft could face competition threats that today it does not envisage, and possibly this would be thanks also the antitrust initiative that starts to bring results. And the answer could be that of changing the business model. Perhaps a shift in the paradigm could help Microsoft finding more creative ways to exploit the many talented software engineers it has enrolled. Could eventually &lt;strong&gt;Microsoft take the lead of the Free Software development&lt;/strong&gt; in many fields? Two years ago the odds were slimmer than finding a snowball in hell. Todays it is still quite remote, Tomorrow it could be less incredible.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A good start it would be chaning the business model around MS Office. Maybe starting from the oldest applications, those already paralleled by Openoffice.org. That would perhaps overcome even the current nonsensical battle of standards. Once competition will make a breakthrough in the PPA arena, and PPA will be commoditized, because eventually they will be commoditized, the Free Software alternative will be more attractive for a constellation of small applications, widgets, plugin that will flourish. More and more a monolitic approach will be replaced by a mixed environment of &lt;strong&gt;software as a service&lt;/strong&gt; and small applications that would perform limited tasks when offline. There are new protocols and paradigms: I am for instance sincerely impressed by a Microsoft Exchange alternative called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zimbra.com&quot;&gt;Zimbra&lt;/a&gt; (largely free software), which uses Ajax to build online &amp;#8212; and now even offline &amp;#8212; web applications. The era of the software as we know is about to end, it could end with Microsoft imploding in &amp;#8220;enlarge our monopoly and sell as many licenses as possible in the process&amp;#8221; or with Microsoft prospering more or less the same way as Google is doing, anticipating the revolution and leading the innovation, instead of trying to catch up, embrace and extend.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    When a couple of years ago Bill Gates &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.scripting.com/disruption/mail.html&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; that Microsoft more or less had to turn all the way &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/11/01/HNgatesozzie_1.html&quot;&gt;into a software as a service company&lt;/a&gt;, the stock market reacted badly, but it was mistaken. I think that for once Gates has seen the right direction where to move, and it would be foolish for Microsoft to ignore what the soon-to-be former Chairman of Microsoft has said. It can be through investing in Free Software, It has to begin with Office. And the sooner, the better.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt; Go, Microsoft, go! &lt;/strong&gt;(Free Software)
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Is Microsoft to Lead the Free Software Crusade?</title>
            <link>/is-microsoft-to-lead-the-free-software-crusade/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2008 20:33:47 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/is-microsoft-to-lead-the-free-software-crusade/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Like it or not, Microsoft Office is quite an important piece of software. It is not the most used software application (my guess, this title goes to &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Like it or not, Microsoft Office is quite an important piece of software. It is not the most used software application (my guess, this title goes to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/sw/bind/index.php&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Bind&lt;/a&gt;, the program that deals with DNS, which we invoke any time we use the Internet because it resolves the domain names), but for the average Joe and Mary it is perhaps 50% of their computing experience, or more. MS Office is a proprietary application; this means that users are only allowed to use as many copies of the application as they have bought from Microsoft (or, more likely, from a computer seller).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    MS Office costs money, but this is not the main shortcoming of its &lt;strong&gt;licensing conditions&lt;/strong&gt;. It comes only in object code, the source code is not available, but again this is not the sticky point. Proprietary conditions don't allow anybody else to put their hands onto the code to study, adapt and distribute modified versions of the software. MS Office is no exception to this.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    There are alternatives to MS Office, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.koffice.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Koffice&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abisource.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;AbiWord&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openoffice.org&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Openoffice.org&lt;/a&gt;, all &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Free Software&lt;/a&gt;. Software whose licensing conditions allow the four Freedoms. And there are even more innovative alternative, such as web applications. So why bother if we cannot use those Freedoms for MS Office, when we have good alternatives?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Keep your curiosity warm.  
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Formats, interoperability, standards, network effects
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A telephone is worth nothing, it is not as useful as a piece of wood (you cannot burn it in your mantlepiece). Two telephones can be useful if your brother on the other side of the town has the other one. If your telephone can talk with 20% of the population it becomes quite worth buying it. Suppose that this telephone is more advanced and feature-rich than your neighbor's, but if your neighbor's telephone can talk to 80% of the population. The latter one is more useful. This is roughly called “&lt;strong&gt;network effect&lt;/strong&gt;”.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For the overall population, being able to speak to any individual that owns a telephone is very important. This is achieved by two alternative ways:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      having only one kind of telephone and only one network;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      or having as many kinds of telephones and networks as needed, all able to speak with each other, flawlessly.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The first model is called &lt;strong&gt;“monopoly”&lt;/strong&gt;, the second is based on &lt;strong&gt;“interoperability”&lt;/strong&gt;. At the dawn of the telephone era, the telephone network was considered a &lt;strong&gt;natural monopoly&lt;/strong&gt;, and in many countries the telephone network was in the hands of a state-owned company. Italy was one of them. The state-owned company could demand that any telephone connected to the network was rented by it; you were supposed to rent also the wall plug from them and not from others. It was a &lt;em&gt;legal&lt;/em&gt; in addition to being a natural monopoly. And that was not cheap. Indeed it was quite costly. In exchange, the monopolist guaranteed that the service was ubiquitous, and was obliged to bring the network even to places where it was largely a loss.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Was that a good deal for the average user? Quite hardly so!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Then came the liberalization, and the former monopolists (incumbent operators) were forced to share the lines with competitors, to respect interconnection requirements, to abide by international standards. Now I can connect a fax, a telephone, a modem to a telephone network without bothering asking permission to my operator, and I can change my operator almost at will, being sure that I can communicate almost with anybody in the world who has a similar apparatus. All this is called &lt;strong&gt;interoperability&lt;/strong&gt;, and it brings &lt;strong&gt;unencumbered competition&lt;/strong&gt;. And as the competition in the sector is fierce, the prices are dropping, new services are blooming by the day, innovation happens at many levels.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    How this relates to MS Office?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Microsoft is a &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; near monopolist in many sectors, including those connected with Microsoft Office. When I suggest people to go for Openoffice.org, the natural question is not &amp;#8220;can I do the same things as with Microsoft Office?&amp;#8221;, but &amp;#8220;can I open and save attachments in .doc, .xls that my friends send me?&amp;#8221;. People tend to &lt;strong&gt;share documents&lt;/strong&gt;, and thus the ubiquity of the leading application grants huge network effect.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ideally, there should be a &lt;strong&gt;standard&lt;/strong&gt; for doing this, and indeed &lt;em&gt;too many&lt;/em&gt; standard exist. For the kind of documents like those produced by MS Office (which we will call &lt;strong&gt;Personal Productivity Application's (PPA)&lt;/strong&gt; documents) two standard exist: one is recognized by ISO (ISO 26300, also known as &lt;strong&gt;ODF&lt;/strong&gt;, which is the one used by Openoffice.org), another is an industry standard recognized by ECMA (ECMA 376, also known as Office Open XML, in short &lt;strong&gt;OOXML&lt;/strong&gt;). Both of them are XML formats (which means that they are written in human readable formats, but parseable by a machine). ODF is an open standard, OOXML seems short of being it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    None of them is currently much used. ODF is not installed or used on many computers. People who use MS Office (somewhere in the region of 90% of the people using a PC) have not the ability to save files in ODF, so Microsoft does not support the existing standard for PPA's documents. There is a plugin currently developed, but how many of you have ever installed a plugin into an application?  Meanwhile, people don't use OOXML either. OOXML is only available with MS Office 2007 and yet it is not the default option for saving docs. And it is itself not fully compliant with with the OOXML presented as ECMA 376. It is even more far from being compliant with the current proposal of ISO DIS 29500, the fast-tracked attempt to turn ECMA 376 into an International Standard, after thousands of comments in the ballot process requested deep changes to make it a standard.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The bottomline? People share documents in MS Office proprietary and binary file formats. So there is still clearly a strong network effect and an interoperability issue in the everyday life of interconnected people. I write very complicated documents (such as contracts) with multiple numbering, cross references and other stuff which goes partly amiss when I convert them into a Word document. Therefore sometimes I am forced not to use the most advanced features because they are not translated during conversion. And the odds are that my counterparts don't have Openoffice.org, despite it's free (Free Software and free to download) and inter-platform, so it can be used on virtually any computer (Windows, GNU/Linux, Mac, Solaris, FreeBSD etc. ).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    One single standard
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Having two different, non interoperable standard would not do much to improve the situation. As I wrote in my previous post &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=en/disposition_comments_2&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;there can be only one&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;. this would eventually lead to the adoption of the standard supported by the most widespread application in spite of the quality of the standard and the richness, value of its implementation. But also if ODF were eventually the winning standard, we would have a suboptimal situation. I cannot think of a standard for PPAs that flatly ignores the needs of the most widespread application in the field.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Please note that in my last point the following elements have been intentionally disregarded:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That Microsoft refused to contribute to ODF despite being a member of the proposing body (OASIS)
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That Microsoft started standardizing its format &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; OASIS published ODF 1.0
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That it would have been very more efficient to start an unified standard for a generic PPA, taking into consideration the requirements of all possible players, present and future.
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      That the approval process of OOXML is open to criticism on many accounts.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    My aim is not to see who did good deeds and who did the wong ones, I have my ideas and I think anybody can easily find out. The point is where do we move from here?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have no doubts: &lt;strong&gt;the two standards must merge&lt;/strong&gt;. There can be only one. Not necessarily ODF, surely not OOXML.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Microsoft Office, Free Software
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Standardization of the format, if properly done, would be a very powerful drive. Who would care using and paying Microsoft's product if interoperable alternatives were available? Those thinking that the additional features of Microsoft Office are worth the price (in terms of licensing costs and of computing power). Those many others using a wordprocessor like a typing machine would probably think better. This is why nobody in his/her mind thinkg that the effort of Microsoft to bring a documentary standard around MS Office is a genuine effort towards interoperability. As it has been presented, OOXML was at best a way for other applications to write something that works for Microsoft Office, a one-way interoperability, with Microsoft's product at the center. Because of its tailorization, OOXML could be implemented at heart only by one product. Therefore, among many other reasons, the attempt to standardize it, sorry, to make it a &lt;em&gt;de iure&lt;/em&gt; standard recognized by ISO, must be rejected outright. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ok, let's suppose that a true open, independent standard eventually wins, as it is in my wishes. Then the ball is in Microsoft's field. Microsoft is not a Free Software company, I think we can all agree upon it. Microsoft's core business is to produce proprietary software and sell licenses to use it. Asking Microsoft to put some of its software, and especially the best seller Microsoft Office under conditions that permit anybody to copy, distribute, modify it seems to be 100% naive. Here is &lt;strong&gt;the answer to the initial question:&lt;/strong&gt; why not to put MS Office under Free Sofwtare coditions? Microsoft &lt;strong&gt;would lose billions&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Would it?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Well, yes, it probably would. But &lt;strong&gt;the alternative&lt;/strong&gt; is to enclose itself even more in an all-proprietary world. It cannot go on forever. There is a mounting pressure to open up protocols and formats, to ensure interoperability, even Microsoft acknowledges so. Two years ago they said it was impossible for them to disclose their proprietary and secret network protocols. Now they have issued the &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/default.mspx&quot;&gt;Open Specification Promise&lt;/a&gt; and they increase the list of protocols submitted under it. It is not perfect, it would perhaps be more perfect if &lt;strong&gt;software patents&lt;/strong&gt; did not exist. But it is somethig that it seemed and was vigorously maintained to be impossible. And with the release of the other protocols not put under the OSP, like most of the protocols of the WSPP (the program set up by Microsoft to comply with the 2004 EU Commission Decision) Microsoft has probably realized that the disclosure of them to Samba and to other projects through the &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;Protocol Freedom Information Foundation&lt;/a&gt; has brought considerable progress in the strenghtening of the protocols, so that Microsoft decided to go slightly beyond what it was their disclosure obligation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The idea is that what seems out of reach now, tomorrow could be quite ordinary. Sun has released &lt;a href=&quot;http://opensolaris.org/os/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Open Solaris&lt;/a&gt; under GNU GPL conditions, and so is doing with Java. In two or three years Microsoft could face competition threats that today it does not envisage, and possibly this would be thanks also the antitrust initiative that starts to bring results. And the answer could be that of changing the business model. Perhaps a shift in the paradigm could help Microsoft finding more creative ways to exploit the many talented software engineers it has enrolled. Could eventually &lt;strong&gt;Microsoft take the lead of the Free Software development&lt;/strong&gt; in many fields? Two years ago the odds were slimmer than finding a snowball in hell. Todays it is still quite remote, Tomorrow it could be less incredible.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A good start it would be chaning the business model around MS Office. Maybe starting from the oldest applications, those already paralleled by Openoffice.org. That would perhaps overcome even the current nonsensical battle of standards. Once competition will make a breakthrough in the PPA arena, and PPA will be commoditized, because eventually they will be commoditized, the Free Software alternative will be more attractive for a constellation of small applications, widgets, plugin that will flourish. More and more a monolitic approach will be replaced by a mixed environment of &lt;strong&gt;software as a service&lt;/strong&gt; and small applications that would perform limited tasks when offline. There are new protocols and paradigms: I am for instance sincerely impressed by a Microsoft Exchange alternative called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zimbra.com&quot;&gt;Zimbra&lt;/a&gt; (largely free software), which uses Ajax to build online &amp;#8212; and now even offline &amp;#8212; web applications. The era of the software as we know is about to end, it could end with Microsoft imploding in &amp;#8220;enlarge our monopoly and sell as many licenses as possible in the process&amp;#8221; or with Microsoft prospering more or less the same way as Google is doing, anticipating the revolution and leading the innovation, instead of trying to catch up, embrace and extend.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    When a couple of years ago Bill Gates &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.scripting.com/disruption/mail.html&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; that Microsoft more or less had to turn all the way &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/11/01/HNgatesozzie_1.html&quot;&gt;into a software as a service company&lt;/a&gt;, the stock market reacted badly, but it was mistaken. I think that for once Gates has seen the right direction where to move, and it would be foolish for Microsoft to ignore what the soon-to-be former Chairman of Microsoft has said. It can be through investing in Free Software, It has to begin with Office. And the sooner, the better.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     Go, Microsoft, go! (Free Software)
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Mark Webbink</title>
            <link>/mark-webbink/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2008 09:10:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/mark-webbink/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;field-item odd&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/taxonomy/term/41&amp;quot;&amp;gt;SFLC&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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            <title>Ancora sulle licenze OEM</title>
            <link>/ancora-sulle-licenze-oem/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2008 11:18:03 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ancora-sulle-licenze-oem/</guid>
            <description> &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; L&#39;articolo può essere rinvenuto a:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana10.htm&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana10.htm&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;  </description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    L'articolo può essere rinvenuto a:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana10.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana10.htm&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Italia.it</title>
            <link>/italia-it/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 2008 14:18:21 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/italia-it/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Now the website is timed out, not even a &amp;amp;#8220;goodbye&amp;amp;#8221; page. &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; By the way, the website is closed, but Italy is still open for business &amp;amp;#8212; and tourism &amp;amp;#8212; in case you wondered.</description>
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    Now the website is timed out, not even a &amp;#8220;goodbye&amp;#8221; page.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    By the way, the website is closed, but Italy is still open for business &amp;#8212; and tourism &amp;#8212; in case you wondered. Don't be mislead!
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            <title>Italia.it</title>
            <link>/italia-it-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 2008 14:08:56 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/italia-it-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Mi rimetto a quello che dice su &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2165721&amp;amp;pall=1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Punto Informatico&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; il Direttore. E chi può avere voglia di aggiungere qualcosa? &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Ora il sito è in timeout. Nemmeno una pagine di &amp;amp;#8220;arrivederci a un futuro migliore&amp;amp;#8221;: che figura di palta!</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Mi rimetto a quello che dice su &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2165721&amp;pall=1&quot;&gt;Punto Informatico&lt;/a&gt; il Direttore. E chi può avere voglia di aggiungere qualcosa?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ora il sito è in timeout. Nemmeno una pagine di &amp;#8220;arrivederci a un futuro migliore&amp;#8221;: che figura di palta!
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>Ne resterà solo uno!</title>
            <link>/ne-restera-solo-uno/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2008 21:50:45 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ne-restera-solo-uno/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Sono lieto di ricevere da parte di Andrea Valboni di Microsoft alcuni commenti al &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=it/commenti_ecma&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mio precedente post&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; sulla questione OOXML. La risposta, tuttavia, non mi convince del tutto.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Sono lieto di ricevere da parte di Andrea Valboni di Microsoft alcuni commenti al &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=it/commenti_ecma&quot;&gt;mio precedente post&lt;/a&gt; sulla questione OOXML. La risposta, tuttavia, non mi convince del tutto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Mi soffermerò solo su una singola, centrale problematica, invece di avviare una discussione multi-tematica. &lt;strong&gt;Non ci possono essere due Standard Internazionali&lt;/strong&gt;. In effetti in passato si sono avuti due o tre differenti standard industriali. Ma cos'è successo? &lt;strong&gt;Solo uno è sopravvissuto&lt;/strong&gt;. Il migliore? Non sempre, e con quale spreco di risorse nel frattempo. Il chiaro esempio del VHS, che ha avuto la meglio sul Betamax con l'estromissione dello standard migliore a vantaggio di quello peggiore, dovrebbe essere già indicativo. E quando dico &amp;#8220;peggiore&amp;#8221;, non è solo una questione di gusti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Due standard o uno standard? Questo è il problema
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A volte lo standard migliore batte lo standard peggiore. Il &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ray&quot;&gt;Blue Ray&lt;/a&gt; sta superando l'HD DVD&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ma durante il processo di standardizzazione un sacco di risorse sono state impiegate in quella che è una lotta priva di senso. E non sto parlando delle due aziende che propongono i due standard, so parlando di coloro che hanno iniziato a implementare uno dei due standard senza avere alcuna rassicurazione che la loro scelta sia la più opportuna; e parlo anche dei consumatori, i quali in una parte non irrilevante di casi acquistano qualcosa che è destinato a rivelarsi inutilizzabile a causa della mancanza di contenuti. Infine, bisognerebbe considerare il ritardo causato da questa &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_war&quot;&gt;battaglia degli standard&lt;/a&gt; per una tecnologia che era già matura almeno un anno fa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ciò è abbastanza consueto in ambito di concorrenza industriale. Qualcuno si fa avanti con la sua proposta, poi il mercato decreta chi ha la meglio. Microsoft è molto brava in queste cose, usando una lunga lista di strategie commercialmente corrette, a volte al limite e in qualche caso oltre il limite (secondo il giudizio definitivo di Corti molto autorevoli).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma nel caso di Standard Internazionali, il più autorevole, rispettabile e indipendente tipo di standard, non è proprio la stessa cosa: il fatto stesso di cercare di imporre OOXML come Standard Internazionale alternativo rispetto a uno già esistente, per esattamente lo stesso campo di applicazione &amp;#8212; come è ODF &amp;#8212; vuol dire causare problemi di concorrenza. Non devono esistere due Standard Internazionali per lo stesso identico campo di applicazione, perché ciò è:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;anti-economico&lt;/strong&gt; per coloro che implementano lo standard: o restando non interoperabili con uno dei due, oppure dovendo supportare contemporaneamente due differenti standard incompatibili;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      in questo caso lo &lt;strong&gt;standard vincente&lt;/strong&gt; non sarà verosimilmente quello più interoperabile, più libero e in generale migliore, ma quello sostenuto dall'&lt;strong&gt;applicazione dominante&lt;/strong&gt;.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In tutti gli esempi di Standard Internazionali in sovrapposizione (eccetto forse uno o due casi), essenzialmente essi hanno profonde differenze e perseguono differenti obbiettivi. Si pensi ad esempio al dualismo di &lt;strong&gt;TCP e UDP&lt;/strong&gt;: teoricamente ciascuno dei due può essere usato per gran parte delle applicazioni per cui è usato l'altro. Essi hanno tuttavia speculari vantaggi e svantaggi, che fanno l'uno più adatto dell'altro se si ricerca l'affidabilità sulla leggerezza e le prestazionei, e viceversa. Qualche volta ci sono più standard per un singolo dominio applicativo, come &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeg&quot;&gt;JPEG&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeg2000&quot;&gt;JPEG2000&lt;/a&gt;. Ma questa duplicità di standard riflette l'evoluzione della tecnologia, in questo caso col passaggio dalla codifica DCT alle Wavelets, cosa che rende più efficace la rappresentazione in un campo specifico.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Con l'OOXML e l'ODF ciò non accade, dato che entrambi sono diverse rappresentazioni sintattiche delle stesse strutture di base e semantica (le differenze, dove sussistono, sono piuttosto sottili).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    &amp;#8220;È l'implementazione, stupido&amp;#8221;!
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ah, ok! Allora mi sembra di capire quale sia l'idea che Microsoft sta cercando di far passare. Chiedo scusa, non avevo prestato sufficiente attenzione. L'OOXML deve essere approvato in &lt;em&gt;fast track&lt;/em&gt; perché c'è una marea di utenti e sviluppatori là fuori che stanno dicendo: &amp;#8220;dobbiamo generare output per l'applicazione dominante&amp;#8221;. Non perché sia migliore o perché esso permetta di fare cose che non si possono fare in altro modo, ma perché lo standard segue un object model vecchio di 25 anni di un'unica applicazione, e bisogna in qualche modo conservare gli script e le applicazioni che generano dati e documenti compatibili con Office, oggi, e domani con Office 2007&amp;#8243; (nota: non ho detto &amp;#8220;con OOXML&amp;#8221; o &amp;#8220;con DIS29500&amp;#8221;). Da qui – per esempio – la necessità di preservare il bug noto come &amp;#8220;il 1900 è un anno bisestile&amp;#8221; ignorando bellamente che a) da un bel po' siamo nel &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar&quot;&gt;calendario Gregoriano&lt;/a&gt; e non nel calendario Giuliano, e b) esiste uno standard ISO (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40874&quot;&gt;8601&lt;/a&gt;) sulla rappresentazione delle date che non può essere trascurato. In altre parole, &lt;strong&gt;è l'implementazione che definisce lo standard, non lo standard che definisce l'implementazione&lt;/strong&gt;, e questo è semplicemente inaccettabile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sarò anche prevenuto, ma uno standard che ignori tutti gli standard e addirittura tutte le regole dei processi di standardizzazione, non dovrebbe essere uno Standard Internazionale. Come ho detto, mettere un timbro su uno standard in fretta e furia per procurare un bagliore di &amp;#8220;indipendenza&amp;#8221; e &amp;#8220;apertura&amp;#8221; ad un standard mono-produttore (cioè sviluppato da un unico soggetto) è fuori dagli scopi dell'ISO. Questa è la mia idea. Gli altri sono liberi di avere la loro. Tuttavia io ho ragione e loro hanno torto. 😉
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>There can be only one</title>
            <link>/disposition_comments_2/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2008 15:45:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/disposition_comments_2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I will concentrate on one single, central issue, instead of starting a multi-threaded discussion. There cannot be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;two International Standards&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. Indeed in the past we had two or three different &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;industry standards&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    I will concentrate on one single, central issue, instead of starting a multi-threaded discussion. There cannot be &lt;strong&gt;two International Standards&lt;/strong&gt;. Indeed in the past we had two or three different &lt;strong&gt;industry standards&lt;/strong&gt;. But what has happened? &lt;strong&gt;Only one has survived&lt;/strong&gt;. The better? Not always, and what a waste of resources in the process. The clear example of VHS surviving over Betamax, expunging the better standard to the benefit of the worst one, should be indicative. And when I say the worst, it is not just a matter of taste!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    Two standards or one standard? This is the question!
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sometimes the better standard beats the worst standard. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ray&quot;&gt;Blue Ray&lt;/a&gt; is beating &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD&quot;&gt;HD DVD&lt;/a&gt;. But in the process a heck lot of resources were spent in a meaningless fight. And I am not speaking about the two industries proposing the two standards, I mean the ones who started implementing either standard without having any reassurance that their choice was the good one; and I also speak about the customers, who in a non irrelevant share have bought something doomed to be unusable due to the lack of content. Finally, one should consider the delay caused by this &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_war&quot;&gt;battle of standards&lt;/a&gt; to a technology that was mature at least one year ago.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    That for industry competition is quite customary. Anybody comes up with their proposal, then the market decides which one succeeds. Microsoft was very good at this, using a long list of commercially fair, sometimes borderline and in a few cases outside the limit strategies (according to definitive judgments from very authoritative Courts).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    But with International Standards, the most authoritative, respectable and independent kind of standards, it is not quite the same: the very essence of forcing OOXML to become an alternative International Standard to an already existing one, for exactly the same field of application &amp;#8212; as ODF &amp;#8212; is a disruption in competition. There must &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; be two International Standards for exactly the same field of application, because it is
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ol&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;strong&gt;anti-economic&lt;/strong&gt; for those implementing the standard (either becoming non interoperable with either standard or supporting two different incompatible standards at a time); and
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      in this case the &lt;strong&gt;winning standard&lt;/strong&gt; is not going to be the most interoperable, free and better standard, but the one backed by the &lt;strong&gt;dominant application&lt;/strong&gt;.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ol&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In all examples of partly overlapping International Standard (with maybe one or two exceptions), essentially they have profound differences and serve different purposes. One can think of the duality between &lt;strong&gt;TCP and UDP&lt;/strong&gt;: theoretically, both can be used for most of the applications that the other is used, but they have trade-offs that make one better than others if you choose reliability over light-weight, or the reverse. Sometimes there are multiple standards for a single industry domain, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeg&quot;&gt;JPEG&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeg2000&quot;&gt;JPEG2000&lt;/a&gt;. But these multiple standards reflect the evolution of &lt;strong&gt;technology&lt;/strong&gt;, in this case from DCT coding to Wavelets, allowing for better representation in a specific field.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    With OOXML and ODF this does not happen, as both are essentially different syntactic representations of the same underlying structure and semantics (the differences, where existing, are rather small).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h3&gt;
    &amp;#8220;It's the implementation, dummy!&amp;#8221;
  &lt;/h3&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I seem now to gather what is the idea that Microsoft is trying to convey. Sorry, I was not paying enough attention. OOXML must make the fast track because there is a crowd of users and developers out there saying: &amp;#8220;we need to produce output for the dominant application, if we must do it in XML, that should be the one supported by Office&amp;#8221;. Not because it is better or because it permits things that are not permitted elsewhere, but because the standard follows the 25years-old object model of one single application, and is there to save the legacy scripts and applications that generate content &amp;#8220;compliant&amp;#8221; with Office, and tomorrow with Office 2007 (note: I have not said &amp;#8220;OOXML&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;DIS29500&amp;#8221;). Thence &amp;#8212; for instance &amp;#8212; the need to preserve the 1900-is-a-leap-year bug, blatantly ignoring that a) we have been in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar&quot;&gt;Gregorian calendar&lt;/a&gt;, and not in a Julian Calendar long since and b) that there is an ISO standard (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40874&quot;&gt;8601&lt;/a&gt;) on Representation of dates that cannot be disregarded. In other words, &lt;strong&gt;it is the implementation that leads the standard, not the standard that guides the implementation&lt;/strong&gt;, and this is plainly unacceptable.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I could be biased in my opinion, but a standard that ignores all the standards and even the rules of standard-making processes, should not be an International Standard. As I said, rubber-stamping a standard in haste to provide a glow of &amp;#8220;independence&amp;#8221; and &amp;#8220;openness&amp;#8221; to a single-vendor standard is outside the scopes of ISO. That is my idea. Others are free to have their own. But I am right, they are wrong. 😉
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>OOXML v 2.0: di male in peggio</title>
            <link>/ooxml-v-2-0-di-male-in-peggio/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2008 14:24:06 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-v-2-0-di-male-in-peggio/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Traduzione a cura di Simone Aliprandi, che ringrazio&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; OOXML, ovvero &amp;amp;#8211; come è meno conosciuto &amp;amp;#8211; ISO/IEC DIS 29500, si sta pian piano avvicinando al Ballot Resolution Meeting in cui si valuterà se esso può assurgere allo status di Standard Internazionale.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;Traduzione a cura di Simone Aliprandi, che ringrazio&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    OOXML, ovvero &amp;#8211; come è meno conosciuto &amp;#8211; ISO/IEC DIS 29500, si sta pian piano avvicinando al Ballot Resolution Meeting in cui si valuterà se esso può assurgere allo status di Standard Internazionale. Ora &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecma-international.org/&quot;&gt;ECMA&lt;/a&gt;, l'ente che (a dir poco) precipitosamente ha deciso di renderlo uno standard industriale e lo ha presentato all'ISO attraverso una procedura a “corsia preferenziale”, ha raccolto i commenti degli enti nazionali e ha redatto una &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itn.liu.se/~stegu/OOXML/DIS29500-2008-002.pdf&quot;&gt;proposta&lt;/a&gt; per fronteggiarli.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ebbene, dopo aver letto le prime pagine della proposta mi sono reso conto che non valeva la pena di leggere l'intero documento. Io ero più che altro interessato ai commenti di alcuni membri di ISO in merito alle condizioni di licenza (brevetti e copyright) dell'OOXML. Come avvocato, sono profondamente convinto che la Open Specification Promise sia infatti tutt'altro che sufficiente ad assicurare che questo standard sia realmente uno standard indipendente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La risposta? La questione Non sarà oggetto di trattazione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    La questione dei brevetti
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    ECMA considera quello degli IPR (Intellectual Property Rights, diritti di privativa intellettuale) un non-problema. Bene, io credo che invece sia proprio il contrario. Sarebbe un suicidio ammettere uno standard in cui un singolo produttore sia autorizzato a fare giochetti come ad esempio dire: “Sapete una cosa? Adesso mi pagate una royalty per ogni implementazione dello standard”, oppure “sorpresa sorpresa, non avete licenza per questo brevetto, dunque siete pregati di cessare ed evitare di usare il nostro formato”. Tralasciamo per un secondo la mia opinione che i brevetti software non dovrebbero esistere; d'altronde esistono, e sono applicati. State dicendo che quanto non accadrà? Allora, se fate caso, anche relativamente a standard veramente multi-vendor (cioè con contributi da più operatori), troverete una vasta quantità di questioni brevettuali sollevate su standard apparentemente liberi o implementabili con condizioni ragionevoli e non discriminatorie: basti pensare all'MP3 e alle relative “patent ambushes” (letteralmente “imboscate brevettuali”) che anche operatori come Microsoft hanno dovuto subire. Qui abbiamo a che fare con uno standard promosso unilateralmente da un singolo produttore che ha sostanzialmente deciso, sulla base della sua iniziativa e non del consenso generale, l'architettura e le specifiche dello standard. I giochi sono differenti, qui, e quindi più accorta del solito deve essere la gestione delle questioni relative ai diritti. Che cosa abbiamo invece? La Open Specification Promise. In sostanza un impegno unilaterale di evitare azioni legali. Pensare che ciò possa essere una &lt;a href=&quot;http://brendanscott.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/cyberlaw-ooxml-seminar-14-december/&quot;&gt;garanzia sufficiente&lt;/a&gt; per garantire un'implementazione senza problemi da parte di terzi dell'OOXML è davvero ingenuo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un non-problema? Può anche essere un non-problema per le attuali norme ISO, ma lo è per coloro chiamati a decidere se tale standard possa meritarsi di completare la procedura di corsia preferenziale, e sarebbe il momento per l'ISO anche di riconsiderare la propria policy. “Standard ISO” significa: “dovete adottarlo per questo ambito di utilizzo; dovete fare così perché questo è uno standard internazionale; dovete fare così perché il settore pubblico sempre di più richiede documenti archiviati in formati standard”. Sostenere che l'OOXML sia un possibile standard implica che, grazie alla diffusione capillare del binomio Microsoft Windows e Microsoft Office, l'OOXML diventerà lo standard per eccellenza. Se questo sarà lo standard affibbiato a tutto il genere umano, esso almeno deve essere libero da ogni possibile problema e implementabile liberamente al cento per cento. E con “liberamente” intendo senza che alcuno possa unilateralmente trovarsi in una posizione di controllo o possa vantare qualche ascendente di natura legale. Uno standard per documenti non è cosa di poco conto: i file di documento raccolgono gran parte delle informazioni che produciamo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Perché un altro standard? Uno è più che sufficiente!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Io non sto dicendo che lo standard è male giusto perché è Microsoft ad imporlo, ma mi sto chiedendo la ragione per cui Microsoft lo voglia imporre, e si affretta a farlo ora, dal momento che esiste un altro standard appropriato, che nessuno ha tuttora dimostrato essere inferiore e che non soffre dei vari difetti dell'OOXML, così di natura legale come di natura tecnica. Ho detto tecnica? Giusto, andiamo a guardare le migliaia di commenti che ha generato. Pare che la maggior parte dei commenti sia stati semplicemente accettati, compresi alcuni (non tutti) fra i più crudeli. Ad esempio, sono stati apparentemente rimossi quelli che fanno riferimento a specifiche funzionali (“fai questa cosa come la fa Word 97”). Questo potrebbe implicare che tutte le specifiche funzionali “legacy” sono state tenute separate dallo standard e non verrebbero comunque mai più incluse in esso. Esse saranno solo un'estensione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    “Ottimo”, starete pensando. I commenti sono stati accettati , i problemi sono stati risolti, dunque ora non ci sono più ostacoli tecnici, giusto?! E invece no! Le cose si sono fatte ora ancora più oscure. Quando ci si è trovati davanti all'interrogativo “perché un secondo standard? ne abbiamo già uno, l'ODF”, la risposta più o meno è sempre stata che l'OOXML ha due peculiarità che invece mancano all'ODF: compatibilità con i vecchi formati (“legacy”) (vecchi documenti in formato binario possono essere trasformati in formato OOXML senza perdere affidabilità) e adozione plausibilmente massiccia dello standard stesso, derivante dalla ampissima diffusione del nuovo Office 2007, destinato a diventare presto l'applicativo dominante. Dove sono quelle due motivazioni adesso? Puff! Svanite, non esistono più. La parte legacy è un'estensione, anche l'ODF supporta le estensioni. Office 2007 non è compatibile con la nuova versione dell'OOXML, senza poi contare il fatto che nemmeno l'OOXML dell'ECMA è stato implementato, non ci sarà una reale implementazione per anni. Per comprendere che cosa intendo per “reale”, vi invito a leggere il &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2008/01/standard-trolls.html&quot;&gt;blog di Bob Weir&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'OOXML è migliore dell'ODF? Non sono in grado di valutare. Nessuno finora ha però portato prove convincenti . Ho letto un rapporto sull'argomento a firma del Burton Group, ma era così lacunoso che la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odfalliance.org/&quot;&gt;ODF Alliance&lt;/a&gt; ha potuto tranquillamente usare toni sarcastici nel &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odfalliance.org/resources/BurtonGroupResponseFinal.pdf&quot;&gt;confutarlo&lt;/a&gt;. Di certo l'OOXML non è proprio il massimo per giustificare un secondo standard. E – scusate il francesismo – con quale faccia l'ECMA verrebbe a dirci che lo standard è ancora in fase di approvazione, quando dopo la consultazione lo hanno modificato e di molto? Questa evidente inversione di rotta è la prova più concreta che innanzi tutto lo standard non dovrebbe mai essere approvato dall'ECMA, e che non dovrebbe nemmeno essere fatto approvare dall'ISO attraverso una procedura a “corsia preferenziale”. Questo vuol dire abusare del processo di standardizzazione, cari miei!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    I test di conformità
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ad ogni modo, cos'è successo ai &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dis29500.org/it-0002/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;commenti dell'Italia? L'unico commento che abbiamo fatto oltre all'astensione dal voto è stato che noi vogliamo una implementazione di riferimeno indipendente e con condizioni open-source. Il commento è stato raggruppato assieme ad altri simili – si fa per dire – commenti sulla mancanza di test di conformità, o di test suites (il che è diverso da una implementazione di riferimento in cui si possa visionare il codice sorgente di un'implementazione e in certi casi anche utilizzare frammenti per l'applicazione concreta). Ciò è già abbastanza fastidioso. Ma non è nulla in confronto alla risposta: “Benché non siano ad oggi disponibili una implementazione di riferimento o una test suite d'interoperabilità, sta via via aumentando il numero delle implementazioni del ECMA-379 disponibili [&amp;#8230;]. Se l'esigenza di una test suite d'interoperabilità o di una implementazione di riferimento è avanzata e condivisa dagli Enti Nazionali, SC 34 potrebbe attivarsi opportunamente come suggerito in questo commento”. Come cavolo dovrei interpretarla? Una test suite non è una implementazione di riferimento. Una implementazione commerciale non è una test suite, è piuttosto come lo sviluppatore crede che lo standard dovrebbe essere implementato. Come si è visto, non sempre il principale sostenitore dello standard lo implementa in maniera veramente aderente. Non c'è modo di verificare con certezza se un'implementazione sia veramente aderente allo standard, poiché il test di conformità previsto dallo standard è semplicemente troppo lasso. E' giusto un modo elegante per dire: “No, grazie. per ora niente; vedremo quando lo standard sarà approvato”. Così i commenti italiani sono passati in fanteria: ne prendo atto.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sono più che mai perplesso per l'atteggiamento dell'ECMA. L'esigenza di un affidabile test di conformità non è una questione marginale. È proprio al centro dell'utilità industriale di un standard. Tralasciare specifiche richieste su questo punto è sconcertante. Rob Weir, ancora, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2008/01/standard-trolls.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;rileva qual è il requisito minimo perché un'applicazione sia rispondente allo standard, in base a quanto previsto nella documentazione di OOXML. Io non sono un informatico, ma la mia opinione sul test è aderente a quella di Rob, e abbastanza sbigottita. Se dobbiamo semplicemente notariziamente mettere un timbro su uno standard inconsistente solo perché Microsoft ha bisogno di poter chiamare le sue applicazioni e i suoi formati “standard”, pur non disturbandosi ad usare standard internazionali, per favore ditelo chiaramente. Senza di me, però.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ribadirò – in modo ancora più fermo – il mio voto negativo e insistero nel mio Ente Nazionale (UNINFO JTC1) affinché cambi il suo voto da “astenuto” a “contrario”; e così dovrebbe fare ogni persona ragionevole.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>OOXML v 2.0: things only get worse</title>
            <link>/disposition_comments/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2008 15:07:07 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/disposition_comments/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;OOXML&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, or the infamous ISO/IEC DIS 29500, is crawling towards the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Ballot Resolution Meeting&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; to see whether it can make the status of International Standard. Now &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.ecma-international.org/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ECMA&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, the body which hastily (to say the least) decided to make it an industry standard and presented it to ISO with a &amp;amp;#8220;fast track&amp;amp;#8221; procedure, has reviewed the comments of the national bodies, made a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;OOXML&lt;/strong&gt;, or the infamous ISO/IEC DIS 29500, is crawling towards the &lt;strong&gt;Ballot Resolution Meeting&lt;/strong&gt; to see whether it can make the status of International Standard. Now &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecma-international.org/&quot;&gt;ECMA&lt;/a&gt;, the body which hastily (to say the least) decided to make it an industry standard and presented it to ISO with a &amp;#8220;fast track&amp;#8221; procedure, has reviewed the comments of the national bodies, made a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itn.liu.se/~stegu/OOXML/DIS29500-2008-002.pdf&quot;&gt;proposal&lt;/a&gt; for addressing them.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Good, I have read the first (comparatively) few pages of the proposal, and decided that the reading of the whole lot was not worth the effort. I was mostly interested in the comments of some National Body as to the licensing conditions of patent and copyright of OOXML. As a lawyer, I am deeply concerned that the Open Specification Promise is all but sufficient to ensure that this standard is truly an independent standard.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The answer? This topic is not going to be addressed.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    The issue of patents
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    ECMA feels that the &amp;#8220;IPR&amp;#8221; is &lt;strong&gt;not an issue&lt;/strong&gt;. Well, I believe rather the contrary. It would be suicidal to allow a standard where one single vendor is allowed to play tricks, such as saying: &amp;#8220;you know what? now you pay me a royalty for any implementation of the standard&amp;#8221; or even &amp;#8220;surprise, surprise, you are not licensed for this patent, please cease and desist using our format&amp;#8221;. Leave for a second alone my opinion that &lt;strong&gt;software patents&lt;/strong&gt; should not exist, they &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; exist, and are enforced. Are you saying this is not going to happen? Well, if you look to even truly multi-vendor standards, you find a whole host of patent issues raised to a supposedly freely or &amp;#8220;RAND&amp;#8221; implementable standard, just think about MP3 and the subsequent patent ambushes that big players like Microsoft suffered. Here we have a standard pushed unilaterally by a single vendor who has basically decided, through its own initiative and not through consensus, the architecture and the details of the standard. The game is different, here, and more thorough the clearance of patent issues shall be. But what we have instead? The Open Specification Promise. Basically an unilateral covenant not to sue. Thinking it can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://brendanscott.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/cyberlaw-ooxml-seminar-14-december/&quot;&gt;sufficient guarantee&lt;/a&gt; for third parties to implement OOXML without a second thought is just completely naive.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Not an issue? It may be not an issue to current ISO rules, but an issue to those deciding whether this standard deserves approval through a fast track procedure, and it would be the right time for ISO to reconsider their policy too. An ISO standard means: you should adopt it for this domain of use. You should do it because it is an International Standard. You should do it because the more and more the public sector requests documents to be stored in standard formats. Saying that OOXML is one possible standard means, thanks to the ubiquity of the combination of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office, that OOXML is going to be &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; standard. If it is going to be pushed down the throat of the whole mankind, it &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; be free from any possible problem and 100% freely implementable. By &amp;#8220;freely&amp;#8221; I mean without anybody unilaterally being in a position to control and leverage it by way of any rights. A standard for documents is not an irrelevant thing, documents keep much of the information we produce.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Why another standard? One is more than enough!
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am not saying that the standard is evil just because it is Microsoft imposing it, but I question the reasons why Microsoft is imposing it, now, since &lt;strong&gt;another suitable standard already exists&lt;/strong&gt;, that nobody has still demonstrated to be inferior and that does not suffer from the many shortcomings of OOXML from the legal and technical point.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I said technical. Right, let's see what the thousands of comments have produced. It seems that most of the comments have been plainly accepted, including some (not all) of the rudest ones. For instance, those complaining that the behavioural specifications (&amp;#8220;do this like Word 97 does&amp;#8221;) have been apparently removed. It would seem that all &amp;#8220;legacy&amp;#8221; behaviour specifications have been separated from the standard and will not be included in it anymore. They will be just an extension.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Very good, you would then say. The comments have been accepted, the issues have been removed, so there is no technical stumbling block anymore, true? Nope! Thing are now &lt;strong&gt;just more murky&lt;/strong&gt;. When confronted with the question: &amp;#8220;why two standards, we already have one, ODF&amp;#8221;, the answer more or less was that OOXML has two features missing from ODF: &lt;strong&gt;legacy compatibility&lt;/strong&gt; (old binary documents can be transformed into OOXML without losing fidelity) and projected &lt;strong&gt;massive adoption&lt;/strong&gt; due to the widespread adoption of the new Office 2007, soon to be the new dominant application. Where are those reasons now? Gone with the wind. They don't exist anymore. Legacy is an extension, also ODF is extensible. Office 2007 is &lt;strong&gt;not compliant&lt;/strong&gt; with the new version of OOXML, regardless the fact that ECMA's OOXML was not implemented either, there is not going to be a real implementation for years. To understand what I mean for &amp;#8220;real&amp;#8221;, please read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2008/01/standard-trolls.html&quot;&gt;Bob Weir's Blog&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Is OOXML better than ODF? I cannot say, but nobody has showed good proof yet. I have read a report on it by the Burton Group, but it was so flawed that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odfalliance.org/&quot;&gt;ODF alliance&lt;/a&gt; could even do some humor when &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odfalliance.org/resources/BurtonGroupResponseFinal.pdf&quot;&gt;rebutting&lt;/a&gt; it. For sure OOXML is not &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; better to justify a second standard. And, excuse my French, how could ECMA come with a straight face and say that the standard should still be approved, when after the ballot they have changed it to a great length? This massive overhaul is the soundest proof that the standard should have never been approved by ECMA in the first place, and it should have not be pushed for approval by ISO with a fast track procedure. This means abusing the standardization process, my dear!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Conformance tests
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Oh, by the way, what happened to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dis29500.org/it-0002/&quot;&gt;Italy's comments&lt;/a&gt;? The only comment we have made along with the abstention vote was that we wanted an open-source-like independent &lt;strong&gt;reference implementation&lt;/strong&gt;. The comment has been &lt;strong&gt;grouped&lt;/strong&gt; with similar &amp;#8212; so to say &amp;#8212; comments on the lack of conformance testing, or of test suites (which is something different from a reference implementation where I can see the actual source code of an implementation and even sometimes cut snippets to real life application). This is already something quite annoying. But nothing compared with &lt;strong&gt;the answer&lt;/strong&gt;: &amp;#8220;Although no reference implementation or interoperability test suite is available at this time, a growing number of implementations of ECMA-376 are becoming available [&amp;#8230;] If the requirement for an interoperability test suite or reference implementation is established and shared by National Bodies, SC 34 &lt;em&gt;might initiate&lt;/em&gt; appropriate activities as suggested by this comment&amp;#8221;. What the heck is this supposed to mean? A test suite is not a reference implementation. A shipping implementation is not a test suite, it is how the implementor thinks the standard should be implemented. As we have seen, not even the main sponsor of the standard implements it in a truly compliant way. There is no way to make sure that an implementation is truly compliant with the standard, because the &lt;strong&gt;conformity test&lt;/strong&gt; provided by the standard is simply &lt;strong&gt;too slack&lt;/strong&gt;. This is an elegant way to say &amp;#8220;thanks, but nay, this is not anything we can commit to right now, maybe after the standard is approved&amp;#8221;. So &lt;strong&gt;Italian comment has been altogether disregarded&lt;/strong&gt;, we duly take note of it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I am now very puzzled by the attitude of ECMA, more than ever. The lack of reliable conformance tests is not an irrelevant issue. It is at the core of the usefulness of a standard to the industry. Disregarding precise requests on this point is disconcerting. Rob Weir, again, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2008/01/standard-trolls.html&quot;&gt;points out&lt;/a&gt; what is the minimum requirement for an application to call itself &amp;#8220;compliant&amp;#8221;, according to OOXML. I am not a software engineer, but my reading of the test is consistent with that of Rob, and quite dismaying. If we have to just rubber stamping an ethereal standard only because Microsoft needs it to call its application and formats &amp;#8220;standard compliant&amp;#8221;, while not bothering using International Standards, please say it in clearer words. But &lt;em&gt;ohne mich&lt;/em&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I will reaffirm, even more strongly, my negative vote, and will urge my National Body (UNINFO JTC1) to change its vote from &amp;#8220;abstention&amp;#8221; to &amp;#8220;disapproval&amp;#8221;, and so should do any reasonable person.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
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            <title>Dove sono i soldi per l&#39;open source?</title>
            <link>/dove-sono-i-soldi-per-lopen-source/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2008 10:57:48 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/dove-sono-i-soldi-per-lopen-source/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Stefano Maffulli ha preparato un logo per la campagna: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://maffulli.net/2007/12/21/dove-sono-finiti-i-fondi-per-il-software-libero&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;http://maffulli.net/wp-content/uploads/dovesonofiniti.png&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;Dove sono finiti i fondi per il Software Libero?&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:85px;&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://robertogaloppini.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Stefano Maffulli ha preparato un logo per la campagna:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://maffulli.net/2007/12/21/dove-sono-finiti-i-fondi-per-il-software-libero&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://maffulli.net/wp-content/uploads/dovesonofiniti.png&quot; alt=&quot;Dove sono finiti i fondi per il Software Libero?&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/01/09/italian-government-open-letter-to-the-italian-minister-for-technology-innovation/&quot;&gt;Roberto Galoppini&lt;/a&gt; ne parla qui&lt;/strong&gt;:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.1em;border:1px solid black;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Italian Government: Open Letter to the Italian Minister for Technology Innovation
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2006/12/22/italian-government-funds-to-sustain-open-source-innovation/&quot;&gt;Despite the Italian Budget law considered open source as a favorable factor&lt;/a&gt; in assigning funds to sustain innovation by local public administrations, &lt;a href=&quot;http://finalmentelibero.ning.com/profiles/blog/show?id=1642982%3ABlogPost%3A568&quot;&gt;informed voices&lt;/a&gt; say &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2007/12/20/italian-government-open-source-funds-vanished/&quot;&gt;funds for 2007 are vanished&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Talking with my friend and open source advocate &lt;a href=&quot;http://finalmentelibero.ning.com/xn/detail/u_2xz50prtpjyk3&quot;&gt;Flavia Marzano&lt;/a&gt; we decided to write an open letter to the Italian Minister for Technology Innovation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innovazionepa.gov.it/ministro/ministro/biografia.htm&quot;&gt;Luigi Nicolais&lt;/a&gt;, and we asked associations, CIOs in the public sectors and professors to sign the letter.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://http://punto-informatico.it/&quot;&gt;Punto Informatico&lt;/a&gt;, one of the most important Italian IT online magazine, today &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2154452&quot;&gt;reported the letter&lt;/a&gt;, and I am looking forward to know all the (open source) truth!
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Below the original text (Italian). Fellow bloggers, spread the word &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2007/12/31/italian-government-others-question-italian-politicians-on-open-source-funds/&quot;&gt;as you did before&lt;/a&gt;!
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Alla cortese attenzione di:&lt;br /&gt; Luigi Nicolais&lt;br /&gt; Ministro per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Via Isonzo, 21/b &amp;#8211; 00198 ROMA
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Beatrice Magnolfi&lt;br /&gt; Sottosegretario per le Riforme e le Innovazioni nella P.A.&lt;br /&gt; Via Isonzo, 21/b &amp;#8211; 00198 ROMA
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Egregio Sig. Ministro,&lt;br /&gt; Lei è conscio del fatto che il futuro del nostro paese e più in generale dell’Europa non può più prescindere da un utilizzo consapevole e maturo delle nuove tecnologie. In questo quadro il ruolo dell’informatica, che costituisce l’infrastruttura portante di realtà pubbliche e private, è fondamentale.&lt;br /&gt; Nel corso degli ultimi anni diverse regioni italiane hanno promosso ed approvato leggi che favoriscono l’adozione di soluzioni informatiche basate su codice a sorgente aperto, ma è con la legge n. 296 del 23 dicembre 2006, “Disposizioni per la formazione del bilancio annuale e pluriennale dello Stato”, che lo Stato italiano privilegia per la prima volta tali soluzioni.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;892.(Contributo per la realizzazione dei progetti per la società dell’informazione) Al fine di estendere e sostenere in tutto il territorio nazionale la realizzazione di progetti per la società dell’informazione, è autorizzata una spesa di 10 milioni di euro per ciascuno degli anni 2007, 2008 e 2009. Con decreto di natura non regolamentare, entro quattro mesi dalla data di entrata in vigore della presente legge, il Ministro per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione, di concerto con il Ministro per gli affari regionali e le autonomie locali per gli interventi relativi alle regioni e agli enti locali, individua le azioni da realizzare sul territorio nazionale, le aree destinatarie della sperimentazione e le modalità operative e di gestione di tali progetti. &lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
      
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;895.(Priorità dei progetti da finanziare) Nella valutazione dei progetti da finanziare, di cui al comma 892, è data priorità a quelli che utilizzano o sviluppano applicazioni software a codice aperto. I codici sorgente, gli eseguibili e la documentazione dei software sviluppati sono mantenuti in un ambiente di sviluppo cooperativo, situato in un web individuato dal Ministero per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione al fine di poter essere visibili e riutilizzabili.&lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Concordiamo con la Senatrice Magnolfi che in proposito ha dichiarato:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;“Il fine è quello di sostenere la crescita di un’industria del software italiana in grado di competere con le grandi multinazionali, ma alimentando al contempo lo sviluppo locale nei territori. Si tratta di un settore in espansione formato da un arcipelago di piccole imprese, quasi sempre gestite da giovani, e capace di infondere al mercato un forte contenuto di innovazione e creatività.”&lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Il Web 2.0, One Laptop Per Child ed il nuovissimo eeePC sono solo tre esempi di come nel panorama internazionale l’offerta di tecnologia e servizi basati su codice a sorgente aperto sia in evoluzione, ed i fondi previsti dalla legge finanziaria possono contribuire a farci entrare a pieno titolo in questo panorama, realizzando e industrializzando soluzioni per la Pubblica Amministrazione.&lt;br /&gt; Con questa lettera la ringraziamo per aver dimostrato sensibilità per questi temi e le chiediamo di adoperarsi a che gli articoli 892 e 895 della legge finanziaria vengano onorati.&lt;br /&gt; È possibile che siano già stati impegnati e in tal caso le chiederemmo di farci sapere come siano stati spesi i primi 10 milioni di euro previsti per il 2007.&lt;br /&gt; Nel caso non fossero ancora stati impegnati le chiederemmo di farci sapere se e come lo saranno e in quali tempi.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      L’Italia può assumere una posizione di leadership nell’ambito della produzione ed erogazione di servizi e soluzioni basate su codice a sorgente aperto per il mercato della Pubblica Amministrazione, e questi fondi potrebbero creare i presupposti tecnici ed imprenditoriali affinché le nostre imprese possano commercializzarle anche all’estero.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In attesa di un suo cortese riscontro, restiamo a disposizione e cogliamo l’occasione per porgere i nostri più cordiali saluti,
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Gabriele Bartolini&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Italian PostgreSQL Users Group
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Paolo Boscolo&lt;br /&gt; Comune di Prato
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Bud Bruegger&lt;br /&gt; Comune di Grosseto
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Angelo M. Buongiovanni&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Carlino Casari&lt;br /&gt; CRS4
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giulio Concas&lt;br /&gt; Università di Cagliari
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Renzo Davoli&lt;br /&gt; Università di Bologna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Juan Carlos De Martin
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Politecnico di Torino
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Davide Dozza&lt;br /&gt; Progetto Linguistico Italiano OpenOffice.org
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giulio De Petra&lt;br /&gt; Regione Sardegna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Roberto Galoppini&lt;br /&gt; Progetto Linguistico Italiano OpenOffice.org
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Raffaele Gareri&lt;br /&gt; Provincia di Brescia
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Antonella Giglio&lt;br /&gt; Regione Sardegna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Stefano Maffulli&lt;br /&gt; Free Software Foundation
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Michele Marchesi&lt;br /&gt; Università di Cagliari
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Flavia Marzano&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Carlo Piana
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Freedom Task Force della FSFE
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Stefano Quintarelli&lt;br /&gt; Equiliber
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giovanna Sissa&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Salvatore Tucci&lt;br /&gt; Università di Roma Tor vergata
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Pasquale Volontà&lt;br /&gt; Provincia di Asti
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Show us the money</title>
            <link>/show-us-the-money/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2008 10:42:32 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/show-us-the-money/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Stefano Maffulli has a campaign logo: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://maffulli.net/2007/12/21/dove-sono-finiti-i-fondi-per-il-software-libero&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;http://maffulli.net/wp-content/uploads/dovesonofiniti.png&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;Dove sono finiti i fondi per il Software Libero?&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:85px;&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/01/09/italian-government-open-letter-to-the-italian-minister-for-technology-innovation/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Roberto Galoppini&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; reports&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Stefano Maffulli has a campaign logo:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://maffulli.net/2007/12/21/dove-sono-finiti-i-fondi-per-il-software-libero&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://maffulli.net/wp-content/uploads/dovesonofiniti.png&quot; alt=&quot;Dove sono finiti i fondi per il Software Libero?&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2008/01/09/italian-government-open-letter-to-the-italian-minister-for-technology-innovation/&quot;&gt;Roberto Galoppini&lt;/a&gt; reports&lt;/strong&gt;:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.1em;border:1px solid black;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;
      Italian Government: Open Letter to the Italian Minister for Technology Innovation
    &lt;/h3&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2006/12/22/italian-government-funds-to-sustain-open-source-innovation/&quot;&gt;Despite the Italian Budget law considered open source as a favorable factor&lt;/a&gt; in assigning funds to sustain innovation by local public administrations, &lt;a href=&quot;http://finalmentelibero.ning.com/profiles/blog/show?id=1642982%3ABlogPost%3A568&quot;&gt;informed voices&lt;/a&gt; say &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2007/12/20/italian-government-open-source-funds-vanished/&quot;&gt;funds for 2007 are vanished&lt;/a&gt;.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Talking with my friend and open source advocate &lt;a href=&quot;http://finalmentelibero.ning.com/xn/detail/u_2xz50prtpjyk3&quot;&gt;Flavia Marzano&lt;/a&gt; we decided to write an open letter to the Italian Minister for Technology Innovation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innovazionepa.gov.it/ministro/ministro/biografia.htm&quot;&gt;Luigi Nicolais&lt;/a&gt;, and we asked associations, CIOs in the public sectors and professors to sign the letter.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      &lt;a href=&quot;http://http://punto-informatico.it/&quot;&gt;Punto Informatico&lt;/a&gt;, one of the most important Italian IT online magazine, today &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2154452&quot;&gt;reported the letter&lt;/a&gt;, and I am looking forward to know all the (open source) truth!
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Below the original text (Italian). Fellow bloggers, spread the word &lt;a href=&quot;http://robertogaloppini.net/2007/12/31/italian-government-others-question-italian-politicians-on-open-source-funds/&quot;&gt;as you did before&lt;/a&gt;!
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Alla cortese attenzione di:&lt;br /&gt; Luigi Nicolais&lt;br /&gt; Ministro per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Via Isonzo, 21/b &amp;#8211; 00198 ROMA
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Beatrice Magnolfi&lt;br /&gt; Sottosegretario per le Riforme e le Innovazioni nella P.A.&lt;br /&gt; Via Isonzo, 21/b &amp;#8211; 00198 ROMA
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Egregio Sig. Ministro,&lt;br /&gt; Lei è conscio del fatto che il futuro del nostro paese e più in generale dell’Europa non può più prescindere da un utilizzo consapevole e maturo delle nuove tecnologie. In questo quadro il ruolo dell’informatica, che costituisce l’infrastruttura portante di realtà pubbliche e private, è fondamentale.&lt;br /&gt; Nel corso degli ultimi anni diverse regioni italiane hanno promosso ed approvato leggi che favoriscono l’adozione di soluzioni informatiche basate su codice a sorgente aperto, ma è con la legge n. 296 del 23 dicembre 2006, “Disposizioni per la formazione del bilancio annuale e pluriennale dello Stato”, che lo Stato italiano privilegia per la prima volta tali soluzioni.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;892.(Contributo per la realizzazione dei progetti per la società dell’informazione) Al fine di estendere e sostenere in tutto il territorio nazionale la realizzazione di progetti per la società dell’informazione, è autorizzata una spesa di 10 milioni di euro per ciascuno degli anni 2007, 2008 e 2009. Con decreto di natura non regolamentare, entro quattro mesi dalla data di entrata in vigore della presente legge, il Ministro per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione, di concerto con il Ministro per gli affari regionali e le autonomie locali per gli interventi relativi alle regioni e agli enti locali, individua le azioni da realizzare sul territorio nazionale, le aree destinatarie della sperimentazione e le modalità operative e di gestione di tali progetti. &lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
      
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;895.(Priorità dei progetti da finanziare) Nella valutazione dei progetti da finanziare, di cui al comma 892, è data priorità a quelli che utilizzano o sviluppano applicazioni software a codice aperto. I codici sorgente, gli eseguibili e la documentazione dei software sviluppati sono mantenuti in un ambiente di sviluppo cooperativo, situato in un web individuato dal Ministero per le riforme e le innovazioni nella pubblica amministrazione al fine di poter essere visibili e riutilizzabili.&lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Concordiamo con la Senatrice Magnolfi che in proposito ha dichiarato:
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        &lt;em&gt;“Il fine è quello di sostenere la crescita di un’industria del software italiana in grado di competere con le grandi multinazionali, ma alimentando al contempo lo sviluppo locale nei territori. Si tratta di un settore in espansione formato da un arcipelago di piccole imprese, quasi sempre gestite da giovani, e capace di infondere al mercato un forte contenuto di innovazione e creatività.”&lt;/em&gt;
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Il Web 2.0, One Laptop Per Child ed il nuovissimo eeePC sono solo tre esempi di come nel panorama internazionale l’offerta di tecnologia e servizi basati su codice a sorgente aperto sia in evoluzione, ed i fondi previsti dalla legge finanziaria possono contribuire a farci entrare a pieno titolo in questo panorama, realizzando e industrializzando soluzioni per la Pubblica Amministrazione.&lt;br /&gt; Con questa lettera la ringraziamo per aver dimostrato sensibilità per questi temi e le chiediamo di adoperarsi a che gli articoli 892 e 895 della legge finanziaria vengano onorati.&lt;br /&gt; È possibile che siano già stati impegnati e in tal caso le chiederemmo di farci sapere come siano stati spesi i primi 10 milioni di euro previsti per il 2007.&lt;br /&gt; Nel caso non fossero ancora stati impegnati le chiederemmo di farci sapere se e come lo saranno e in quali tempi.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      L’Italia può assumere una posizione di leadership nell’ambito della produzione ed erogazione di servizi e soluzioni basate su codice a sorgente aperto per il mercato della Pubblica Amministrazione, e questi fondi potrebbero creare i presupposti tecnici ed imprenditoriali affinché le nostre imprese possano commercializzarle anche all’estero.
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      In attesa di un suo cortese riscontro, restiamo a disposizione e cogliamo l’occasione per porgere i nostri più cordiali saluti,
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Gabriele Bartolini&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Italian PostgreSQL Users Group
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Paolo Boscolo&lt;br /&gt; Comune di Prato
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Bud Bruegger&lt;br /&gt; Comune di Grosseto
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Angelo M. Buongiovanni&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Carlino Casari&lt;br /&gt; CRS4
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giulio Concas&lt;br /&gt; Università di Cagliari
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Renzo Davoli&lt;br /&gt; Università di Bologna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Juan Carlos De Martin
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Politecnico di Torino
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Davide Dozza&lt;br /&gt; Progetto Linguistico Italiano OpenOffice.org
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giulio De Petra&lt;br /&gt; Regione Sardegna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Roberto Galoppini&lt;br /&gt; Progetto Linguistico Italiano OpenOffice.org
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Raffaele Gareri&lt;br /&gt; Provincia di Brescia
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Antonella Giglio&lt;br /&gt; Regione Sardegna
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Stefano Maffulli&lt;br /&gt; Free Software Foundation
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Michele Marchesi&lt;br /&gt; Università di Cagliari
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Flavia Marzano&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Carlo Piana
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Freedom Task Force della FSFE
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Stefano Quintarelli&lt;br /&gt; Equiliber
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Giovanna Sissa&lt;br /&gt; Associazione Il Secolo della Rete
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Salvatore Tucci&lt;br /&gt; Università di Roma Tor vergata
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
      Pasquale Volontà&lt;br /&gt; Provincia di Asti
    &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Samba riceve accesso alle informazioni di Microsoft</title>
            <link>/samba_pfif_it/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2007 18:20:12 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/samba_pfif_it/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Quasi quattro anni dopo che una decisione della &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://ec.europa.eu&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Commissione Europea&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; ha giudicato &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.microsoft.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Microsoft&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; essere in in palese violazione della normativa antirust, più di nove anni dopo che il ricorso iniziale è stato presentato da Sun Microsystem, forse vediamo la luce alla fine del tunnel.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Quasi quattro anni dopo che una decisione della &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu&quot;&gt;Commissione Europea&lt;/a&gt; ha giudicato &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/a&gt; essere in in palese violazione della normativa antirust, più di nove anni dopo che il ricorso iniziale è stato presentato da Sun Microsystem, forse vediamo la luce alla fine del tunnel. Oggi il Samba Team e Microsoft hanno siglato un accordo che ha creato un nuovo contratto &lt;strong&gt;WSPP&lt;/strong&gt; (Workgroup Server Protocol Program) per consentire l'accesso alle informazioni riservate circa i protocolli proprietari di Microsoft.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tale accordo avrà dunque l'effetto di rendere disponibili &lt;strong&gt;complete e dettagliate informazioni&lt;/strong&gt; sui protocolli di Microsoft per i sistemi operativi &lt;strong&gt;Workgroup Server&lt;/strong&gt;, come richiesto dall'Art. 5 della Decisione della Commissione. Questa non è certo la fine del problema, in quanto ci sono ancora rilevanti questioni aperte circa i &lt;strong&gt;brevetti software&lt;/strong&gt;, ma certo è un buon punto di partenza.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questo è un sostanziale passo in avanti verso la &lt;strong&gt;piena interoperabilità&lt;/strong&gt; e Samba ha voluto fare le cose per bene. È per questo che siamo rimasti in silenzio &lt;a href=&quot;?q=en/deal&quot;&gt; questo ottobre&lt;/a&gt;, quanto Microsoft e la Commissione annunciarono un rinnovato accordo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/intellectualproperty/protocols/wspp/wspp.mspx&quot;&gt;WSPP&lt;/a&gt;. Non eravamo per nulla soddisfatti dalle previsioni dell'accordo, che ritenevamo essere in difetto rispetto agli impegni di rendere disponibile le specifiche al Software Libero. &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.anu.edu.au/~tridge/&quot;&gt;Andrew Tridgell&lt;/a&gt;, assistito da &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org/~jra/&quot;&gt;Jeremy Allison&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Moglen&quot;&gt;Eben Moglen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sernet.de/vl/&quot;&gt;Volker Lendecke&lt;/a&gt; dal sottoscritto hanno contrattato e raggiunto &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org/samba/PFIF/&quot;&gt;un accordo&lt;/a&gt; con Microsoft il quale, per quanto imperfetto, renderà la vita più semplice non solo per Samba, ma anche per tutti quei progetti che implementano i protocolli di Microsoft per prodotti interoperabili.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Una delle caratteristiche più interessanti dei nuovi accordi è che ogni possibile rischio di essere &lt;strong&gt;compromesso&lt;/strong&gt; dall'accesso a informazioni segrete è escluso, e gli sviluppatori sono liberi di usare tali informazioni per &lt;strong&gt;scrivere e pubblicare codice sorgente&lt;/strong&gt;, completo di commenti, e di &lt;strong&gt;di discuterlo&lt;/strong&gt; apertamente. Ma c'è dell'altro. Gli sviluppatori saranno liberi di &lt;strong&gt;continuare a scrivere codice&lt;/strong&gt; anche successivamente al termine del contratto, senza necessità di rimuovere anche una solo riga di codice, per giunta continuando a poter usare i cosiddetti &lt;strong&gt;residuals&lt;/strong&gt;, in altre parole, memoria non aiutata circa le informazioni a cui a suo tempo si è avuto accesso.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra eccellente idea è stata quella di creare una non-profit, chiamata &lt;strong&gt;Protocol Freedom Information Foundation&lt;/strong&gt;, creata dal &lt;strong&gt;Prof. Eben Moglen&lt;/strong&gt;, al sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;http://protocolfreedom.org&lt;/a&gt;, che opererà come hub per distribuire le informazioni a tutti gli sviluppatori sotto accordi &amp;#8220;non meno restrittivi&amp;#8221; di quelli richiesti dall'accordo WSPP. Ciò contribuirà a ridurre attriti tra le parti coinvolte.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Cosa possiamo attenderci da tutto ciò? Che sviluppatori pieni di talento non dovranno sprecare infinite ore nel tentativo di comprendere qualche oscura architettura tramite le tecniche di &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.samba.org/ftp/tridge/misc/french_cafe.txt&quot;&gt;network analysis&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8220;, ma avranno una fonte affidabile e per di più accesso ad assistenza qualificata da parte di ingegneri di Microsoft. Probabilmente la &amp;#8220;network analysis&amp;#8221; non sarà abbandonata completamente, ma il tempo risparmiato potrà essere utilizzato per migliorare l'attuale implementazione. Alla lunga, ci attendiamo che addirittura i protocolli proprietari saranno &lt;strong&gt;migliorati e resi più sicuri&lt;/strong&gt; dal confronto delle varie implementazioni.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Coloro che affermavano &amp;#8220;non può essere fatto&amp;#8221;, oppure &amp;#8220;forzare Microsoft a rivelare queste informazioni sarà disastroso&amp;#8221; si rimangeranno del tutto le proprie parole, almeno spero. E non sarebbe la prima volta.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;hr /&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Aggiornamento
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il numero totale di pagine di cui si compone la documentazione è &lt;strong&gt; 14820&lt;/strong&gt;. Salute!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/41&quot;&gt;SFLC&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/8&quot;&gt;Il Giornale&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/9&quot;&gt;Sito&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/13&quot;&gt;Vision Post&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/50&quot;&gt;Riceviamo e pubblichiamo&lt;/a&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Samba gains access to Microsoft infos</title>
            <link>/samba_pfif/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2007 17:06:57 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/samba_pfif/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Almost four years after a Decision of the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://ec.europa.eu&amp;quot;&amp;gt;European Commission&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; found &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.microsoft.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Microsoft&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; in blatant breach of antitrust laws, more than nine years after the initial complaint was filed by Sun Microsystems, we are seeing some light at the end of the tunnel.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Almost four years after a Decision of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu&quot;&gt;European Commission&lt;/a&gt; found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/a&gt; in blatant breach of antitrust laws, more than nine years after the initial complaint was filed by Sun Microsystems, we are seeing some light at the end of the tunnel. Today Microsoft and the Samba Team &lt;strong&gt;struck &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org/samba/PFIF/&quot;&gt;a deal&lt;/a&gt; to create the WSPP agreement&lt;/strong&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Such agreement will have the effect of making available &lt;strong&gt;full and detailed information&lt;/strong&gt; on Microsoft &lt;strong&gt;protocols in the Workgroup Server&lt;/strong&gt; operating systems, as requested by Art. 5 of the Decision of the Commission. This is not the end of the problem, because there are strong issues with &lt;strong&gt;software patents&lt;/strong&gt;, which remain largely unaddressed, but something of a start.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is a major &lt;strong&gt;step forward to full interoperability&lt;/strong&gt;, and Samba wanted to make it right. This is why we decided to remain silent, &lt;a href=&quot;/deal&quot;&gt; earlier in October&lt;/a&gt;, when Microsoft and the Commission announced an overhauled &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/intellectualproperty/protocols/wspp/wspp.mspx&quot;&gt;WSPP&lt;/a&gt;. We were not at all satisfied with the actual provisions of the agreement, which we did believe fell short of the commitment of making them available to Free Software. &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.anu.edu.au/~tridge/&quot;&gt;Andrew Tridgell&lt;/a&gt;, backed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://samba.org/~jra/&quot;&gt;Jeremy Allison&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Moglen&quot;&gt;Eben Moglen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sernet.de/vl/&quot;&gt;Volker Lendecke&lt;/a&gt; and my humble self have negotiated hard with Microsoft and reached an agreement that, as imperfect as it can be, will make life easier not only for Samba, but for all those who implement Microsoft's protocols for interoperable products. One of the most interesting features of the new arrangements is that any possible risk of &lt;strong&gt;being tainted&lt;/strong&gt; by the access to privileged documentation is avoided, and developers are free to use it for &lt;strong&gt;writing and releasing source code to the public&lt;/strong&gt;, commenting it, &lt;strong&gt;discussing&lt;/strong&gt; it quite openly. There is more. Developers will be free to &lt;strong&gt;continue writing&lt;/strong&gt; code even after the expiry or termination of the WSPP without taking back a single line of code, and even retaining &amp;#8220;&lt;strong&gt;residuals&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8220;, in other words, unaided memory of the information they accessed. Another very good idea was to set up a non-profit company, named &lt;strong&gt;Protocol Freedom Information Foundation&lt;/strong&gt;, organized by &lt;strong&gt;Prof. Eben Moglen&lt;/strong&gt;, with a web address at &lt;a href=&quot;http://protocolfreedom.org&quot;&gt;http://protocolfreedom.org&lt;/a&gt;, which will serve as a hub to distribute the information to all developers under contractual agreements not less restrictive than the WSPP. The PFIF will be the actual party signing the WSPP agreement. This will contribute to reduce possible friction. What can we expect from all this? That very talented developers will not have to waste endless hours trying to understand some obscure architectures by &amp;#8220;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.samba.org/ftp/tridge/misc/french_cafe.txt&quot;&gt;network analysis&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8221; techniques, but will have a reliable source of information and access to knowledgeable assistance by Microsoft engineers. Network analysis will perhaps not be dropped entirely, but the saved time can be used to improve the current implementation. Eventually, we expect that the very same Microsoft proprietary protocols will be &lt;strong&gt;hardened and improved&lt;/strong&gt; by comparing different implementations. Those who claimed &amp;#8220;it cannot be done&amp;#8221;, or &amp;#8220;forcing Microsoft to disclose this information would be disastrous&amp;#8221; will definitely eat their own words, I hope. And it will not be the first time.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;hr /&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Update
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The total number of pages of which the documentation is made is &lt;strong&gt;14820&lt;/strong&gt;. Cheers!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/41&quot;&gt;SFLC&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Party time at Fluendo, Barcelona</title>
            <link>/party-time-at-fluendo-barcelona/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 16 Nov 2007 08:57:22 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/party-time-at-fluendo-barcelona/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;/?q=/system/files/fluendo.JPG&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; We were toasting the achievements of the first four years of Fluendo. Notably, that Gstreamer has become the opensource reference technlogy for GNU/Linux and the like &amp;amp;#8212; confirmed by recent agreements with mainstream distributions like &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;/?q=/system/files/fluendo.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; We were toasting the achievements of the first four years of Fluendo. Notably, that Gstreamer has become the opensource reference technlogy for GNU/Linux and the like &amp;#8212; confirmed by recent agreements with mainstream distributions like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ubuntu.com&quot;&gt;Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt; (Canonical) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mandriva.com&quot;&gt;Mandriva&lt;/a&gt;, che which will distribute also includeranno some Fluendo's plug-ins, such as MP3 and Windows Media.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Barcellona, hit by an unusual chilling north wind, was nicer than ever, in a clear light and air. Sadly, most of the time I have been secluded indoors discussing licensing for other interesting products. Among those &lt;a href=&quot;http://elisa.fluendo.com/&quot;&gt;Elisa&lt;/a&gt; mediacenter, a multimedia center based on Gstreamer and Python which aims at closing the gap between our beloved operating system and the home entertainment. I eyewitnessed the last version on a Mac Mini running Ubuntu. I have to say it was hard to believe it was not Mac OSX, for how rich and polished Elisa looked like and how flawlessly worked with a remote control.&lt;br /&gt; Credit goes to this gentleman &lt;img style=&quot;float:right;clear:left&quot; src=&quot;?q=/system/files/fluendo2.JPG&quot; /&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quite interesting times for us who have been following Free Software evolution since when it was an ideologic utopy. Now, despite virtually no advertisement and commonsense belief that only proprietary software can be within reach of the Average Joe user, a lot of people currently use Free Software without even knowing it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Fluendo festeggia</title>
            <link>/fluendo-festeggia/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 16 Nov 2007 08:42:44 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/fluendo-festeggia/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;/?q=/system/files/fluendo.JPG&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Si festeggiava il fatto che in quattro anni la piattaforma Gstreamer è diventata lo standard di riferimento per il multimedia opensource GNU/Linux e affini, cosa confermata da recenti accordi di licenza con importanti distribuzioni, quali &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;/?q=/system/files/fluendo.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Si festeggiava il fatto che in quattro anni la piattaforma Gstreamer è diventata lo standard di riferimento per il multimedia opensource GNU/Linux e affini, cosa confermata da recenti accordi di licenza con importanti distribuzioni, quali &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ubuntu.com&quot;&gt;Ubuntu&lt;/a&gt; (Canonical) e &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mandriva.com&quot;&gt;Mandriva&lt;/a&gt;, che includeranno alcuni plug-in di Fluendo, quali MP3 e Windows Media.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Barcellona, investita da un insolito vento gelido di tramontana, era più bella che mai, in una luce chiara e con l'aria limpida, ma purtroppo gran parte del tempo è stata spesa chiusi in sala riunioni a discutere delle licenze per altri prodotti molto interessanti, come &lt;a href=&quot;http://elisa.fluendo.com/&quot;&gt;Elisa&lt;/a&gt; mediacenter, il centro multimediale basato su Gstreamer e Python che punta a chiudere il gap tra il sistema operativo da noi preferito e l'intrattenimento multimediale domestico. Ho visto l'ultima versione su un Mac Mini con Ubuntu 7.10, e quasi non ci si credeva che non era Mac OSX, tanto curata era l'interfaccia.&lt;img style=&quot;float:right;clear:left&quot; src=&quot;?q=/system/files/fluendo2.JPG&quot; /&gt; Merito di questo signore.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tempi interessanti per noi che seguiamo lo sviluppo del Software Libero da quando era un'utopia ideologica ad oggi, che nonostante una promozione pressoché nulla presso il largo pubblico e una convinzione che solo il software proprietario possa essere alla portata dell'utente medio, tantissime persone usano Software Libero, e magari nemmeno lo sanno.
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>GNU GPL v.3</title>
            <link>/gnu-gpl-v-3/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 02 Nov 2007 14:16:03 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gnu-gpl-v-3/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt; Introduzione &amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il 29 Giugno 2007 è stata pubblicata la terza versione della GNU GPL, la licenza “principe” del Software Libero – o Open Source. La nuova versione segue a quasi sedici anni di distanza la precedente versione.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;h2&gt;
    Introduzione
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il 29 Giugno 2007 è stata pubblicata la terza versione della GNU GPL, la licenza “principe” del Software Libero – o Open Source. La nuova versione segue a quasi sedici anni di distanza la precedente versione. Perché questo evento era atteso con trepidazione – da qualcuno con ansia e qual è l'importanza di una licenza? Quali sono le conseguenze che l'approvazione di una licenza possono portare?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Perché una licenza?
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Software, lo sappiamo, è opera dell'ingegno. È un prodotto intellettuale protetto da un sistema di tutele che alcuni chiamano “diritto d'autore”, altri “&lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;”. Per comodità useremo la dizione inglese. Il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; è nato per tutelare le opere delle arti letterarie, musicali e figurative. Esso riserva al titolare una serie di diritti esclusivi, con sanzioni – anche penali – in caso di violazione. Tra i diritti esclusivi il principale (da cui il nome) è il diritto di trarre copie, ma vi sono anche i diritti di approvare ogni modifica, di operare traduzioni, di trarre opere derivate. La protezione del &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; è stata estesa, con alcuni adattamenti, al software. Uno dei vantaggi di avere una protezione di questo tipo, e non altre, è quello che il sistema è tendenzialmente uniformato a livello mondiale da alcune convenzioni, la principale delle quali è la Convenzione di Berna.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Software Libero e in particolare la sua variante denominata “&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;” sfruttano il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; per assicurare che le opere dell'ingegno rilasciate con tale modalità assicurino a chiunque (almeno) le quattro libertà fondamentali (di usare, studiare, distribuire e migliorare il software) all'opera stessa (software libero in genere) e in alcuni casi a ogni altra opera che si basi su di essa, ovvero “derivata” (&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Lo fanno – e qui entriamo in tema – utilizzando uno strumento che si chiama “licenza”. La licenza non è nient'altro che un permesso accordato a un'altra persona di fare determinate cose con l'opera. Normalmente la licenza è implicita nell'acquisto di una copia dell'opera (e quindi anche del software, al quale ci riferiremo esclusivamente d'ora in poi) e dà diritto ad usare una copia, oltre che altri effetti, come quello di estrarre una copia per backup o di decompilare il codice oggetto per assicurare l'interoperabilità: si tratta della licenza per l'utente finale. Le licenze di Software Libero sono una dichiarazione pubblica, impressa su ogni copia del software, la quale attribuisce a chiunque i diritti stabiliti, alle condizioni previste. Senza licenza di Software Libero, quest'ultimo non esisterebbe: il Software Libero (o &lt;em&gt;open source&lt;/em&gt;) è un fenomeno giuridico!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di licenze ce ne sono tante, troppe. Le più importanti sono quelle concepite da Richard Stallman e promosse dalla Free Software Foundation: la GNU GPL e la GNU LGPL
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Un po' di storia
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La storia – si spera – è conosciuta. Stallman decide di creare dalle fondamenta un sistema operativo, lo concepisce come una variante di Unix e lo chiamo GNU (GNU's Not Unix). Questo sistema operativo serve a consentire le quattro libertà del software sin dalle basi, e necessita che nessuno se ne “appropri” come era avvenuto per UNIX, nato in ambito universitario e poi trasformato in una miriade di versioni proprietarie e reciprocamente incompatibili. Serve una licenza che abbia le caratteristiche del &lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;, nascono le licenze pubbliche per GNU, dunque la GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) e la versione Library: GNU LGPL (ora chiamata “Lesser”). Useremo collettivamente il termine GPL per entrambe.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nessuno è obbligato a utilizzare una particolare licenza, ciascuno è libero di inventarne una propria. Il fatto di avere una licenza di riferimento è però importante per molte ragioni, tra le quali evitare incompatibilità legali (mescolare software soggetto a disparate licenze per farne uno solo può portare a violare il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; sull'una o sull'altra parte), avere un minimo di certezza e di solidità derivanti dall'esperienza (compresa quella fatta in tribunale) e dallo studio accurato da parte di legali esperti nel ramo. La GPL ha acquistato in breve una massa critica e una solidità data anche dall'autorevolezza dei suoi autori tale da essere di gran lunga la licenza più popolare al mondo. La Free Software Foundation dunque ha un grande potere nel decidere la formulazione della GPL nelle sue versioni, perché è verosimile che la maggior parte dei progetti seguano tale “migrazione”, alcuni per previsione espressa al momento del rilascio (grazie alla previsione “o ogni successiva versione”).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da un grande potere nasce una grande responsabilità. Questa massima che molti, anche nel campo del software, dimenticano facilmente – e non faccio nomi – ha indotto una certa prudenza nell'introdurre modifiche nella versione corrente della GPL, tanto che essa è diventata decisamente obsoleta. Tempo era dunque che venisse modificata.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Ragioni per cambiare
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un fenomeno così di successo come la GPL fa sì che è difficile pensare di migliorarlo, ma con gli anni sono nati fenomeni nuovi, in campo legale e tecnico, tali da rendere necessaria una nuova protezione legale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quando la GPL è nata, tra l'altro:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esistevano i brevetti software
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esisteva un problema di DRM (la cosiddetta TiVoization)
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        Internet non era uno strumento diffuso come lo è adesso
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esisteva il “software come servizio”
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        il software era sostanzialmente su computer che spaziavano dal PC al mainframe, mentre recentemente il software si è infilato ovunque ed è diventato altamente “distribuito”.
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ognuna di tali ragioni è sufficiente per giustificare un intervento radicale. Recentemente, poi, alcuni accordi tra produttori di sistemi operativi proprietari e assemblatori di distribuzioni di GNU/Linux hanno reso non irreale il rischio di una biforcazione del sistema operativo libero in una versione “commerciale” (ovvero proprietarizzata dai brevetti) e una libera (o lasciata a chi vuol correre il rischio di subire sanzioni o fortemente limitata nell'interoperabilità con tutto quello che c'è in giro).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di Software Libero, soprattutto software soggetto a GPL, ce n'è in giro tantissimo, usato – non sempre nel pieno rispetto dei diritti legali dell'autore – in centinaia, migliaia di applicazioni. La forza del Software Libero è tale che l'adozione di una licenza più aggiornata è in grado di incidere su molti fronti, compreso quello dei brevetti software e dei DRM.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da ultimo, la GPL è nata nel sistema di &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; USA. Utilizza(va) concetti tipici del sistema legale statunitense, anche se ancora di recente è stata con successo difesa in tribunale anche in Europa (soprattutto in Germania). Necessitava di interventi per renderla meno a immagine e somiglianza del sistema di provenienza e più maneggevole in tutti gli ordinamenti mondiali.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    La procedura
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La GPL è un po' la “costituzione” del Software Libero: oltre che una licenza è anche un manifesto e un programma. Le costituzioni sono generalmente “ottriate” (rilasciate graziosamente dal sovrano) oppure ottenute in modo democratico con il consenso. La GPL versione 2 e stata sostanzialmente “ottriata”, ma siccome qui nessuno è re, si è deciso che la versione 3 nascesse con il consenso più ampio possibile. Si badi bene: non solo quello degli sviluppatori, ma di tutto il mondo del software in genere, compresi gli utilizzatori industriali in campi del tutto diversi, come quelli dell'hardware, dei dispositivi portatili, delle opere multimediali.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La discussione si è svolta a partire da una bozza studiata da Richard Stallman ed Eben Moglen. La proposta è stata pubblicata e si sono insediate commissioni di studio dedicate alle varie tematiche. E' stato persino concepito un sistema di scrittura collaborativa in cui chiunque era autorizzato a commentare una qualsiasi parte del testo e a suggerire modifiche, in ogni ordine di granularità: dall'approccio filosofico sino alla singola virgola, al plurale piuttosto che al singolare. In parallelo si sono colloqui riservati a ogni livello con i più rilevanti “&lt;em&gt;stakeholders&lt;/em&gt;”, ovvero coloro i cui interessi potevano essere maggiormente intaccati dalle decisioni prese, e che hanno dunque avuto particolare attenzione a quello che andava succedendo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ovviamente alla fine il consenso assoluto non è possibile, ed è stata necessaria una mediazione. Da una mediazione ciascuno è mediamente insoddisfatto. Alcuni ritengono che la versione definitiva sia stata troppo radicale, altri, forse anche Stallman, ritengono che la versione finale sia un poco annacquata. A naso ritengo dunque che si è trovata una soluzione dignitosa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Il risultato
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il prodotto è finito. Cosa contiene?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La minaccia più costante al Software Libero (e a tutto il software in genere) sono i brevetti software. A differenza del &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;, non è necessario “copiare” per avere una contraffazione. Due persone possono lavorare per anni alla stessa idea, investire denaro e poi solo il primo che ottiene un brevetto la può sfruttare, impedendo al secondo di farlo o pretendendo un pagamento per ogni prodotto che contenga tale idea. Più il livello innovativo richiesto per ottenere il brevetto è basso, più brevetti vengono concessi (e più diritti incassano gli uffici brevetti). Più brevetti ci sono in giro, più possibilità ci sono che involontariamente li si infrangano.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La pratica di brevettare il software “in quanto tale” è deleteria (e probabilmente illegale, ma questa è un'altra questione). I brevetti software non apportano nulla allo stato dell'arte, sono semplicemente dei segnaposto su una particolare soluzione, quando non semplicemente sul problema. Spesso tutto ciò è poco o nulla innovativo – dunque il brevetto è nullo –, ma accertarlo in un giudizio costa molto e nel frattempo si rischiano sequestri, inibitorie e sanzioni (anche penali), perché vi è una presunzione di validità del brevetto. Un programma software contiene normalmente centinaia di “idee” che possono essere soggette a uno delle migliaia di brevetti nel mondo: evitarli o anche semplicemente &lt;em&gt;conoscerli&lt;/em&gt; tutti è semplicemente impossibile. Per il titolare di un brevetto, invece, è relativamente semplice sapere se un programma di Software Libero contiene un'idea brevettata, potendo accedere al codice sorgente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Uno sviluppatore potrebbe inoltre ricevere una speciale e personale esenzione, modificare il software libero e renderlo proprietario non usando il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;, ma sfruttando il brevetto. Un altro, anche l'autore originale, non potrebbe usare il codice modificato, il che è evidentemente contrario allo spirito del Software Libero. La GPL v.3 rafforza la protezione che esisteva nella versione 2 e che proibiva di sfruttare un tale trucco, rendendo esplicita la necessità che la protezione del brevetto ottenuta sia “propagata” a tutti gli utilizzatori e sviluppatori di quel software, tramite una licenza espressa (clausola 11).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra situazione che si è proposta è la “TiVoizazione”, dal nome di un popolare apparecchio videoregistratore molto popolare negli USA, che contiene software GPL. Come da licenza chiunque può ricevere e modificare il codice adattato per il TiVo, ma non disponendo della chiave di cifratura, il codice compilato semplicemente non funziona sull'apparecchio in questione, dunque è inutile provare a modificarlo. Ogni modifica, anche irrilevante e “legale” del software è preclusa. Anche questa pratica è contraria allo spirito della GPL, perché impedisce di fatto alcune delle libertà (di modifica, di esecuzione). Più in generale l'uso dei DRM (&lt;em&gt;Digital Rights Management, &lt;/em&gt; o &lt;em&gt;Digital Restriction Management&lt;/em&gt;, secondo alcuni) nel software impedisce il dispiegarsi delle libertà, anche perché una norma “anti pirateria” rende illegale ogni attività diretta a rimuovere dispositivi tecnologici di protezione, o rendere disponibili strumenti a tal fine. La nuova versione della GPL adotta una soluzione bilanciata: non impedisce di installare DRM, ma allo stesso tempo esclude la proibizione di “aggirare” le misure di protezione. Chi usa codice GPL v.3 non può dunque usare la norma “anti pirateria” per impedire di rimuovere i DRM da software soggetto a tale licenza. La lotta sui DRM è stata una delle più accese, per evidenti ragioni e molte voci si sono levate per ottenere la proibizione totale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come detto innanzi, è stata operata una scelta di internazionalizzazione della licenza, nel senso di renderla praticabile senza adattamenti (o traduzioni) nel massimo numero possibile di giurisdizioni. Ad esempio si è sostituito il verbo “&lt;em&gt;distribute&lt;/em&gt;” (distribuire) con “&lt;em&gt;convey&lt;/em&gt;” (veicolare, propagare) per indicare l'attività a seguito della quale si è soggetti ad alcuni degli obblighi previsti, come quello di fornire il codice sorgente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra novità è stata una certa “liberalizzazione” delle licenze. Ora ciascuno è libero di inserire maggiori libertà al software rilasciato sotto GPL, aggiungendo ulteriori dichiarazioni in tal senso, salvo il diritto di chiunque di rimuoverle (e di ripristinare il testo originale della licenza) nella versione modificata successivamente. La LGPL (la versione per le “librerie”, che rende possibile l'uso di codice in prodotti derivati non liberi, attenuando l'effetto “&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;”) diventa una specie di libertà addizionale alla GPL, che può essere successivamente rimossa (cosa che era già possibile a partire dalla LGPL v.2.1, che poteva essere trasformata in GPL).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Infine, si sta lavorando a una particolare versione destinata al software utilizzato nei servizi via web (software come servizio), ovvero a quel software che non si installa sulle proprie macchine, ma che si utilizza tramite un'interfaccia web attraverso un servizio messo a disposizione da un terzo. La licenza riprende la versione “Affero” e si chiamerà “Affero GPL”. Tale licenza ha alcune restrizioni rispetto alla GPL, come quella che impedisce di rimuovere le indicazioni visibili di soggezione alla GPL del codice utilizzato. Tale restrizione, contraria a una delle libertà fondamentali, è giustificata dal fatto che – tecnicamente – non vi è una “distribuzione” del software e dunque la GPL da sola verrebbe tradita.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Accettazione
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Molto rumore si è levato circa il fatto che alcuni sviluppatori, tra i quali Linus Torvalds, il primo creatore del kernel Linux, abbiano dichiarato di non voler accettare la migrazione alla versione 3 e che rimarranno alla versione 2. Si è visto in ciò la possibilità di una frammentazione del Software Libero in due rami.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In realtà ciò non è del tutto vero. Linux è un chiaro esempio, in quanto parte fondamentale di un sistema modulare (GNU/Linux) che ospita software sotto varie licenze, dalla GPL alla LGPL, dalla MIT/BSD alla Apache, dalla MPL a prodotti proprietari. Questo perché, contrariamente a quanto si pensi, non esiste nessun effetto “propagativo” (alcuni dicono spregiativamente “virale”) della GPL o delle altre licenze di Software Libero. Niente impedisce a un programma soggetto a una licenza di funzionare invocando le funzioni di un altro programma, purché rimangano prodotti distinti. Il fatto che siano distribuiti in una stessa scatola non cambia nulla.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È alquanto presto per dire quanti progetti migreranno. Alcuni hanno già dichiarato che passeranno alla GPL v.3, tra questi mi fa piacere annoverare gli amici di Samba. Anche Sun Microsystems ha espresso l'intenzione di utilizzare la versione 3 per il rilascio dei suoi prodotti, il che potrebbe comprendere addirittura Solaris, col che si potrebbe avere un sistema GNU/Solaris completamente o quasi sotto la nuova licenza anche senza il consenso della comunità di Linux.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Conclusioni
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Con la terza versione della GPL il mondo degli sviluppatori di software libero hanno certamente un'arma in più a tutela della scelta operata. Nessuno può costringere nessuno ad adottarla, né ciò sarebbe tollerabile. In alcuni casi i progetti semplicemente non potranno migrare per impossibilità oggettive, dovute al fatto che – vista l'incompatibilità delle due versioni – non sarà possibile limitare la migrazione a un pezzo del progetto. Altrove la migrazione sarà impedita dalla volontà contraria di tutti o di parte degli sviluppatori.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In ogni caso l'indicazione è stata data ed è presumibile che una larga fetta dei programmi esistenti, e la più parte dei progetti nuovi, migreranno. La superiorità tecnico-giuridica della versione 3 della GPL rispetto alla precedente è tale da rimuovere ogni remora che non sia dovuta alle difficoltà insite nella migrazione. E comunque ora il Software Libero ha una nuova, potente, freccia al suo arco.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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            <title>GNU GPL v.3</title>
            <link>/gnu-gpl-v-3-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 09:02:23 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gnu-gpl-v-3-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il 29 Giugno 2007 è stata pubblicata la terza versione della GNU GPL, la licenza “principe” del Software Libero – o Open Source. La nuova versione segue a quasi sedici anni di distanza la precedente versione.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Il 29 Giugno 2007 è stata pubblicata la terza versione della GNU GPL, la licenza “principe” del Software Libero – o Open Source. La nuova versione segue a quasi sedici anni di distanza la precedente versione. Perché questo evento era atteso con trepidazione – da qualcuno con ansia e qual è l'importanza di una licenza? Quali sono le conseguenze che l'approvazione di una licenza possono portare?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Perché una licenza?
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Software, lo sappiamo, è opera dell'ingegno. È un prodotto intellettuale protetto da un sistema di tutele che alcuni chiamano “diritto d'autore”, altri “&lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;”. Per comodità useremo la dizione inglese. Il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; è nato per tutelare le opere delle arti letterarie, musicali e figurative. Esso riserva al titolare una serie di diritti esclusivi, con sanzioni – anche penali – in caso di violazione. Tra i diritti esclusivi il principale (da cui il nome) è il diritto di trarre copie, ma vi sono anche i diritti di approvare ogni modifica, di operare traduzioni, di trarre opere derivate. La protezione del &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; è stata estesa, con alcuni adattamenti, al software. Uno dei vantaggi di avere una protezione di questo tipo, e non altre, è quello che il sistema è tendenzialmente uniformato a livello mondiale da alcune convenzioni, la principale delle quali è la Convenzione di Berna.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il Software Libero e in particolare la sua variante denominata “&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;” sfruttano il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; per assicurare che le opere dell'ingegno rilasciate con tale modalità assicurino a chiunque (almeno) le quattro libertà fondamentali (di usare, studiare, distribuire e migliorare il software) all'opera stessa (software libero in genere) e in alcuni casi a ogni altra opera che si basi su di essa, ovvero “derivata” (&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Lo fanno – e qui entriamo in tema – utilizzando uno strumento che si chiama “licenza”. La licenza non è nient'altro che un permesso accordato a un'altra persona di fare determinate cose con l'opera. Normalmente la licenza è implicita nell'acquisto di una copia dell'opera (e quindi anche del software, al quale ci riferiremo esclusivamente d'ora in poi) e dà diritto ad usare una copia, oltre che altri effetti, come quello di estrarre una copia per backup o di decompilare il codice oggetto per assicurare l'interoperabilità: si tratta della licenza per l'utente finale. Le licenze di Software Libero sono una dichiarazione pubblica, impressa su ogni copia del software, la quale attribuisce a chiunque i diritti stabiliti, alle condizioni previste. Senza licenza di Software Libero, quest'ultimo non esisterebbe: il Software Libero (o &lt;em&gt;open source&lt;/em&gt;) è un fenomeno giuridico!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di licenze ce ne sono tante, troppe. Le più importanti sono quelle concepite da Richard Stallman e promosse dalla Free Software Foundation: la GNU GPL e la GNU LGPL
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Un po' di storia
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La storia – si spera – è conosciuta. Stallman decide di creare dalle fondamenta un sistema operativo, lo concepisce come una variante di Unix e lo chiamo GNU (GNU's Not Unix). Questo sistema operativo serve a consentire le quattro libertà del software sin dalle basi, e necessita che nessuno se ne “appropri” come era avvenuto per UNIX, nato in ambito universitario e poi trasformato in una miriade di versioni proprietarie e reciprocamente incompatibili. Serve una licenza che abbia le caratteristiche del &lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;, nascono le licenze pubbliche per GNU, dunque la GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) e la versione Library: GNU LGPL (ora chiamata “Lesser”). Useremo collettivamente il termine GPL per entrambe.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nessuno è obbligato a utilizzare una particolare licenza, ciascuno è libero di inventarne una propria. Il fatto di avere una licenza di riferimento è però importante per molte ragioni, tra le quali evitare incompatibilità legali (mescolare software soggetto a disparate licenze per farne uno solo può portare a violare il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; sull'una o sull'altra parte), avere un minimo di certezza e di solidità derivanti dall'esperienza (compresa quella fatta in tribunale) e dallo studio accurato da parte di legali esperti nel ramo. La GPL ha acquistato in breve una massa critica e una solidità data anche dall'autorevolezza dei suoi autori tale da essere di gran lunga la licenza più popolare al mondo. La Free Software Foundation dunque ha un grande potere nel decidere la formulazione della GPL nelle sue versioni, perché è verosimile che la maggior parte dei progetti seguano tale “migrazione”, alcuni per previsione espressa al momento del rilascio (grazie alla previsione “o ogni successiva versione”).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da un grande potere nasce una grande responsabilità. Questa massima che molti, anche nel campo del software, dimenticano facilmente – e non faccio nomi – ha indotto una certa prudenza nell'introdurre modifiche nella versione corrente della GPL, tanto che essa è diventata decisamente obsoleta. Tempo era dunque che venisse modificata.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Ragioni per cambiare
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un fenomeno così di successo come la GPL fa sì che è difficile pensare di migliorarlo, ma con gli anni sono nati fenomeni nuovi, in campo legale e tecnico, tali da rendere necessaria una nuova protezione legale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quando la GPL è nata, tra l'altro:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esistevano i brevetti software
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esisteva un problema di DRM (la cosiddetta TiVoization)
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        Internet non era uno strumento diffuso come lo è adesso
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        non esisteva il “software come servizio”
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    
    &lt;li&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;
        il software era sostanzialmente su computer che spaziavano dal PC al mainframe, mentre recentemente il software si è infilato ovunque ed è diventato altamente “distribuito”.
      &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ognuna di tali ragioni è sufficiente per giustificare un intervento radicale. Recentemente, poi, alcuni accordi tra produttori di sistemi operativi proprietari e assemblatori di distribuzioni di GNU/Linux hanno reso non irreale il rischio di una biforcazione del sistema operativo libero in una versione “commerciale” (ovvero proprietarizzata dai brevetti) e una libera (o lasciata a chi vuol correre il rischio di subire sanzioni o fortemente limitata nell'interoperabilità con tutto quello che c'è in giro).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Di Software Libero, soprattutto software soggetto a GPL, ce n'è in giro tantissimo, usato – non sempre nel pieno rispetto dei diritti legali dell'autore – in centinaia, migliaia di applicazioni. La forza del Software Libero è tale che l'adozione di una licenza più aggiornata è in grado di incidere su molti fronti, compreso quello dei brevetti software e dei DRM.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da ultimo, la GPL è nata nel sistema di &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt; USA. Utilizza(va) concetti tipici del sistema legale statunitense, anche se ancora di recente è stata con successo difesa in tribunale anche in Europa (soprattutto in Germania). Necessitava di interventi per renderla meno a immagine e somiglianza del sistema di provenienza e più maneggevole in tutti gli ordinamenti mondiali.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    La procedura
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La GPL è un po' la “costituzione” del Software Libero: oltre che una licenza è anche un manifesto e un programma. Le costituzioni sono generalmente “ottriate” (rilasciate graziosamente dal sovrano) oppure ottenute in modo democratico con il consenso. La GPL versione 2 e stata sostanzialmente “ottriata”, ma siccome qui nessuno è re, si è deciso che la versione 3 nascesse con il consenso più ampio possibile. Si badi bene: non solo quello degli sviluppatori, ma di tutto il mondo del software in genere, compresi gli utilizzatori industriali in campi del tutto diversi, come quelli dell'hardware, dei dispositivi portatili, delle opere multimediali.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La discussione si è svolta a partire da una bozza studiata da Richard Stallman ed Eben Moglen. La proposta è stata pubblicata e si sono insediate commissioni di studio dedicate alle varie tematiche. E' stato persino concepito un sistema di scrittura collaborativa in cui chiunque era autorizzato a commentare una qualsiasi parte del testo e a suggerire modifiche, in ogni ordine di granularità: dall'approccio filosofico sino alla singola virgola, al plurale piuttosto che al singolare. In parallelo si sono colloqui riservati a ogni livello con i più rilevanti “&lt;em&gt;stakeholders&lt;/em&gt;”, ovvero coloro i cui interessi potevano essere maggiormente intaccati dalle decisioni prese, e che hanno dunque avuto particolare attenzione a quello che andava succedendo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ovviamente alla fine il consenso assoluto non è possibile, ed è stata necessaria una mediazione. Da una mediazione ciascuno è mediamente insoddisfatto. Alcuni ritengono che la versione definitiva sia stata troppo radicale, altri, forse anche Stallman, ritengono che la versione finale sia un poco annacquata. A naso ritengo dunque che si è trovata una soluzione dignitosa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Il risultato
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il prodotto è finito. Cosa contiene?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La minaccia più costante al Software Libero (e a tutto il software in genere) sono i brevetti software. A differenza del &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;, non è necessario “copiare” per avere una contraffazione. Due persone possono lavorare per anni alla stessa idea, investire denaro e poi solo il primo che ottiene un brevetto la può sfruttare, impedendo al secondo di farlo o pretendendo un pagamento per ogni prodotto che contenga tale idea. Più il livello innovativo richiesto per ottenere il brevetto è basso, più brevetti vengono concessi (e più diritti incassano gli uffici brevetti). Più brevetti ci sono in giro, più possibilità ci sono che involontariamente li si infrangano.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La pratica di brevettare il software “in quanto tale” è deleteria (e probabilmente illegale, ma questa è un'altra questione). I brevetti software non apportano nulla allo stato dell'arte, sono semplicemente dei segnaposto su una particolare soluzione, quando non semplicemente sul problema. Spesso tutto ciò è poco o nulla innovativo – dunque il brevetto è nullo –, ma accertarlo in un giudizio costa molto e nel frattempo si rischiano sequestri, inibitorie e sanzioni (anche penali), perché vi è una presunzione di validità del brevetto. Un programma software contiene normalmente centinaia di “idee” che possono essere soggette a uno delle migliaia di brevetti nel mondo: evitarli o anche semplicemente &lt;em&gt;conoscerli&lt;/em&gt; tutti è semplicemente impossibile. Per il titolare di un brevetto, invece, è relativamente semplice sapere se un programma di Software Libero contiene un'idea brevettata, potendo accedere al codice sorgente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Uno sviluppatore potrebbe inoltre ricevere una speciale e personale esenzione, modificare il software libero e renderlo proprietario non usando il &lt;em&gt;copyright&lt;/em&gt;, ma sfruttando il brevetto. Un altro, anche l'autore originale, non potrebbe usare il codice modificato, il che è evidentemente contrario allo spirito del Software Libero. La GPL v.3 rafforza la protezione che esisteva nella versione 2 e che proibiva di sfruttare un tale trucco, rendendo esplicita la necessità che la protezione del brevetto ottenuta sia “propagata” a tutti gli utilizzatori e sviluppatori di quel software, tramite una licenza espressa (clausola 11).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra situazione che si è proposta è la “TiVoizazione”, dal nome di un popolare apparecchio videoregistratore molto popolare negli USA, che contiene software GPL. Come da licenza chiunque può ricevere e modificare il codice adattato per il TiVo, ma non disponendo della chiave di cifratura, il codice compilato semplicemente non funziona sull'apparecchio in questione, dunque è inutile provare a modificarlo. Ogni modifica, anche irrilevante e “legale” del software è preclusa. Anche questa pratica è contraria allo spirito della GPL, perché impedisce di fatto alcune delle libertà (di modifica, di esecuzione). Più in generale l'uso dei DRM (&lt;em&gt;Digital Rights Management, &lt;/em&gt; o &lt;em&gt;Digital Restriction Management&lt;/em&gt;, secondo alcuni) nel software impedisce il dispiegarsi delle libertà, anche perché una norma “anti pirateria” rende illegale ogni attività diretta a rimuovere dispositivi tecnologici di protezione, o rendere disponibili strumenti a tal fine. La nuova versione della GPL adotta una soluzione bilanciata: non impedisce di installare DRM, ma allo stesso tempo esclude la proibizione di “aggirare” le misure di protezione. Chi usa codice GPL v.3 non può dunque usare la norma “anti pirateria” per impedire di rimuovere i DRM da software soggetto a tale licenza. La lotta sui DRM è stata una delle più accese, per evidenti ragioni e molte voci si sono levate per ottenere la proibizione totale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Come detto innanzi, è stata operata una scelta di internazionalizzazione della licenza, nel senso di renderla praticabile senza adattamenti (o traduzioni) nel massimo numero possibile di giurisdizioni. Ad esempio si è sostituito il verbo “&lt;em&gt;distribute&lt;/em&gt;” (distribuire) con “&lt;em&gt;convey&lt;/em&gt;” (veicolare, propagare) per indicare l'attività a seguito della quale si è soggetti ad alcuni degli obblighi previsti, come quello di fornire il codice sorgente.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra novità è stata una certa “liberalizzazione” delle licenze. Ora ciascuno è libero di inserire maggiori libertà al software rilasciato sotto GPL, aggiungendo ulteriori dichiarazioni in tal senso, salvo il diritto di chiunque di rimuoverle (e di ripristinare il testo originale della licenza) nella versione modificata successivamente. La LGPL (la versione per le “librerie”, che rende possibile l'uso di codice in prodotti derivati non liberi, attenuando l'effetto “&lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt;”) diventa una specie di libertà addizionale alla GPL, che può essere successivamente rimossa (cosa che era già possibile a partire dalla LGPL v.2.1, che poteva essere trasformata in GPL).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Infine, si sta lavorando a una particolare versione destinata al software utilizzato nei servizi via web (software come servizio), ovvero a quel software che non si installa sulle proprie macchine, ma che si utilizza tramite un'interfaccia web attraverso un servizio messo a disposizione da un terzo. La licenza riprende la versione “Affero” e si chiamerà “Affero GPL”. Tale licenza ha alcune restrizioni rispetto alla GPL, come quella che impedisce di rimuovere le indicazioni visibili di soggezione alla GPL del codice utilizzato. Tale restrizione, contraria a una delle libertà fondamentali, è giustificata dal fatto che – tecnicamente – non vi è una “distribuzione” del software e dunque la GPL da sola verrebbe tradita.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Accettazione
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Molto rumore si è levato circa il fatto che alcuni sviluppatori, tra i quali Linus Torvalds, il primo creatore del kernel Linux, abbiano dichiarato di non voler accettare la migrazione alla versione 3 e che rimarranno alla versione 2. Si è visto in ciò la possibilità di una frammentazione del Software Libero in due rami.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In realtà ciò non è del tutto vero. Linux è un chiaro esempio, in quanto parte fondamentale di un sistema modulare (GNU/Linux) che ospita software sotto varie licenze, dalla GPL alla LGPL, dalla MIT/BSD alla Apache, dalla MPL a prodotti proprietari. Questo perché, contrariamente a quanto si pensi, non esiste nessun effetto “propagativo” (alcuni dicono spregiativamente “virale”) della GPL o delle altre licenze di Software Libero. Niente impedisce a un programma soggetto a una licenza di funzionare invocando le funzioni di un altro programma, purché rimangano prodotti distinti. Il fatto che siano distribuiti in una stessa scatola non cambia nulla.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È alquanto presto per dire quanti progetti migreranno. Alcuni hanno già dichiarato che passeranno alla GPL v.3, tra questi mi fa piacere annoverare gli amici di Samba. Anche Sun Microsystems ha espresso l'intenzione di utilizzare la versione 3 per il rilascio dei suoi prodotti, il che potrebbe comprendere addirittura Solaris, col che si potrebbe avere un sistema GNU/Solaris completamente o quasi sotto la nuova licenza anche senza il consenso della comunità di Linux.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Conclusioni
  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Con la terza versione della GPL il mondo degli sviluppatori di software libero hanno certamente un'arma in più a tutela della scelta operata. Nessuno può costringere nessuno ad adottarla, né ciò sarebbe tollerabile. In alcuni casi i progetti semplicemente non potranno migrare per impossibilità oggettive, dovute al fatto che – vista l'incompatibilità delle due versioni – non sarà possibile limitare la migrazione a un pezzo del progetto. Altrove la migrazione sarà impedita dalla volontà contraria di tutti o di parte degli sviluppatori.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In ogni caso l'indicazione è stata data ed è presumibile che una larga fetta dei programmi esistenti, e la più parte dei progetti nuovi, migreranno. La superiorità tecnico-giuridica della versione 3 della GPL rispetto alla precedente è tale da rimuovere ogni remora che non sia dovuta alle difficoltà insite nella migrazione. E comunque ora il Software Libero ha una nuova, potente, freccia al suo arco.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Microsoft, so it ends (for the good of it?)</title>
            <link>/deal/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2007 13:20:42 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/deal/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Today Commissioner Kroes issued a press statement where she claims victory and that she forced Microsoft to compliance. I have still not seen the detailed documents, but it would appear that &amp;amp;#8212; with the exception of the patent license &amp;amp;#8212; she is right.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Today Commissioner Kroes issued a press statement where she claims victory and that she forced Microsoft to compliance. I have still not seen the detailed documents, but it would appear that &amp;#8212; with the exception of the patent license &amp;#8212; she is right.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Basically, Microsoft has accepted the idea that also Free Software developers, AKA &amp;#8220;open source&amp;#8221;, could access the complete and timely interoperability information that Microsoft was forced to release as early as three years ago. This is the good part of it. The bad part is that as for patents, either one has to take the risk of a patent litigation, or it must accept licensing terms incompatible with the GNU GPL. They have agreed upon a special pledge to cover the &amp;#8220;non commercial&amp;#8221; developers, but who is a &amp;#8220;non commercial developer&amp;#8221;, in the first place?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This is all I can say by now. I am looking forward to see the licensing conditions. I have seen a reasonably close version of them (though I wasn't supposed to) and they still needed some work. But they (well, the &amp;#8220;no-patents&amp;#8221; part) were damn close to be compatible with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl.html&quot;&gt;GNU GPL&lt;/a&gt;, and if the Commission has worked out the last few details, we could have a very good deal. Time for celebration? We'll see. So far the good news is that Microsoft has waived the appeal, thus the September 17th Judgment is law.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Stay tuned!
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Quifree, Linuxday Firenze</title>
            <link>/quifree-linuxday-firenze/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 05 Oct 2007 16:16:51 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/quifree-linuxday-firenze/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; During this event, the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.quifree.it&amp;quot;&amp;gt;QuiFree.it&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, I will hold two speeches: during the morning within the Linux Day 2007 e during the afternoon, in the plenary session, I will speak about &amp;amp;#8220;Free Software in business: myths and legends&amp;amp;#8221;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    During this event, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quifree.it&quot;&gt;QuiFree.it&lt;/a&gt;, I will hold two speeches: during the morning within the Linux Day 2007 e during the afternoon, in the plenary session, I will speak about &amp;#8220;Free Software in business: myths and legends&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Quifree, Linuxday Firenze</title>
            <link>/quifree-linuxday-firenze-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 05 Oct 2007 16:12:52 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/quifree-linuxday-firenze-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Si tratta del &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.quifree.it&amp;quot;&amp;gt;QuiFree.it&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, nel corso del quale avrò due interventi: la mattina al Linux Day 2007 e il pomeriggio, nella sessione plenaria, parlerò di &amp;amp;#8220;Software Libero in azienda: miti e leggende&amp;amp;#8221;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Si tratta del &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quifree.it&quot;&gt;QuiFree.it&lt;/a&gt;, nel corso del quale avrò due interventi: la mattina al Linux Day 2007 e il pomeriggio, nella sessione plenaria, parlerò di &amp;#8220;Software Libero in azienda: miti e leggende&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>Un giorno in Tribunale, e che giorno!</title>
            <link>/un-giorno-in-tribunale-e-che-giorno/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2007 14:11:47 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/un-giorno-in-tribunale-e-che-giorno/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Scrivo mentre sto aspettando il mio volo di ritorno per Milano. Ho pensato che fosse una buona idea sedermi per un attimo e iniziare a condividere con voi le incredibili emozioni che ho provato oggi.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Scrivo mentre sto aspettando il mio volo di ritorno per Milano. Ho pensato che fosse una buona idea sedermi per un attimo e iniziare a condividere con voi le incredibili emozioni che ho provato oggi. Dove sono stato lo si vede da questo video su YouTube. Sono quello dietro l'avvocato con la parrucca nelle prime inquadrature del video.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Credo che tutti sappiate ora qual è il contenuto della così tanto attesa sentenza nel caso Microsoft vs. Commissione delle Comunità Europee. Non è un segreto che è una totale, perfetta, innegabile vittoria per la Commissione e per gli intervenienti a sostegno della stessa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ieri sera ero nella lobby del Sofitel, chiaccherando con James Flynn, QC, un barrister inglese che rappresenta la SIIA in questo caso, e Laura Avizar, avvocato spagnolo che rappresenta AudioBanner. Si trattava di quasi tutti gli intervenienti per la Commissione rimasti (assieme a ECIS) dopo che alcuni altri hanno abbandonato il caso grazie ad accordi di parte con Microsoft, dai quali hanno guadagnato solo le società che si sono ritirate, ma non anche la concorrenza e il mercato. Casomai il contrario.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ci interrogavamo circa i possibili esiti e quale sarebbe stata la sentenza odierna. Con noi c'era un esperto indipendente di antitrust che ha seguito il caso attentamente sin dall'inizio. Anne Morphey di Clifford Chance (alla mia sinistra nel video) e Georg Greve, il Presidente di FSFE, completavano questo informale gruppo di discussione. La migliore scommessa di tutti era una decisione &amp;#8220;a metà&amp;#8221;, ovvero vittoria per Microsoft sui temi del bundling (il caso multimedia), vittoria per la Commissione sul resto, e possibile sconfitta sul sistema del &lt;em&gt;Monitoring trustee&lt;/em&gt;. Le mie parole erano &amp;#8220;sono un ottimista di natura&amp;#8221;, ma non ero certamente fiducioso su una vittoria completa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa mattina la morale era alta per entrambe le parti. Ho chiaccherato con tutti gli opponenti, compreso Brad Smith e i due principali avvocati di Microsoft nel caso: Jean-François Bellis e Ian Forrester, QC. Con loro siamo in buoni rapporti(specialmente con Mr. Bellis, sono membro di un gruppo di avvocati nell'IT che annovera tra i propri membri il suo studio), e sono comunque dei perfetti gentiluomini, il che è merce rara&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La sala era piena di giornalisti, cameramen, fotografi (invidia per le loro fantastiche macchine fotografiche, anche uso una una reflex digitale prosumer piuttosto buona). La tensione si poteva tagliare con il coltello.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Quando è stato annunciato l'ingresso dei giudici, alle ore 09:30 è caduto il silenzio. Il presidente del tribunale Vesterdorf ha iniziato a leggere gli estremi del caso, annunciando le parti e continuando con il dispositivo. Le prime parole erano &amp;#8220;Il tribunale di primo grado &lt;strong&gt;annulla&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8230;&amp;#8221; Il sangue mi si è gelato per un secondo, ma poi egli ha continuato &amp;#8220;&amp;#8230; &lt;strong&gt;l'articolo 7 della decisione&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8230;&amp;#8221;. &amp;#8220;Un momento&amp;#8221;, mi sono detto, &amp;#8220;l'articolo 7 riguarda il monitoring trustee. Se hanno iniziato con questo, il resto dovrebbe essere confermato, è uno spettacolo! Ora godiamoci il resto con la faccia da giocatore da&lt;br /&gt; poker.&amp;#8221; Ma il mio cuore continuava a ballare il samba (con la &amp;#8220;s&amp;#8221; minuscola).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Seguono le parole che hanno chiuso il caso. Gioco, partita, incontro. &amp;#8220;Rigetta il resto della domanda&amp;#8221;. &amp;#8220;Wow, abbiamo vinto!&amp;#8221;. Non ho potuto trattenermi e ho girato la testa verso &lt;strong&gt;Jeremy Allison&lt;/strong&gt; (Google, Samba Team), &lt;strong&gt;Volker Lendecke&lt;/strong&gt; (Ser Net e Samba Team) e &lt;strong&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/strong&gt; (presidente, FSFE) (il nostro wunderteam), ho fatto loro l'occhiolino e poi mi sono contenuto. Non era finita, Microsoft ha pure la condanna alle spese! Dopo di che, i giudici (tredici, un record) hanno sfilato fuori dall'aula, ed era tempo di gioire! Strette di mano, pacche sulle spalle tra gli avvocati, celebrazioni!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In questo modo finisce una battaglia legale durata 3 anni che, per quanto mi riguarda, è il più grande successo della mia carriera professionale. La stampa è praticamente impazzita alla ricerca di inteviste, ma io mi sono trattenuto un poco per assaporare il momento. Qualche intervista, tutto finito.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    What the future will bring, this is unknown. I am still reading the Judgment. Even the part where the Commission was turned down, is not that bad, as there is nothing contrary to establish a monitoring process, just it was found wrong to impose on Microsoft to decide how this would look like (and to pay for it). So the Commission was said &amp;#8220;you do your own job, decide what's appropriate, pay for it&amp;#8221;. With more than 1bn fines, 497 (plus interests) already secured with this judgment, there is plenty of money to pay such a compliance scheme.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is hard to say if the Commission will be able to take home a real result out of this judgment. Microsoft has a brilliant record of being found guilty in Court and escape its doom in the compliance process, and we know that the devil hides in details. But it is hard to see how this judgment, so clearly deciding for one party, with direct, even blunt words against the other, shall not be followed up properly. This not limited to Europe, but to the rest of the world too.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One final though. We have been promised that, should the Commission have won this case, also my clients &lt;strong&gt;Samba&lt;/strong&gt; would get a chance to be on the receiving end of the information (not source code!) Microsoft is compelled to reveal. But Microsoft decided to write licensing agreements which expressly exclude &lt;strong&gt;GPL code&lt;/strong&gt; writers (thus Samba) to license out the information. Which means that a remedy to restore competition should not work in favour of those who compete. This must be changed, we will do whatever we can to make sure that this happens.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    After today's ruling, I am confident the goal is really closer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>A day in court. What a day!</title>
            <link>/a-day-in-court-what-a-day/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2007 13:54:36 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/a-day-in-court-what-a-day/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; I believe all of you know by now what the content of the much awaited verdict in Microsoft vs. EC Commission case is. It&#39;s no secret it is a total, unmistakable, undeniable victory for the Commission, and for its supporting interveners too.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I believe all of you know by now what the content of the much awaited verdict in Microsoft vs. EC Commission case is. It's no secret it is a total, unmistakable, undeniable victory for the Commission, and for its supporting interveners too.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Yesterday night I was in the lobby at Sofitel, quietly chatting with &lt;strong&gt;James Flynn&lt;/strong&gt;, QC, an English Barrister representing SIIA in this case, and &lt;strong&gt;Laura Alvizar&lt;/strong&gt;, a Spanish Lawyer representing AudioBanner. That by the way made almost the entire list of friendly interveners remaining (along with ECIS) after the rest of the pack dropped off thanks to private settlements with Microsoft, from which nobody but the withdrawing companies earned anything, especially not the competition on the market. Rather the opposite.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    We were wondering about the possible outcome and what were the odds of today's verdict. With us was sitting an independent expert on antitrust matters who has been following the case with a close eye since the beginning. &lt;strong&gt;Anne Morphey&lt;/strong&gt; of Clifford Chance (who in the video stands on my left and &lt;strong&gt;Georg Greve&lt;/strong&gt;, the President of FSFE, completed this informal panel. The &lt;strong&gt;best bet&lt;/strong&gt; of everybody was &lt;strong&gt;&amp;#8220;split decision&amp;#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;, Microsoft winning on the bundling case (AKA the multimedia case), the Commission winning on the rest, and possibly losing on the monitoring trustee mechanism. My words were &amp;#8220;I am optimistic by nature&amp;#8221;, but I was of course not feeling very confident about a total win.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This morning spirits were high on both parties. I cheered all the opponents, including Mr. &lt;strong&gt;Brad Smith&lt;/strong&gt; and the two top lawyers from Microsoft: Mr. &lt;strong&gt;Jean-François Bellis&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Ian Forrester&lt;/strong&gt;, QC. We are really on friendly terms (especially with Mr. Bellis, I am member of an IT Lawyers group counting his firm among its members), as they are really gentlemen. After spending so much time litigating, we are almost buddies (ok, I said &amp;#8220;almost&amp;#8221;). The room was packed of journalists, cameramen, photographers (my envy for their top class cameras, I am on a prosumer digital reflex, although very good). You could cut tension with a knife.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Then the Court was announced, precisely at 9:30. Silence fell. &lt;strong&gt;President Vesterdorf&lt;/strong&gt; started reciting the summary of the Decision, announcing the parties and respective lawyer (including my very humble self) and starting with the operative part of the judgement. The first words were &amp;#8220;The court of First Instance &lt;strong&gt;annuls&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8230;&amp;#8221;. My blood froze for a split second. Then he went on &amp;#8220;&amp;#8230; Article 7 of the Decision&amp;#8230;&amp;#8221;. &amp;#8220;Hang on&amp;#8221;, I said to myself, &amp;#8220;Article 7 is about the monitoring trustee. If they started with it, the rest is going to be upheld, this is huge! Settle down and enjoy the rest. Keep a poker face&amp;#8221;. But my heart was dancing samba (small &amp;#8220;s&amp;#8221;).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Then the words that close the game, the final smash. Game, set match. &lt;strong&gt;&amp;#8220;Dismisses the remainder of the Application&amp;#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;. &amp;#8220;Gee, we won!&amp;#8221;. I could not help, I turned my head towards &lt;strong&gt;Jeremy Allison&lt;/strong&gt; (Google, Samba Team), &lt;strong&gt;Volker Lendecke&lt;/strong&gt; (of Ser Net, and Samba Team) and Georg Greve (president, FSFE) (our wunderteam), blinked an eye, then got again hold of myself. That wasn't over, Microsoft was slapped with the order to pay the other parties' expenses, they must actually pay our bills! Then the Judges (thirteen, a record), filed off, time to cheer up! Hands shaken, lawyers hugging each others, celebration!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This ends a three-odds year's legal struggle, for what concerns me, with the greatest achievement of my professional career. Press went frenzy, but I stayed just a little longer in the courtroom, still not believing what had just happened. Then a little bit of interviews, and that was it.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    What the future will bring, this is unknown. I am still reading the Judgment. Even the part where the Commission was turned down, is not that bad, as there is nothing contrary to establish a monitoring process, just it was found wrong to impose on Microsoft to decide how this would look like (and to pay for it). So the Commission was said &amp;#8220;you do your own job, decide what's appropriate, pay for it&amp;#8221;. With more than 1bn fines, 497 (plus interests) already secured with this judgment, there is plenty of money to pay such a compliance scheme.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It is hard to say if the Commission will be able to take home a real result out of this judgment. Microsoft has a brilliant record of being found guilty in Court and escape its doom in the compliance process, and we know that the devil hides in details. But it is hard to see how this judgment, so clearly deciding for one party, with direct, even blunt words against the other, shall not be followed up properly. This not limited to Europe, but to the rest of the world too.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    One final though. We have been promised that, should the Commission have won this case, also my clients &lt;strong&gt;Samba&lt;/strong&gt; would get a chance to be on the receiving end of the information (not source code!) Microsoft is compelled to reveal. But Microsoft decided to write licensing agreements which expressly exclude &lt;strong&gt;GPL code&lt;/strong&gt; writers (thus Samba) to license out the information. Which means that a remedy to restore competition should not work in favour of those who compete. This must be changed, we will do whatever we can to make sure that this happens.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    After today's ruling, I am confident the goal is really closer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>OOXML, proviamo a parlare?</title>
            <link>/ooxml-proviamo-a-parlare/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Sep 2007 09:58:48 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-proviamo-a-parlare/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Come sempre negli articoli di Mimmo Cosenza non mancano gli spunti interessanti, e su molto di quanto si è detto sono d&#39;accordo, su altre cose mi riservo di pronunciarmi in seguito.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Come sempre negli articoli di Mimmo Cosenza non mancano gli spunti interessanti, e su molto di quanto si è detto sono d'accordo, su altre cose mi riservo di pronunciarmi in seguito. Le &lt;strong&gt;opinioni&lt;/strong&gt; su quanto è avvenuto nelle procedure di standardizzazione dei formati per le &lt;strong&gt;applicazioni office&lt;/strong&gt; e le prese di posizione mie e di altri riguardano &lt;a href=&quot;http://fsfeurope.org/documents/msooxml-questions&quot;&gt;obiezioni di fondo&lt;/a&gt;, non sono per partito preso. Anzi la prima volta che ho sentito parlare di standardizzazione XML dei formati di Microsoft Office pensavo francamente a una svolta positiva, salvo poi radicalmente ricredermi, &lt;em&gt;et pour cause&lt;/em&gt;! Per cui io &amp;#8212; come penso molti &amp;#8212; sono disponibile a iniziare un dialogo sereno e aperto, in cui però alcuni macigni devono essere rimossi.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Macigni sulla strada del dialogo
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il primo macigno, bello grande, si chiama &lt;strong&gt;brevetti software&lt;/strong&gt;. Non sto parlando della discussione in generale sui brevetti software, di cui pure la mia opione è conosciuta, sto parlando dei brevetti &lt;em&gt;&amp;#8220;necessarily infringed&amp;#8221;&lt;/em&gt; da chi implementi lo standard proposto. Come &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/EOOXML_objections#Microsoft_licensing_terms__are_ambiguous&quot;&gt;già segnalato&lt;/a&gt; da molti, la promessa di non far causa a chi infranga i brevetti per implementare lo standard di Microsoft non è sufficientemente ampia da garantire i concorrenti un'implementazione che vada al di là della traduzione da un formato all'altro. Dunque quello che dovrebbe fare Microsoft per ottenere un via libera è: &lt;strong&gt;individuare&lt;/strong&gt; quali suoi brevetti o brevetti dalla stessa controllati, promettere di non fare causa per &lt;em&gt;quei&lt;/em&gt; brevetti a chi li usa per aderire a uno standard (dunque per creare un'applicazione d'ufficio, la quale &amp;#8220;parli anche OOXML&amp;#8221;). A maggior ragione se, come &lt;strong&gt;Andrea Valboni&lt;/strong&gt; (Microsoft) scrive nella replica al post di Mimmo Cosenza, Microsoft ritiene non ci siano problemi di brevetti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In realtà il timore è che Andrea Valboni abbia ragione e torto allo stesso tempo. Nello standard un brevetto può venire in considerazione se la particolare rivendicazione viene indicata come &lt;strong&gt;obbligatoria&lt;/strong&gt; dallo standard, e quindi dipende da quanto restrittivo sia tale standard. Se è consentito prendere strade diverse, allora la rivendicazione, pur essendo stata utilizzata in una particolare implementazione, non è a stretto rigore ricompresa nello standard. Tutto sta a verificare come sia possibile per un'altra implementazione rispettare lo standard, evitare il brevetto, mantenere l'interoperabilità con l'implementazione (proprietaria) di riferimento (con quel procedimento che si chiama &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;invent around&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;). Un'implementazione che rispetti lo standard ma che non fosse in grado di &lt;strong&gt;interoperare&lt;/strong&gt; a livello di formato documentale con Office, che per coincidenza ha il 95% del mercato, non sarebbe &amp;#8220;standard&amp;#8221; in senso commerciale, dunque lo standard ufficiale avrebbe ben poco senso.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Senza la precondizione che i brevetti necessari (nella nozione più ampia) a &lt;strong&gt;usare lo standard &lt;em&gt;e&lt;/em&gt; a interoperare&lt;/strong&gt; con l'implementazione di riferimento &amp;#8212; ovvero le applicazioni Office di Microsoft, autrice dello standard e operatore dominante &amp;#8212; siano veramente esentati (o alternativamente un impegno a non usare mai i brevetti software in senso offensivo, ma solo in senso difensivo) non mi pare si possa fare molta strada.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nemmeno il problema che nello standard ci siano &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;flaws&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221; (inesattezze, errori, problemi) può essere passato sotto silenzio. Certo, nessuna specifica ne è esente, come nessun tipo di software è esente da &lt;em&gt;bug&lt;/em&gt;, ma è una questione di proporzioni. Il fatto che gli enti nazionali abbiano prodotto &lt;strong&gt;qualche centinaio di commenti&lt;/strong&gt; (critiche) tecnici allo standard, non depone affatto bene per la qualità della proposta. Io non sono un tecnico e dunque non mi permetto di pormi come autorità in proposito, ma qualcuno dovrebbe spiegarmi perché in uno standard ISO si dovrebbero accettare errori come quelli di arrotondamento, solo perché questo è il comportamento (anomalo) dell'implementazione di riferimento. Tuttavia i problemi tecnici hanno una soluzione tecnica, non dubito che Microsoft abbia tutto l'interesse e le possibilità di rimediarvi, laddove siano fondati, per cui questa parte del problema non mi pare irrisolvibile, se siamo in buona fede. Certo di lavoro pare esservene molto, dato che da quanto ho potuto vedere la &lt;strong&gt;qualità di progettazione&lt;/strong&gt; dello standard è molto &lt;strong&gt;scarsa&lt;/strong&gt; in vari punti e &lt;strong&gt;inaccettabile&lt;/strong&gt; in altri, come laddove descrive il comportamento corretto di un'applicazione facendo riferimento a come si comporta un'applicazione di Microsoft.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Scusi, &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;fast track&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221; a chi?
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Resta il fatto del come si faccia a conciliare una tale mole di rifacimenti con una procedura di &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;fast track&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Per pura coincidenza, proprio oggi ho letto un &lt;a href=&quot;http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/327993/755080/1054034/2541889/JTC001-N-8670.pdf?nodeid=6654053&amp;vernum=0&quot;&gt;documento pubblico&lt;/a&gt; di IEC (che con ISO ha formato il JTC1, ovvero il Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC, che deve esprimersi tra l'altro sullo standard OOXML), nel quale si legge:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;cite&gt;2. The purpose of fast-track is also, and in this case I maintain that it is also an absolute rule, to make into an IS a specification which can be used as it is as a useful contribution to the world community. This to me is a sine qua non of a fast track. Any other situation (e.g. preconditions, constraints, extra work needed etc. before being able to use the results) seems to disqualify the fast track. This follows from the fundamental purpose of an IS, which is to help world trade, as well as from the rules of ISO and IEC, which are democratic and transparent. If any other work was required, this would have to be done in the ISO/IEC system and not by each user separately, and therefore we would be back to the five-stage process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Per essere precisi, questa dichiarazione non ha nulla a che fare, almeno ufficialmente, con il processo di standardizzazione di cui ci occupiamo, e per questo non mi pare possa essere accusata di partigianeria.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Non ho dubbi che la procedura &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;Fast Track&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221; debba essere convertita in procedura ordinaria, e per il futuro debba essere presa in considerazione l'opportunità di dare sempre e comunque tale procedura agli standard proposti da ECMA.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Reference implementation
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un contributo interessante che il dialogo socratico tra Cosenza e Chiariglione ha portato è quello della &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; indipendente&lt;/strong&gt;. Non è un punto da poco. Spunti in tal senso si sono avuti in un post di un blog curato da &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.freecode.no/isene/2007/09/07/an-open-letter-to-iso/&quot;&gt;Geir Isene&lt;/a&gt;, riprendendo uno dei requisiti di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ietf.org/&quot;&gt;IETF&lt;/a&gt; (Internet Engineering Task Force), ma ancora prima vi è stata una proposta in tal senso da parte di Chiariglione, fatta propria da &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uninfo.polito.it&quot;&gt;UNINFO&lt;/a&gt; e allegata come commento nella propria dichiarazione di astensione (a cui io stesso ho già dato parere positivo in sede di JTC1, con la precisazione che non dovesse trattarsi dell'unico requisito posto dall'Italia per la non approvazione dello standard).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Con una &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; è possibile avere un esempio di applicazione, magari non ottimizzata e ingegnerizzata, che produce un &lt;strong&gt;file conforme&lt;/strong&gt; allo standard, in modo che gli sviluppatori abbiano un esempio di codice aderente allo stesso, e un algoritmo tradotto in codice sorgente &amp;#8212; mi dicono &amp;#8212; è molto più comprensibile
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Nel discorso tra le due menti pensanti protagoniste del dialogo, c'è qualcosa di più interessante. Ad oggi la &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; è solo quella di Microsoft, ma ovviamente di essa possiamo vedere solo il prodotto finale, ovvero il file, perché del resto sappiamo ben poco. Se come proposto la &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; ha una &lt;strong&gt;licenza di Software Libero&lt;/strong&gt; (open source) come ad esempio la &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License&quot;&gt;MPL&lt;/a&gt; (Mozilla Public License, ovvero una licenza con &lt;em&gt;copyleft&lt;/em&gt; &amp;#8220;debole&amp;#8221;), gli autori di un'applicazione potrebbero adottare e modificare direttamente il software della &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt;. Questo a condizione che si &lt;strong&gt;dichiari&lt;/strong&gt; espressamente &lt;strong&gt;clausola di compatibilità&lt;/strong&gt; con la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html&quot;&gt;GNU GPL&lt;/a&gt;, facoltà prevista dalla licenza MPL-tipo (escludere la licenza principe del Software Libero suonerebbe come un insulto, e la MPL è incompatibile proprio perché restrittiva). Inoltre, se ci fossero &lt;strong&gt;brevetti&lt;/strong&gt; che coprono tale codice, questi verrebbero da un lato esposti, dall'altro esplicitamente o implicitamente rinunciati. L'utilizzo di una &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; funzionante serve ovviamente anche a testare sul campo come un file prodotto da quest'ultima venga letto dall'implementazione proprietaria, e viceversa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    E' chiaro, spero, da queste poche considerazioni come la &lt;em&gt;reference implementation&lt;/em&gt; e l'implementazione proprietaria di riferimento (MS Office) non possano affatto essere la stessa cosa, il che equivarrebbe &amp;#8212; come avverrebbe con l'approvazione dello standard come proposto &amp;#8212; a definire &amp;#8220;standard&amp;#8221; una semplice traduzione di un formato proprietario in un altro formato proprietario sostanzialmente e funzionalmente identico al primo, questa volta XML.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Conclusioni
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    È tutto qui?
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    No, non lo è. O almeno, non penso che lo sia. Quelli che ho elencato all'inizio sono solo una parte dei dubbi sullo standard OOXML, quelli &amp;#8220;risolvibili&amp;#8221;. Ce n'è uno irrisolvibile, la duplicazione di uno standard esistente. Ed è &amp;#8212; come mi fanno notare &amp;#8212; quasi la prima volta che si creano due standard interazionali nel campo dei formati per domini applicativi esattamente sovrapponibili. Citando un famoso film degli anni '80, &amp;#8220;alla fine ne rimarrà uno solo&amp;#8221;: sarà il migliore, quello che consente un numero maggiore di implementazioni indipendenti (il che è se vogliamo la ragione per standardizzare) o quello che emerge per bruta forza di chi lo impone? La duplicazione degli standard, se ci sarà, imporrà incertezza, inefficieza e costi inutili: se c'è un campo dove la concorrenza è deleteria, questo è quello degli standard. Temo che questo sia uno &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;show stopper&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8220;, un inciampo non aggirabile, perché la sua risoluzione impone o l'abbandono della proposta di Microsoft (e allora che parliamo a fare?) o l'unione dei due standard, che pare improponibile, almeno per il momento.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma se ci troviamo su un terreno comune di questo tipo, tenendo ben presenti le superiori obiezioni filosofiche, penso che si possa giungere a una &lt;strong&gt;soluzione di compromesso&lt;/strong&gt;. Non la pace, ma un &lt;strong&gt;cessate-il-fuoco parziale&lt;/strong&gt;. È una posizione del tutto personale, certo, ma penso di esprimere in un modo o nell'altro un sentire comune.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>WSJ et al. su OOXML</title>
            <link>/wsj-et-al-su-ooxml/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Sep 2007 11:34:55 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/wsj-et-al-su-ooxml/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Un altro articolo, vagamente sbilanciato (pretende che il voto sia stato una vittoria per OOXML), ma che almeno cita qualche fonte affidabile (incluso il &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=it/ooxml_voto&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mio post&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; su questo sito).</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Un altro articolo, vagamente sbilanciato (pretende che il voto sia stato una vittoria per OOXML), ma che almeno cita qualche fonte affidabile (incluso il &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/?q=it/ooxml_voto&quot;&gt;mio post&lt;/a&gt; su questo sito). Strano, questo tipo di sbilanciamento non è usuale per Punto Informatico, che di solito è piuttosto imparziale. L'articolo è in &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2058003&quot;&gt;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2058003&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La migliore risposta a questo slancio propagandistico nato in campo favorevole allo standard è di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2007/09/how-to-hack-iso.html&quot;&gt;from Rober Weir&lt;/a&gt;, il quale afferma (in Inglese): &lt;quote style=&quot;font-style:italic&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Jason Matusow claims that &amp;#8220;The next 6 months will be where the rubber really meets the road for the work on Open XML.&amp;#8221; This is nonsense. The work should have been done back in Ecma, before submission to ISO. Fast Track is not a standards development process. It is intended for standards that are already completed and for which there is already industry consensus, to quickly transpose them into International Standards&amp;#8221;&lt;/quote&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Giusto: questa è una procedura di Fast Track, una procedura veloce per uno standard che non richiede modifiche. Invece di &amp;#8220;commenti&amp;#8221; ce ne sono a centinaia.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un'altra citazione dallo stesso articolo, che trovo assai illustrativa. Si distingue tra i membri P, quelli più attivi, tradizionali e quelli divenuti tali &lt;em&gt;in articulo mortis&lt;/em&gt;, si diceva una volta (un po' come i recenti membri nelle commissioni nazionali spuntati come funghi). Si fa notare come senza le recenti addizioni di membri qualificati, vi sarebbe stata una &lt;em&gt;sonora sconfitta per lo standard&lt;/em&gt;:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;table&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;
      &lt;/th&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Approval
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Abstain
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Disapproval
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        Old Guard
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        7
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        8
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        14
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        New NB's
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        10
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        1
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        1
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        Total
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        19
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        9
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        15
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Altri commenti utili e aggiornati nel blog di Mimmo Cosenza a &lt;a href=&quot;http://mimmocosenza.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/&quot;&gt;http://mimmocosenza.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/&lt;/a&gt;. Non mancate di farvi una visita!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Maggiori commenti nella &lt;a href=&quot;?q=en/node/98&quot;&gt;versione inglese&lt;/a&gt; di questo articolo.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/27&quot;&gt;Punto Informatico&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/46&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/47&quot;&gt;cbronline&lt;/a&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>WSJ et al. on OOXML</title>
            <link>/wsj-et-al-on-ooxml/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Sep 2007 07:39:43 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/wsj-et-al-on-ooxml/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) runs another &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118891067511516783.html?mod=hpp_us_whats_news&amp;quot;&amp;gt;article&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; written by Charles Forelle, who already wrote &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118843789318613086.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;a story&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; on 30th August, with a balanced and impartial view. The article sports some lines of mine, gathered during a chat with the author.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) runs another &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118891067511516783.html?mod=hpp_us_whats_news&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; written by Charles Forelle, who already wrote &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118843789318613086.html&quot;&gt;a story&lt;/a&gt; on 30th August, with a balanced and impartial view. The article sports some lines of mine, gathered during a chat with the author.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Another article, slightly unbalanced (it claims victory for OXXML), but which at least has links to some reliable sources (including my post on OOXML voting) is at &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2058003&quot;&gt;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=2058003&lt;/a&gt;. Strange, Punto Informatico is usually quite open-minded.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The best rebuttal to the twist (or the &amp;#8220;spin&amp;#8221;) some articles have on the story, which claim that this is just the first round, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robweir.com/blog/2007/09/how-to-hack-iso.html&quot;&gt;from Robert Weir&lt;/a&gt;, which I quote: &lt;quote style=&quot;font-style:italic&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Jason Matusow claims that &amp;#8220;The next 6 months will be where the rubber really meets the road for the work on Open XML.&amp;#8221; This is nonsense. The work should have been done back in Ecma, before submission to ISO. Fast Track is not a standards development process. It is intended for standards that are already completed and for which there is already industry consensus, to quickly transpose them into International Standards&amp;#8221;&lt;/quote&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Always from the same source, I found illustrative the following table, which discerns the &amp;#8220;old&amp;#8221; P members of ISO/IEC and the &amp;#8220;rookies&amp;#8221;:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;table&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;
      &lt;/th&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Approval
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Abstain
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        Disapproval
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        Old Guard
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        7
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        8
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        14
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        New NB's
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        10
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        1
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        1
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;
        Total
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        19
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        9
      &lt;/td&gt;
      
      &lt;td&gt;
        15
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    As Always, also Pamela Jones has good coverage on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20070904082606181&quot;&gt;Groklaw&lt;/a&gt;. My advice to readers: never go home before having read Groklaw on all issues we are discussing here, most likely you will find everything you need there!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A more recent update from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbronline.com/article_news.asp?guid=7E36CE19-D223-45C2-9704-A2F4B116AA26&quot;&gt;CBR online&lt;/a&gt;, which says:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;quote style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;Given the controversy that has been involved in the approval voting process it is perhaps in everyone's interests that OOXML failed to gain approval as an ISO standard. Had it done so, the approval would have been tainted.&lt;br /&gt;Microsoft and ECMA now have the opportunity to deal with the many comments (some estimate as many as 10,000) that will need to be resolved if it is to be approved. The criticisms of OOXML are too lengthy to list here but include the fact that it is seen as too closely tied to Microsoft Office, overlaps with ODF, is inconsistent, contradicts existing standards, and raises legal uncertainty with regards to patents.&lt;br /&gt;If Microsoft and ECMA can resolve these comments and OOXML can win approval via the ballot resolution meeting then OOXML will be more readily welcomed than if it had been approved following a fast track vote.&lt;/quote&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    True, but the ISO procedure is &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; a Fast Track procedure, therefore, as Robert Weir pointed out, there is a high degree of contradiction in what Microsoft and part of the press says.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    For those who can read Italian, please check out the blog of Mimmo Cosenza, who extensively reported about the voting ridding etc. Everything at &lt;a href=&quot;http://mimmocosenza.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/&quot;&gt;http://mimmocosenza.nova100.ilsole24ore.com/&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/27&quot;&gt;Punto Informatico&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/46&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/47&quot;&gt;cbronline&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>OOXML – non approvato</title>
            <link>/ooxml-non-approvato/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Sep 2007 12:48:36 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-non-approvato/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Questa non è ancora la posizione ufficiale di ISO, ma mi viene difficile immaginare come l&#39;ente di standardizzazione si possa scostare da questo voto, specialmente dopo le frequenti &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;accuse&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; di &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;ballot stuffing&amp;amp;#8221;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, ovvero di indurre quanti più &amp;amp;#8220;amici&amp;amp;#8221; possibili a diventare membri di un ente nazionale per uno standard in particolare, onde influenzare il voto per l&#39;una o per l&#39;altra mozione.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa non è ancora la posizione ufficiale di ISO, ma mi viene difficile immaginare come l'ente di standardizzazione si possa scostare da questo voto, specialmente dopo le frequenti &lt;strong&gt;accuse&lt;/strong&gt; di &lt;strong&gt;&amp;#8220;ballot stuffing&amp;#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;, ovvero di indurre quanti più &amp;#8220;amici&amp;#8221; possibili a diventare membri di un ente nazionale per uno standard in particolare, onde influenzare il voto per l'una o per l'altra mozione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tale pratica non è del tutto nuova, secondo alcuni, ma sicuramente non è nello spirito di una corretta procedura di standardizzazione, che procede per consenso piuttosto che per conta dei voti. Il &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118843789318613086.html&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt; ha pubblicato in prima pagina sulla sua edizione europea a stampa una storia che riferisce di accuse e controaccuse a tal riguardo, verso attori da questa e da quell'altra parte.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questioni di riservatezza mi impediscono di dare una più precisa conferma, basata sui fatti, ma mi aspetto che in breve &amp;#8212; visto il numero delle persone che hanno accesso alle stesse informazioni che ho io &amp;#8212; maggiori dettagli verranno pubblicati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Sì, avete letto bene: &amp;#8220;riservatezza&amp;#8221;. Ufficialmente si suppone che non si possano divulgare informazioni, per il fatto che l'ente italiano (UNINFO) richiede ai propri membri di astenersi dal pubblicare informazioni circa il processo di voto e qualcuno ha persino messo in dubbio la legalità di alcuni post su blog italiani circa il processo di voto qui in Italia. Mentre compreno appieno le ragioni che suggerivano tale riservatezza in altri tempi (ma la regola non è presente nello statuto o nel regolamento), mi pare questa l'occasione più opportuna per porre in discussione tale prassi.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ci si attende di conoscere tutto dei nostri legislatori, vizi privati e pubbliche virtù. Perciò, anche per i processi di standardizzazione mi sembra appropriato che si conoscano almeno questi fatti:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      chi sia membro di quale comuitato;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      chi abbia espresso quale voto in quale votazione;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      se qualcuno abbia interessi confliggenti in qualsiasi delle materie sottoposte a votazione.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Gli standard ufficiali sono sempre più incorporati o ci si riferisce ad essi in leggi e regolamenti, sono resi obbligatori per milioni di cittadini. Essi hanno un impatto a volte maggiore di leggi statali, sulla vita di ogni giorno. Pertanto mi chiedo come un processo di approvazione di uno standard possa anche solo essere sospettato di essere manovrato da chi ha interessi oscuri o semplicemente non resi pubblici.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Mi sa che questa discussione deve avvenire, meglio prima che poi, per il bene della stessa credibilità del mondo della standardizzazione. La standardizzazione è semplicemente troppo importante perché si passi sotto silenzio o si tolleri una sua perdita di credibilità. La pubblica opinione e la società civile debbono avere un ruolo di garante anche in questo ambito.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Aggiornamento: notizia ufficiale
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2007/nr2007.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2007/nr2007.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iso.org/iso/newsandmedia/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1070&quot;&gt;http://www.iso.org/iso/newsandmedia/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1070&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Aggiornamento: nuove sulla copertura stampa
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ho pubblicato un articolo circa la disparata (o disperata?) copertura stampa dell'evento, senza alcuna pretesa di completezza, &lt;a href=&quot;?q=it/node/99&quot;&gt;qui&lt;/a&gt;, con citazioni interessanti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/37&quot;&gt;Interoperabilità&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>OOXML – disapproved</title>
            <link>/ooxml-disapproved/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Sep 2007 11:24:31 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-disapproved/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; This is not yet the official position of ISO, but I can hardly imagine how the standard body could detach itself from this voting, especially after the frequent &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;accusations&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; of questionable &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#8220;ballot stuffing&amp;amp;#8221;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, i.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    This is not yet the official position of ISO, but I can hardly imagine how the standard body could detach itself from this voting, especially after the frequent &lt;strong&gt;accusations&lt;/strong&gt; of questionable &lt;strong&gt;&amp;#8220;ballot stuffing&amp;#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e., asking &amp;#8220;friendly&amp;#8221; people to apply for membership in one national body and vote one way or the other just for one standard.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    This latter practice is not unprecedented, sources say, but it is surely not in the spirit of the standardization process, which runs on consensus rather than on brute force and ballot-counting. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118843789318613086.html&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt; has run a nice story on its 30 August printed issue (front page article) which reports of cross-accusations in this respect on both side of the &amp;#8220;battlefield&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Confidentiality issues prevent me from giving a more precise and fact-based confirmation of the story, but I suspect that in the shortest &amp;#8212; given the number of people having access to the official documents &amp;#8212; more details will be leaked out anyhow.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Yes, you have read quite well: &amp;#8220;confidentiality&amp;#8221;. Officially I am not supposed to release information, as the Italian Body (UNINFO) requests all the members to refrain from releasing information as to the voting process, and somebody has even questioned the legality of various blog posts on the July voting process in Italy. While I fully understand the reasons which suggested to preserve a certain confidentiality in the first place (but the rule is not written in the by-laws, anyway), I take this opportunity to seriously question this practice. We are supposed to know anything about our legislators, including their private behaviour, and when it comes to the standardization process I feel it appropriate that at least these facts and figures are made public:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      who is member of what body or committee;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      who voted how in a particular ballot process;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;
      wheter somebody has any stake or interest in the outcome of the vote.
    &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Officially recognized standards are more and more incorporated in laws and regulation, made compulsory to millions citizens. They can have even stronger impact on everyday's life than state's law, thus I wonder how a standard approval process could be even suspected to be tampered with by those directly interested. I suppose this discussion must take place, better sooner than later, for the sake of the very credibility of the standardization world. Standardization is simply too important to afford a loss in its credibility, and ISO remains the most credible entity worldwide.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Update: ISO/IEC press release
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2007/nr2007.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2007/nr2007.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iso.org/iso/newsandmedia/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1070&quot;&gt;http://www.iso.org/iso/newsandmedia/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1070&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    Update: Something on the press coverage of the news
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    I have published an entry on the diverse press coverage of the news &lt;a href=&quot;?q=en/node/98&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, with some interesting quotes.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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<pre><code>&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/36&quot;&gt;Interoperability&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Creative Commons 3.0, consultazione per la versione italiana</title>
            <link>/creative-commons-3-0-consultazione-per-la-versione-italiana/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 08 Aug 2007 09:35:07 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/creative-commons-3-0-consultazione-per-la-versione-italiana/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Dopo un periodo di lavoro interno, il gruppo di lavoro di Creative Commons Italia e&#39; lieto di pubblicare la bozza della versione 3.0 delle licenze Creative Commons tradotte in italiano e adattate all&#39;ordinamento giuridico italiano.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Dopo un periodo di lavoro interno, il gruppo di lavoro di Creative Commons Italia e' lieto di pubblicare la bozza della versione 3.0 delle licenze Creative Commons tradotte in italiano e adattate all'ordinamento giuridico italiano.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Questa pubblicazione e' l'inizio di un periodo di consultazione a cui sono invitati tutti quanti siano interessati alle licenze Creative Commons. L'obbiettivo e' di raccogliere suggerimenti, consigli, dubbi, critiche, nonche' di segnalare eventuali errori o inesattezze concettuali o sostanziali presenti all'interno delle bozze qui presentate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il periodo di consultazione si chiudera' il 21 settembre 2007.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Potete scaricare la bozza delle licenze, in vari formati, da:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.creativecommons.it/consultazione-ccpl-3.0&quot;&gt;http://www.creativecommons.it/consultazione-ccpl-3.0&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Per inviare un commento in forma pubblica, siete pregati di mandare un messaggio alla mailing list dedicata alla discussione delle licenze, ovvero:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:cc-it@lists.ibiblio.org&quot;&gt;cc-it@lists.ibiblio.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/cc-it&quot;&gt;http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/cc-it&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Vi preghiamo di notare che gli archivi di tale mailing list sono pubblici e leggibili da chiunque.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Per inviare un commento in forma privata, siete pregati di mandare un messaggio a:
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Juan Carlos De Martin, demartin at polito dot it&lt;br /&gt; (sostituire &amp;#8220;at&amp;#8221; con &amp;#8220;@&amp;#8221; e &amp;#8220;dot&amp;#8221; con &amp;#8220;.&amp;#8221;)
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Vi preghiamo inoltre di notare che, specialmente nella parte centrale del mese di agosto, i membri del gruppo di lavoro di Creative Commons Italia potrebbero non essere in grado di rispondere a tutti i messaggi; questi ultimi verranno in ogni caso letti e tenuti in considerazione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Vi preghiamo di inoltrare questo messaggio ovunque riteniate utile e opportuno.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Buona lettura e grazie fin d'ora per i vostri contributi.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    cordialmente
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    juan carlos de martin
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &amp;#8212; prof. juan carlos de martin &amp;#8212;&lt;br /&gt; politecnico di torino &amp;#8211; dip. automatica e informatica corso duca degli abruzzi 24 &amp;#8211; 10129 torino &amp;#8211; italy tel: +39.011.090.7065 &lt;a href=&quot;http://demartin.polito.it&quot;&gt;http://demartin.polito.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Proposta di legge su P2P e contenuti finanziati dal pubblico</title>
            <link>/proposta-di-legge-su-p2p-e-contenuti-finanziati-dal-pubblico/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 10:38:58 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/proposta-di-legge-su-p2p-e-contenuti-finanziati-dal-pubblico/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Alcuni deputati Radicali hanno presentato una singolare e per molti versi inedita proposta di legge che si focalizza su un tema centrale nella Società dell&#39;Informazione: Norme sulla comunicazione al pubblico da parte di persone fisiche che scambiano archivi attraverso reti digitali per fini personali e senza scopo di lucro.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Alcuni deputati Radicali hanno presentato una singolare e per molti versi inedita proposta di legge che si focalizza su un tema centrale nella Società dell'Informazione: Norme sulla comunicazione al pubblico da parte di persone fisiche che scambiano archivi attraverso reti digitali per fini personali e senza scopo di lucro. In pratica la proposta, di iniziativa dell'on. Marco Beltrandi (Rosa nel Pugno), chiede la legalizzazione delle attività personali di file sharing e che i contenuti finanziati con i soldi pubblici (come quelli della RAI) siano di dominio pubblico.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Spiega Beltrandi: &amp;#8220;Oggi le legislazioni nazionali sono gravemente sbilanciate sul versante della sicurezza, causando un pesante sacrificio alla libertà di accesso ai contenuti, all'informazione, alla conoscenza. Si profila il rischio che il diritto d'autore, nato a garanzia dell'innovazione e del progresso sociale ed economico, divenga in alcuni casi un elemento di negazione della libera circolazione delle idee, delle opere, dei contenuti&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il parlamentare, che fa diretto riferimento a Lawrence Lessig e al suo volume-culto Free Culture, sottolinea quanto sia rilevante che per il timore che la condivisione di contenuti porti a violazioni del diritto d'autore non si spinga nella direzione opposta, ovvero costringere la società a fare a meno dei vantaggi del P2P, &amp;#8220;anche quelli &amp;#8211; sottolinea Beltrandi &amp;#8211; completamente positivi e che non comportano tensione con i diritti degli autori&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!-- Radioradicale: inizio badge --&gt;
    
    &lt;!-- Radioradicale: fine badge --&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h2&gt;
    approfondimenti:
  &lt;/h2&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radicali.it/newsletter/view.php?id=101472&amp;numero=6613&amp;title=NOTIZIE%20RADICALI&quot;&gt;http://www.radicali.it/newsletter/&amp;#8230;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radicali.it/newsletter/view.php?id=101629&amp;numero=6626&amp;title=NOTIZIE%20RADICALI&quot;&gt;http://www.radicali.it/newsletter/&amp;#8230;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;a href=&quot;/taxonomy/term/43&quot;&gt;Radio radicale&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>SFLC to Host Legal Summit For Software Freedom</title>
            <link>/sflc-to-host-legal-summit-for-software-freedom/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Aug 2007 14:50:20 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sflc-to-host-legal-summit-for-software-freedom/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The Summit will be held Friday, October 12, at Columbia Law School in New York. The public portion will begin at 2:00 pm Topics to be covered include licensing, copyright, patents and trademarks, as well as corporate issues related to Software Freedom.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The Summit will be held Friday, October 12, at Columbia Law School in New York. The public portion will begin at 2:00 pm Topics to be covered include licensing, copyright, patents and trademarks, as well as corporate issues related to Software Freedom..
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The announcement can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2007/jul/18/summit-announcement/&quot; alt=&quot;annuncio sflc&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    If anybody wants to show up in New York those days, I will be around, as I have been kindly invited to attend both private and public session.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>SFLC, meeting sul Software Libero</title>
            <link>/sflc-meeting-sul-software-libero/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Aug 2007 14:44:27 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/sflc-meeting-sul-software-libero/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!--break--&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il meeting si terrà Venerdì 12 Ottobre alla Columbia Law School (dove Moglen insegna e tiene un master) e si articolerà in una sessione pubblica che inizierà alle 14:00 (ora locale), nonché in un meeting privato (su inviti) tra i più stretti e &amp;amp;#8220;prominenti&amp;amp;#8221; attori della scena legale.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il meeting si terrà Venerdì 12 Ottobre alla Columbia Law School (dove Moglen insegna e tiene un master) e si articolerà in una sessione pubblica che inizierà alle 14:00 (ora locale), nonché in un meeting privato (su inviti) tra i più stretti e &amp;#8220;prominenti&amp;#8221; attori della scena legale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'annuncio è reperibile &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2007/jul/18/summit-announcement/&quot; alt=&quot;annuncio sflc&quot;&gt;qui&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se qualcuno vuol farsi una gita a New York solo per incontrarmi, io sarò là per quasi tutta la settimana.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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        <item>
            <title>Two interesting statistics</title>
            <link>/two-interesting-statistics/</link>
            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 09:20:31 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/two-interesting-statistics/</guid>
            <description>During these days a great interest has been received by the article on OOXML, which has gatered an unforeseeable quantity of traffic. In two days more than 2,000 visitors from all over the World.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>During these days a great interest has been received by the article on OOXML, which has gatered an unforeseeable quantity of traffic. In two days more than 2,000 visitors from all over the World. This has triggered my curiosity.</p>
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<p>In strict anonymity of users, I have checked with Google Analytics the most interesting datum (beyond the referral, thus the sites that have cited my site, thanks to all of them). I mean, browser identity. This is the list:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>% visite</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Firefox</td>
<td>69,48%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Internet Explorer</td>
<td>12,28%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla</td>
<td>7,17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Konqueror</td>
<td>5,17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Opera</td>
<td>2,95%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Interesting: Firefox and Mozilla alone count for almost 77%, more than three quarter.</p>
<p>[untranslated hereinafter]</p>
<p>Diciamo pure che il campione non è rappresentativo in quanto è in larga parte spostato dalla tematica affrontata (che suppongo attiri più le attenzione di coloro che sono più attenti alle questioni degli standard e dell&rsquo;interoperabilità, e che dunque tendono a scegliere il proprio software e non a vederselo “imposto). Dunque il risultato non è significativo.</p>
<p>Ma è davvero così? Probabilmente il larga parte sì, però vediamo che si dice dal punto di vista dei sistemi operativi. In questo caso il risultato è più allineato a quanto ci si aspetterebbe, vista la distribuzione dei SO nel mondo.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>%visite</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1.</td>
<td>Windows</td>
<td>48,97%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.</td>
<td>Linux</td>
<td>43,25%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3.</td>
<td>Macintosh</td>
<td>6,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4.</td>
<td>SunOS</td>
<td>0,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.</td>
<td>(not set)</td>
<td>0,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6.</td>
<td>FreeBSD</td>
<td>0,11%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Un paio di FreeBSD fanno sicuramente tenerezza, ma si conferma che la maggioranza usa Windows di un qualche tipo (uno persino usa — o fa finta di usare) un Windows 95! La mia impressione è che il “bias” sia meno rilevante di quello che si potrebbe pensare.</p>
<p>Un risultato che trovo interessante è che tra i Macintoshisti la preferenza è anche qui per Firefox rispetto a Safari (che è comunque un browser molto integrato in Mac e basato sullo stesso motore di rendering di Konqueror, dunque in larga parte Software Libero).  I numeri sulle parti basse della classifica non sono significativi, ma qualche numero interessante lo vediamo. </p>
<p>Browser per MAC</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>%visite</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Firefox / Macintosh</td>
<td>55,08%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Safari / Macintosh</td>
<td>34,75%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Camino / Macintosh</td>
<td>3,39%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla / Macintosh</td>
<td>3,39%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla Compatible Agent / Macintosh</td>
<td>2,54%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Opera / Macintosh</td>
<td>0,85%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cosa significa tutto ciò? Evidentemente niente. Ma per me è stato una sorpresa.</p>
]]></content>
        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Due statistiche interessanti</title>
            <link>/due-statistiche-interessanti/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jul 2007 23:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/due-statistiche-interessanti/</guid>
            <description>In questi giorni grande interesse ha ricevuto l&amp;rsquo;articolo su OOXML, che ha raccolto una quantità di traffico inimmaginabile per un sito modesto come il mio. In due giorni quasi duemila visitatori da tutto il mondo.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><!-- raw HTML omitted -->In questi giorni grande interesse ha ricevuto l&rsquo;articolo su OOXML, che ha raccolto una quantità di traffico inimmaginabile per un sito modesto come il mio. In due giorni quasi duemila visitatori da tutto il mondo. Questo mi ha fatto incuriosire.</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<p>In forma rigorosamente anonima ho dunque controllato con Google Analytics il dato che mi interessava maggiormente (oltre ai referral, ovvero ai siti che mi citano e che hanno generato traffico: grazie a tutti). Parlo dei browser. Ho scoperto che di gran lunga il più presente è Firefox. Ecco la tabella della graduatoria: </p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>% visite</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Firefox</td>
<td>69,48%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Internet Explorer</td>
<td>12,28%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla</td>
<td>7,17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Konqueror</td>
<td>5,17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Opera</td>
<td>2,95%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Diciamo pure che il campione non è rappresentativo in quanto è in larga parte spostato dalla tematica affrontata (che suppongo attiri più le attenzione di coloro che sono più attenti alle questioni degli standard e dell&rsquo;interoperabilità, e che dunque tendono a scegliere il proprio software e non a vederselo “imposto). Dunque il risultato non è significativo.</p>
<p>Ma è davvero così? Probabilmente il larga parte sì, però vediamo che si dice dal punto di vista dei sistemi operativi. In questo caso il risultato è più allineato a quanto ci si aspetterebbe, vista la distribuzione dei SO nel mondo.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>%visite</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1.</td>
<td>Windows</td>
<td>48,97%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.</td>
<td>Linux</td>
<td>43,25%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3.</td>
<td>Macintosh</td>
<td>6,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4.</td>
<td>SunOS</td>
<td>0,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.</td>
<td>(not set)</td>
<td>0,56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6.</td>
<td>FreeBSD</td>
<td>0,11%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Un paio di FreeBSD fanno sicuramente tenerezza, ma si conferma che la maggioranza usa Windows di un qualche tipo (uno persino usa — o fa finta di usare) un Windows 95! La mia impressione è che il “bias” sia meno rilevante di quello che si potrebbe pensare.</p>
<p>Un risultato che trovo interessante è che tra i Macintoshisti la preferenza è anche qui per Firefox rispetto a Safari (che è comunque un browser molto integrato in Mac e basato sullo stesso motore di rendering di Konqueror, dunque in larga parte Software Libero).  I numeri sulle parti basse della classifica non sono significativi, ma qualche numero interessante lo vediamo. </p>
<p>Browser per MAC</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Browser</th>
<th>%visite</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Firefox / Macintosh</td>
<td>55,08%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Safari / Macintosh</td>
<td>34,75%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Camino / Macintosh</td>
<td>3,39%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla / Macintosh</td>
<td>3,39%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla Compatible Agent / Macintosh</td>
<td>2,54%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Opera / Macintosh</td>
<td>0,85%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cosa significa tutto ciò? Evidentemente niente. Ma per me è stato una sorpresa.</p>
]]></content>
        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>OOXML does not buy its way in Italy</title>
            <link>/ooxml-does-not-buy-its-way-in-italy/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-does-not-buy-its-way-in-italy/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The voting in Italy was scheduled to end the 13 of July, for members enrolled on or before 8th July. Strange things started to happen, not unlike other member bodies&#39; situations abroad.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The voting in Italy was scheduled to end the 13 of July, for members enrolled on or before 8th July. Strange things started to happen, not unlike other member bodies' situations abroad.  Up and until mid-may the members of the relevant &lt;a title=&quot;uninfo&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.uninfo.polito.it/&quot;&gt;Uninfo &lt;/a&gt;committee (JTC1) were five: IBM, Microsoft, CEDEO (Leonardo Chiariglione), the &lt;a title=&quot;plio&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.plio.it/&quot;&gt;PLIO&lt;/a&gt; organization (Openoffice.org in Italy) and HP. Then new members started flocking. At the last count, voters were &lt;strong&gt;83&lt;/strong&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=52&amp;Itemid=1&amp;lang=en#0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;].
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Wow! a great number, indeed! If one considers that admission to JTC1 costs in excess of EUR 2000 (more than 2700 USD), it shows a great deal of interest in the standardization process (is the irony sufficiently evident?).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Luckily, to oppose this situation there has been a certain number of companies of the Free Software (AKA open source) world, but not only, and various associations like MiLUG, LUGBZ and LUGTS (Linux User Groups), but also &lt;a title=&quot;TIS&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bic-suedtirol.org/&quot;&gt;TIS&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title=&quot;Assoli&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.softwarelibero.it/&quot;&gt;Assoli&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The vote has now taken place, the qualified majority was not reached (2/3rds).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Actually it is quite impressing seeing how the voting panel was formed. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that among those favouring the adoption of the standard without  reservation a large majority is made of business partners of the proposing entity, a law firm retained by the latter, the official certified business partners association of the proposing entity [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=52&amp;Itemid=1&amp;lang=en#1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. &amp;#8220;Money can't buy me love&amp;#8221; Beatles used to sing: perhaps neither a standard. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Perhaps!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;address&gt;
    [0&lt;a title=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] I know it because I am one of them, beyond, honestly, being also counsel to PLIO.
  &lt;/address&gt;
  
  &lt;address&gt;
     
  &lt;/address&gt;
  
  &lt;address&gt;
    [1&lt;a title=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]I cannot publish the list of voters/members, but it is available for cross checking in case anybody doubted my word.
  &lt;/address&gt;
  
  &lt;hr /&gt;
  
  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sutor.com/newsite/blog-open/?p=1742&quot;&gt;Bob Sutor&lt;/a&gt; liked the punch line:&lt;/p&gt; 
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;&amp;#8220;Can’t buy me (OOXML) love in Italy&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    See the blog post “OOXML does not buy its way in Italy”. I had been trying to figure out how to get that Beatles “Can’t Buy Me Love” into a blog entry for a few days, but Carlo beat me to it.&amp;#8221;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Thanks Bob! 😉
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>OOXML – Italia verso astensione</title>
            <link>/ooxml-italia-verso-astensione/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/ooxml-italia-verso-astensione/</guid>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>September, month for big decisions</title>
            <link>/september-month-for-big-decisions/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2007 14:26:50 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/september-month-for-big-decisions/</guid>
            <description></description>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Settembre, andiamo, è tempo di sentenze</title>
            <link>/settembre-andiamo-e-tempo-di-sentenze/</link>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2007 08:35:31 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/settembre-andiamo-e-tempo-di-sentenze/</guid>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>GPL v.3 – final version</title>
            <link>/gpl-v-3-final-version/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jul 2007 09:38:15 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/gpl-v-3-final-version/</guid>
            <description></description>
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        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Rai and proprietary formats, part II</title>
            <link>/rai-and-proprietary-formats-part-ii/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 10:01:53 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/rai-and-proprietary-formats-part-ii/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; The promise they make is that, effective immediately, all content will be available &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;without&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; using &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;ActiveX&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; and in three &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;different formats&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. Despite this promise, a first review a completely different story.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    The promise they make is that, effective immediately, all content will be available &lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; using &lt;strong&gt;ActiveX&lt;/strong&gt; and in three &lt;strong&gt;different formats&lt;/strong&gt;. Despite this promise, a first review a completely different story. Everything sticky on &lt;strong&gt;Windows Media Format&lt;/strong&gt;. Something in &lt;strong&gt;Real Video &lt;/strong&gt;10.5, which is not available yet for GNU/Linux and something in a quite recent version of &lt;strong&gt;Flash.&lt;/strong&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    What a &lt;strong&gt;disappointment!&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;Undecided&quot; alt=&quot;Undecided&quot; src=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/cms/mambots/editors/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/emotions/images/smiley-undecided.gif&quot; /&gt; Disappointment which is complemented by the disturbing news that anyway the website will provide content only in three &lt;strong&gt;all-proprietary&lt;/strong&gt; formats (if and when they will be available). While completely &lt;strong&gt;Free alternatives&lt;/strong&gt; (as in Freedom and as in Free Beer) are available and viable, such as &lt;a title=&quot;ogg_theora&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.theora.org/&quot;&gt;OGG/Theora&lt;/a&gt;, for which enterprise-class solutions exist, such as &lt;a title=&quot;flumotion&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flumotion.com/&quot;&gt;Flumotion&lt;/a&gt;. On that product a Spanish television has built a similar service,  see &lt;a title=&quot;rtve&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rtve.es/la2noticias&quot;&gt;RTVE,&lt;/a&gt; to unbundle the content from a specific technology/platform.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It can be done, it must be done!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    See my &lt;a title=&quot;vorRAI&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=1&quot;&gt;older story&lt;/a&gt; for more details, and here below for the reply from RAI.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;
    From: &amp;#8220;[CG] rai.net&amp;#8221; &lt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:rai-net@rai.it&quot;&gt;rai-net@rai.it&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &gt;&lt;br /&gt; To: &amp;#8220;carlo piana&amp;#8221; 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Prendendo spunto dalle segnalazioni e proteste di tutti voi utenti Internet relativamente alla accessibilità dei contenuti audio/video sul portale Rai.Tv , comunichiamo che l'ultima versione di prodotto già disponibile on line all'indirizzo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; , ha introdotto alcune variazioni tecniche:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;1. L'uso di ActiveX viene limitato (tramite riconoscimento di userAgent) alle pagine web presentate agli utenti su piattaforma Windows/Explorer (per i quali non ci risultano problematiche relative alla fruizione)&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;In tutti gli altri casi la gestione tramite ActiveX è stata eliminata, consentendo la fruizione dei video attraverso i player WindowsMedia, RealOne e FlashVideo.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;E' opportuno segnalare che questa gestione comporterà alcune modeste limitazioni, e cioè:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; le pagine di fruizione dei video utilizzeranno una barra dei comandi non omogenea rispetto ai differenti player&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; nelle pagine di fruizione relative ai canali definiti come &amp;#8220;WebTv&amp;#8221; (Tric&amp;Trac, Zoom, Stracult, ecc.), non viene gestita la riproduzione in sequenza automatica della playlist proposta. Quindi al termine della esecuzione di ogni video, si dovrà selezionare la prossima 'traccia' e richiederne il play.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;2. Per ridurre la necessità di upgrade del Flash Player, sono stati modificati alcuni programmi ActionScript (flash) in modo da avere una compatibilità del codice con versioni di Flash Player a partire dalla 9.0.28 (precedentemente il sistema richiedeva la 9.0.45) . &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;3. Rispetto alla disponibilità di contenuti video nei vari formati di codifica, su Rai.Tv sono attualmente pubblicati contenuti digitalizzati in WindowsMedia o RealOne o FlashVideo. Si stanno al momento valutando tutte le opzioni tecnologiche per estendere il numero di possibili fruitori. &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Concludiamo dicendo che siamo attentissimi alle segnalazioni di tutti gli utenti web, e che gli interventi descritti rappresentano solo il primo passo di un percorso che vorremmo sempre più condiviso con voi utenti stessi&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Cordiali saluti &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;Messaggio originale&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Da: carlo piana&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Inviato: venerdì 15 giugno 2007 9.02&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;A: [CG] rai.net&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Oggetto: Sito RAI non accessibile&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Hash: SHA1&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Buongiorno,&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;ho visitato il nuovo sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt;. Utilizzo come sistema operativo GNU/Linux e mi è stato impossibile fruire dei contenuti video poiché essi utilizzano la tecnologia ActiveX.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; è un servizio pubblico, dovrebbe essere accessibile da chiunque utilizzando qualsiasi sistema operativo. Così come è possibile vedere i programmi televisivi della Rai con qualsiasi televisore, indipendentemente dalla marca o dalle specifiche caratteristiche tecniche.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;La scelta di utilizzare ActiveX danneggia il servizio &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; stesso perché preclude l'accesso non solo agli utenti GNU/Linux, che sono in aumento, ma anche agli utenti Windows che utilizzano il browser Firefox. Il plugin proposto (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iol.ie/%7Elocka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&quot;&gt;http://www.iol.ie/~locka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&lt;/a&gt;) infatti non è disponibile per le ultime versioni di Firefox, costringendo perciò gli utenti ad utilizzare versioni vecchie, ritenute ormai insicure del browser.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;La scelta di utilizzare ActiveX è in contrasto con le direttive di accessibilità promosse dal W3C (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/&quot;&gt;http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;In sostanza la scelta di utilizzare ActiveX limita l'accessibilità ad un servizio pubblico, un servizio che tutti contribuiscono a pagare &amp;#8211; anche chi utilizza il sistema operativo GNU/Linux &amp;#8211; e di cui tutti devono poter usufruire &amp;#8211; anche chi utilizza il sistema operativo GNU/Linux -.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Io Carlo Piana chiedo perciò che tutti i contenuti multimediali presenti su &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; siano resi disponibili attraverso tecnologie e formati accessibili anche con il sistema operativo GNU/Linux e il browser Firefox.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Rivendico il diritto ad usufruire di un servizio pubblico attraverso le tecnologie che ritengo più sicure.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Cordiali saluti.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; &amp;#8212;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Avv. Carlo Piana&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;(Ordine di Milano / Bar of Milan)&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;PRW &amp;#8211; Tamos Piana &amp; Partners&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Via Ciro Menotti 11 &amp;#8211; 20129 Milano&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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        <item>
            <title>La RAI che otterRAI (se le parli)</title>
            <link>/la-rai-che-otterrai-se-le-parli/</link>
            <pubDate>Sun, 17 Jun 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/la-rai-che-otterrai-se-le-parli/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Peccato che quello che si dice appare quanto meno ben lontano dalla realtà. L&#39;esperienza dell&#39;utente è completamente diversa: quasi tutti i contenuti, ancora l momento di scrivere, sono unicamente in Windows Media Format.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Peccato che quello che si dice appare quanto meno ben lontano dalla realtà. L'esperienza dell'utente è completamente diversa: quasi tutti i contenuti, ancora l momento di scrivere, sono unicamente in Windows Media Format. Qualcosina in Real Video 10.5, che non esiste per GNU/Linux e qualcosa da &amp;#8220;Le frontiere della speranza&amp;#8221;, in Flash (peraltro richiede l'ultimo plugin disponibile).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Che delusione! E dire che ero pronto a complimentarmi. Delusione che si aggiunge al fatto che comunque tutti e tre i formati proposti (se e quando saranno disponibili &lt;strong&gt;dappertutto&lt;/strong&gt;) sono comunque &lt;strong&gt;rigorosamente proprietari&lt;/strong&gt;, mentre esistono alternative completamente libere (ad esempio &lt;strong&gt;OGG/Theora&lt;/strong&gt;) per le quali esistono solide implementazioni lato server, come ad esempio &lt;a title=&quot;flumotion&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flumotion.com/&quot;&gt;Flumotion&lt;/a&gt;, tanto per non fare pubblicità. Su di essa si basa ad esempio &lt;a title=&quot;rtve&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.rtve.es/la2noticias&quot;&gt;RTVE,&lt;/a&gt; per assicurare una fruizione senza barriere. Si può fare, si deve fare!
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Vedi &lt;a title=&quot;vorRAI&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.piana.eu/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=1&quot;&gt;la storia precedente&lt;/a&gt; per maggiori dettagli e qui sotto per la risposta della RAI. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;
    From: &amp;#8220;[CG] rai.net&amp;#8221; &lt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:rai-net@rai.it&quot;&gt;rai-net@rai.it&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;Indirizzo e-mail protetto dal bots spam , deve abilitare Javascript per vederlo &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &gt;&lt;br /&gt; To: &amp;#8220;carlo piana&amp;#8221; 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Prendendo spunto dalle segnalazioni e proteste di tutti voi utenti Internet relativamente alla accessibilità dei contenuti audio/video sul portale Rai.Tv , comunichiamo che l'ultima versione di prodotto già disponibile on line all'indirizzo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; , ha introdotto alcune variazioni tecniche:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;1. L'uso di ActiveX viene limitato (tramite riconoscimento di userAgent) alle pagine web presentate agli utenti su piattaforma Windows/Explorer (per i quali non ci risultano problematiche relative alla fruizione)&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;In tutti gli altri casi la gestione tramite ActiveX è stata eliminata, consentendo la fruizione dei video attraverso i player WindowsMedia, RealOne e FlashVideo.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;E' opportuno segnalare che questa gestione comporterà alcune modeste limitazioni, e cioè:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; le pagine di fruizione dei video utilizzeranno una barra dei comandi non omogenea rispetto ai differenti player&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; nelle pagine di fruizione relative ai canali definiti come &amp;#8220;WebTv&amp;#8221; (Tric&amp;Trac, Zoom, Stracult, ecc.), non viene gestita la riproduzione in sequenza automatica della playlist proposta. Quindi al termine della esecuzione di ogni video, si dovrà selezionare la prossima 'traccia' e richiederne il play.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;2. Per ridurre la necessità di upgrade del Flash Player, sono stati modificati alcuni programmi ActionScript (flash) in modo da avere una compatibilità del codice con versioni di Flash Player a partire dalla 9.0.28 (precedentemente il sistema richiedeva la 9.0.45) . &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;3. Rispetto alla disponibilità di contenuti video nei vari formati di codifica, su Rai.Tv sono attualmente pubblicati contenuti digitalizzati in WindowsMedia o RealOne o FlashVideo. Si stanno al momento valutando tutte le opzioni tecnologiche per estendere il numero di possibili fruitori. &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Concludiamo dicendo che siamo attentissimi alle segnalazioni di tutti gli utenti web, e che gli interventi descritti rappresentano solo il primo passo di un percorso che vorremmo sempre più condiviso con voi utenti stessi&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Cordiali saluti &lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;Messaggio originale&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Da: carlo piana&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Inviato: venerdì 15 giugno 2007 9.02&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;A: RAI&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Oggetto: Sito RAI non accessibile&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE&amp;#8212;&amp;#8211;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Hash: SHA1&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Buongiorno,&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;ho visitato il nuovo sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt;. Utilizzo come sistema operativo GNU/Linux e mi è stato impossibile fruire dei contenuti video poiché essi utilizzano la tecnologia ActiveX.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; è un servizio pubblico, dovrebbe essere accessibile da chiunque utilizzando qualsiasi sistema operativo. Così come è possibile vedere i programmi televisivi della Rai con qualsiasi televisore, indipendentemente dalla marca o dalle specifiche caratteristiche tecniche.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;La scelta di utilizzare ActiveX danneggia il servizio &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; stesso perché preclude l'accesso non solo agli utenti GNU/Linux, che sono in aumento, ma anche agli utenti Windows che utilizzano il browser Firefox. Il plugin proposto&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iol.ie/%7Elocka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&quot;&gt;http://www.iol.ie/~locka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&lt;/a&gt;) infatti non è disponibile per le ultime versioni di Firefox, costringendo perciò gli utenti ad utilizzare versioni vecchie, ritenute ormai insicure del browser.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;La scelta di utilizzare ActiveX è in contrasto con le direttive di accessibilità promosse dal W3C (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/&quot;&gt;http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;In sostanza la scelta di utilizzare ActiveX limita l'accessibilità ad un servizio pubblico, un servizio che tutti contribuiscono a pagare &amp;#8211; anche chi utilizza il sistema operativo GNU/Linux &amp;#8211; e di cui tutti devono poter usufruire &amp;#8211; anche chi utilizza il sistema operativo GNU/Linux -.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Io Carlo Piana chiedo perciò che tutti i contenuti multimediali presenti su &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; siano resi disponibili attraverso tecnologie e formati accessibili anche con il sistema operativo GNU/Linux e il browser Firefox.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Rivendico il diritto ad usufruire di un servizio pubblico attraverso le tecnologie che ritengo più sicure.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Cordiali saluti.&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&amp;#8211; &amp;#8212;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Avv. Carlo Piana&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;(Ordine di Milano / Bar of Milan)&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;PRW &amp;#8211; Tamos Piana &amp; Partners&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Via Ciro Menotti 11 &amp;#8211; 20129 Milano&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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        <item>
            <title>La RAI che non vorRAI</title>
            <link>/la-rai-che-non-vorrai-2/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/la-rai-che-non-vorrai-2/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Well, despite the Service Agreement should put RAI in an independent position, this new website disregards all international standards on accessibility (such as WAI), by imposing non-standard extensions to the web browser.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Well, despite the Service Agreement should put RAI in an independent position, this new website disregards all international standards on accessibility (such as WAI), by imposing non-standard extensions to the web browser. This is also against the internal directives on the Internet for the Public Administration. 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    It would appear that the content itself is delivered in MPEG2 (a striclty proprietary standard), but this is not the only shortcoming. Unlike YouTube, which also uses a proprietary standard (a Flash flavor that syncronizes VC6 and MP3 streams, to my reckoning), this content can only be displayed by browsers which implement ActiveX scripting. ActiveX is a very old and inadequate scripting technology compared with Java (which is more a middleware programming language), .Net,  Javascript and its later evolution, AJAX (non of which is perfect, but nonetheless in some respects better than ActiveX). Java, Javascript and AJAX are platform independent and somewhat browser independent, while ActiveX is browser dependent (Microsoft IE), and platform dependent (Microsoft Windows). It is true that there are ports for Mozilla Firefox, but they are highly experimental and outdated.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Not an example of good digital citizenship. My point is that it would be so easy to be good digital citizens&amp;#8230; just a tad of good faith and knowledge. Or, of asking around.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    The article that follows (too long to me to translate), is under Creative Commons By-Nc-Sa, in other words, it cannot be used in commercial environment, whatever it means. This is the Creative Commons condition that I like less.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h1&gt;
    Rai.tv, il debutto inciampa negli ActiveX
  &lt;/h1&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Roma &amp;#8211; Da pochi giorni è online la nuova release di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Rai.tv&lt;/a&gt;, l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1984589&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;atteso&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;portale multimediale&lt;/strong&gt; della RAI, che dovrebbe permettere &lt;strike&gt;prima o poi&lt;/strike&gt; di godere anche dell'immenso &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1957610&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;archivio&lt;/a&gt; storico dell'emittente, che comprende trasmissioni che hanno talvolta plasmato il costume e la cultura italiani. Il sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/mpstaticstrillo&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;offre&lt;/a&gt; anche alcuni &lt;strong&gt;contenuti 2.0&lt;/strong&gt; per promuovere il contributo degli utenti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un &lt;strong&gt;grafica essenziale&lt;/strong&gt; ma curata e un razionale approccio che divide in canali tematici il materiale a disposizione costituiscono una gradita sorpresa, mettendo il navigatore a suo agio e offrendo una interfaccia decisamente più efficace di quella di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raiclicktv.it/raiclickpc/secure/homePage.srv&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;RaiClick&lt;/a&gt; (che &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/2otu9k&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;probabilmente&lt;/a&gt; verrà progressivamente inglobato nel nuovo portale). Di sicuro interesse l'idea di integrare i &lt;strong&gt;Podcast&lt;/strong&gt;, che tuttavia al momento non sempre sono attivi o aggiornati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se la nuova veste grafica sembra studiata per soddisfare anche i palati più esigenti, lo stesso non si può dire della &lt;strong&gt;infrastruttura tecnica&lt;/strong&gt; a cui è affidata la trasmissione dei contenuti. Come &lt;a href=&quot;http://adelrosso.blogspot.com/2007/06/video-activex-sul-sito-rai-naaaaa.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;segnalato&lt;/a&gt; da più fonti, la tecnologia adottata è basata sui Microsoft ActiveX. Se da un lato &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.silenzi.com/2007/06/12/found-nuovi-episodi-di-arturo-e-kiwi/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;qualcuno&lt;/a&gt; la ritiene persino &lt;strong&gt;obsoleta&lt;/strong&gt;, dall'altro il &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.malex.org/archives/2007/06/linnovazione-secondo-la-rai/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;limite&lt;/a&gt; principale di questa scelta è la &lt;strong&gt;compatibilità&lt;/strong&gt; quasi esclusiva con Windows e Internet Explorer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Chi tenti di visualizzare uno dei filmati messi a disposizione con un browser a grande diffusione come Firefox, ottiene infatti &lt;strong&gt;un eloquente avviso&lt;/strong&gt;: &amp;#8220;Per la visione del video è necessario: Plug-in ActiveX per Firefox&amp;#8221;. Cliccando si viene dirottati su &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iol.ie/%7Elocka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;un sito&lt;/a&gt; dove è possibile scaricare una estensione per il browser di Mozilla.org, che tuttavia è disponibile solo per &lt;strong&gt;versioni di Firefox dalla 1.5 in giù&lt;/strong&gt;, ossia versioni non aggiornate e sconsigliate persino da Mozilla Foundation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se ciò accade è perché gli sviluppatori del plugin ne hanno &lt;strong&gt;cessato lo sviluppo&lt;/strong&gt;, ritenendo questo tipo di sistema ormai superato da soluzioni più avanzate per la webTV come quella sviluppata, tra gli altri, da &lt;strong&gt;YouTube&lt;/strong&gt;. In alcuni casi è possibile installare ugualmente l'estensione anche su Firefox 2, ma l'operazione non va sempre a &lt;a href=&quot;http://informatica.wordpress.com/2007/06/03/raitv-nuovo-portale-ma-soliti-vecchi-problemi/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;buon fine&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; src=&quot;http://www.punto-informatico.it/punto/20070613/n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Camin che fumano&quot; /&gt;Situazione analoga si verifica anche sui &lt;strong&gt;sistemi Mac&lt;/strong&gt;: Firefox tenta di visualizzare il contenuto appoggiandosi a QuickTime (spesso senza particolare successo o con evidenti problemi grafici), mentre Camino restituisce un laconico &amp;#8220;Tipo di file non supportato&amp;#8221; (vedi foto) e non va meglio neppure tentando di usare Safari. Analoga situazione, se non peggiore, per gli utilizzatori di &lt;strong&gt;sistemi GNU/Linux&lt;/strong&gt;, per i quali non esiste alcuna alternativa utile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Stupisce la scelta di impiegare questa tecnologia: soluzioni diffuse come &lt;strong&gt;MPEG4&lt;/strong&gt; avrebbero garantito quella interoperabilità con tutte le piattaforme annunciata nel Contratto di Servizio &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1948762&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;firmato&lt;/a&gt; lo scorso aprile. Persino una soluzione non freeware basata su Flash avrebbe permesso &lt;strong&gt;maggiore fruibilità&lt;/strong&gt; dell'archivio, che invece nella situazione attuale nega il principio di neutralità della rete da molti &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1822455&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;auspicato&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Una situazione che ha &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slacky.eu/forum//viewtopic.php?t=19253&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;irritato&lt;/a&gt; non poco gli utenti, e non &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyclingforums.com/showthread.php?p=3277939#post3277939&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;soltanto&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antoniocattarossi.com/blog/es/?p=6&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Italia&lt;/a&gt;. Sono dunque partite due iniziative, molto simili nei contenuti, che si propongono di &lt;strong&gt;inondare le caselle di posta elettronica RAI&lt;/strong&gt; con missive di protesta.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;em&gt;Luca Annunziata&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/images/ccpi.png&quot; alt=&quot;Creative Commons License&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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            <title>La RAI che non vorRAI</title>
            <link>/la-rai-che-non-vorrai/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/la-rai-che-non-vorrai/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Proprio non ce la fanno, non riescono a comportarsi da cittadini digitali decenti, eppure ci vuole così poco, basta un po&#39; di buona fede&amp;amp;#8230; &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Il pezzo, contrariamente alle licenze in uso su questo sito, è sotto Creative Commons By-Nc-Sa, ovvero, in aggiunta alle condizioni usuali, non può essere usato per scopi commerciali.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Proprio non ce la fanno, non riescono a comportarsi da cittadini digitali decenti, eppure ci vuole così poco, basta un po' di buona fede&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il pezzo, contrariamente alle licenze in uso su questo sito, è sotto Creative Commons By-Nc-Sa, ovvero, in aggiunta alle condizioni usuali, non può essere usato per scopi commerciali. Questa licenza non mi piace, ma meglio che niente&amp;#8230;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;!--break--&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Aggiornamento: La RAI risponde e modifica. Non ancora una soluzione ottimale, ma già qualcosa&amp;#8230; 
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h1&gt;
    Rai.tv, il debutto inciampa negli ActiveX
  &lt;/h1&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Roma &amp;#8211; Da pochi giorni è online la nuova release di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Rai.tv&lt;/a&gt;, l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1984589&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;atteso&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;portale multimediale&lt;/strong&gt; della RAI, che dovrebbe permettere &lt;strike&gt;prima o poi&lt;/strike&gt; di godere anche dell'immenso &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1957610&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;archivio&lt;/a&gt; storico dell'emittente, che comprende trasmissioni che hanno talvolta plasmato il costume e la cultura italiani. Il sito &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv/mpstaticstrillo&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;offre&lt;/a&gt; anche alcuni &lt;strong&gt;contenuti 2.0&lt;/strong&gt; per promuovere il contributo degli utenti.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un &lt;strong&gt;grafica essenziale&lt;/strong&gt; ma curata e un razionale approccio che divide in canali tematici il materiale a disposizione costituiscono una gradita sorpresa, mettendo il navigatore a suo agio e offrendo una interfaccia decisamente più efficace di quella di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raiclicktv.it/raiclickpc/secure/homePage.srv&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;RaiClick&lt;/a&gt; (che &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/2otu9k&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;probabilmente&lt;/a&gt; verrà progressivamente inglobato nel nuovo portale). Di sicuro interesse l'idea di integrare i &lt;strong&gt;Podcast&lt;/strong&gt;, che tuttavia al momento non sempre sono attivi o aggiornati.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se la nuova veste grafica sembra studiata per soddisfare anche i palati più esigenti, lo stesso non si può dire della &lt;strong&gt;infrastruttura tecnica&lt;/strong&gt; a cui è affidata la trasmissione dei contenuti. Come &lt;a href=&quot;http://adelrosso.blogspot.com/2007/06/video-activex-sul-sito-rai-naaaaa.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;segnalato&lt;/a&gt; da più fonti, la tecnologia adottata è basata sui Microsoft ActiveX. Se da un lato &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.silenzi.com/2007/06/12/found-nuovi-episodi-di-arturo-e-kiwi/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;qualcuno&lt;/a&gt; la ritiene persino &lt;strong&gt;obsoleta&lt;/strong&gt;, dall'altro il &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.malex.org/archives/2007/06/linnovazione-secondo-la-rai/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;limite&lt;/a&gt; principale di questa scelta è la &lt;strong&gt;compatibilità&lt;/strong&gt; quasi esclusiva con Windows e Internet Explorer.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Chi tenti di visualizzare uno dei filmati messi a disposizione con un browser a grande diffusione come Firefox, ottiene infatti &lt;strong&gt;un eloquente avviso&lt;/strong&gt;: &amp;#8220;Per la visione del video è necessario: Plug-in ActiveX per Firefox&amp;#8221;. Cliccando si viene dirottati su &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iol.ie/%7Elocka/mozilla/plugin.htm#download&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;un sito&lt;/a&gt; dove è possibile scaricare una estensione per il browser di Mozilla.org, che tuttavia è disponibile solo per &lt;strong&gt;versioni di Firefox dalla 1.5 in giù&lt;/strong&gt;, ossia versioni non aggiornate e sconsigliate persino da Mozilla Foundation.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Se ciò accade è perché gli sviluppatori del plugin ne hanno &lt;strong&gt;cessato lo sviluppo&lt;/strong&gt;, ritenendo questo tipo di sistema ormai superato da soluzioni più avanzate per la webTV come quella sviluppata, tra gli altri, da &lt;strong&gt;YouTube&lt;/strong&gt;. In alcuni casi è possibile installare ugualmente l'estensione anche su Firefox 2, ma l'operazione non va sempre a &lt;a href=&quot;http://informatica.wordpress.com/2007/06/03/raitv-nuovo-portale-ma-soliti-vecchi-problemi/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;buon fine&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; src=&quot;http://www.punto-informatico.it/punto/20070613/n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Camin che fumano&quot; /&gt;Situazione analoga si verifica anche sui &lt;strong&gt;sistemi Mac&lt;/strong&gt;: Firefox tenta di visualizzare il contenuto appoggiandosi a QuickTime (spesso senza particolare successo o con evidenti problemi grafici), mentre Camino restituisce un laconico &amp;#8220;Tipo di file non supportato&amp;#8221; (vedi foto) e non va meglio neppure tentando di usare Safari. Analoga situazione, se non peggiore, per gli utilizzatori di &lt;strong&gt;sistemi GNU/Linux&lt;/strong&gt;, per i quali non esiste alcuna alternativa utile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Stupisce la scelta di impiegare questa tecnologia: soluzioni diffuse come &lt;strong&gt;MPEG4&lt;/strong&gt; avrebbero garantito quella interoperabilità con tutte le piattaforme annunciata nel Contratto di Servizio &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1948762&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;firmato&lt;/a&gt; lo scorso aprile. Persino una soluzione non freeware basata su Flash avrebbe permesso &lt;strong&gt;maggiore fruibilità&lt;/strong&gt; dell'archivio, che invece nella situazione attuale nega il principio di neutralità della rete da molti &lt;a href=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/p.aspx?i=1822455&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;auspicato&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Una situazione che ha &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slacky.eu/forum//viewtopic.php?t=19253&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;irritato&lt;/a&gt; non poco gli utenti, e non &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyclingforums.com/showthread.php?p=3277939#post3277939&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;soltanto&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antoniocattarossi.com/blog/es/?p=6&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Italia&lt;/a&gt;. Sono dunque partite due iniziative, molto simili nei contenuti, che si propongono di &lt;strong&gt;inondare le caselle di posta elettronica RAI&lt;/strong&gt; con missive di protesta.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &amp;#8220;La scelta di utilizzare ActiveX danneggia il servizio &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rai.tv&quot;&gt;www.rai.tv&lt;/a&gt; stesso&amp;#8221; si legge nella lettera, &amp;#8220;perché &lt;strong&gt;preclude l'accesso non solo agli utenti GNU/Linux&lt;/strong&gt;, che sono in aumento, ma anche agli utenti Windows che utilizzano il browser Firefox&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In conclusione &amp;#8220;la scelta di utilizzare ActiveX limita l'&lt;strong&gt;accessibilità ad un servizio pubblico&lt;/strong&gt;, un servizio che tutti contribuiscono a pagare &amp;#8211; anche chi utilizza il sistema operativo GNU/Linux &amp;#8211; e di cui tutti devono poter usufruire&amp;#8221;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Le due iniziative parallele, con il testo completo della lettera da inviare, sono disponibili &lt;a href=&quot;http://g10co.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/deactivex/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;qui&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href=&quot;http://g33k0.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/disactiviamo-il-servizio-pubblico/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;qui&lt;/a&gt;. Mentre scriviamo &lt;strong&gt;dalla RAI non è ancora giunta alcuna risposta&lt;/strong&gt; ufficiale.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;em&gt;Luca Annunziata&lt;/em&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     &lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://punto-informatico.it/images/ccpi.png&quot; alt=&quot;Creative Commons License&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
     
  &lt;/p&gt;
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            <title>Short interview on Roberto Galoppini&#39;s blog</title>
            <link>/short-interview-on-roberto-galoppinis-blog/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/short-interview-on-roberto-galoppinis-blog/</guid>
            <description>Roberto Galoppini, nella sua veste di blogger, ha pubblicato una breve intervista al sottoscritto, nella quale facciamo un po&#39; il punto della mia attività come sostenitore del Software Libero.
Colgo l&amp;rsquo;occasione per segnalare l&amp;rsquo;interessantissimo blogdi Roberto, che conosco da quando faceva parte anche lui del capitolo italiano di Free Software Foundation Europe.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Roberto Galoppini, nella sua veste di blogger, ha pubblicato una breve <a href="http://robertogaloppini.net/2007/05/17/italian-open-source-advocate-carlo-piana/">intervista</a> al sottoscritto, nella quale facciamo un po' il punto della mia attività come sostenitore del Software Libero.</p>
<p>Colgo l&rsquo;occasione per segnalare l&rsquo;interessantissimo <!-- raw HTML omitted -->blog<!-- raw HTML omitted --> di Roberto, che conosco da quando faceva parte anche lui del capitolo italiano di <!-- raw HTML omitted -->Free Software Foundation Europe<!-- raw HTML omitted -->. Romano, da sempre è la testa di ponte tra il mondo dell&rsquo;attivismo “Freesoftwareista” e l&rsquo;impresa. Gira che ti rigira quando parli di queste cose, è il suo nome che salta sempre fuori.</p>
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            <title>Software Libero, l&#39;utopia che crea il mercato</title>
            <link>/software-libero-lutopia-che-crea-il-mercato/</link>
            <pubDate>Mon, 21 May 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/software-libero-lutopia-che-crea-il-mercato/</guid>
            <description>slides(Open Documentformat) of today&amp;rsquo;s lesson at Università Statale, Philosophy of Law Department, are available, also in PDF format.
Thanks to Prof. Jori e Prof. Rossetti for their warm reception and for their patience in listening to me.</description>
            <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><!-- raw HTML omitted -->slides<!-- raw HTML omitted --> (<!-- raw HTML omitted -->Open Document<!-- raw HTML omitted --> format) of today&rsquo;s lesson at Università Statale, Philosophy of Law Department, are available, also in <a href="https://www.piana.eu/repository/filosofia.pdf">PDF</a> format.</p>
<p>Thanks to Prof. Jori e Prof. Rossetti for their warm reception and for their patience in listening to me. For the same reason, thanks also to poor students attending.</p>
<p>Also this work is under Creative Commons by-sa 3.0.</p>
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        <item>
            <title>Intervista (breve) al blog di Roberto Galoppini</title>
            <link>/intervista-breve-al-blog-di-roberto-galoppini/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2007 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/intervista-breve-al-blog-di-roberto-galoppini/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; Colgo l&#39;occasione per segnalare l&#39;interessantissimo &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.robertogaloppini.net/&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;robertogaloppini&amp;quot;&amp;gt;blog&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; di Roberto, che conosco da quando faceva parte anche lui del capitolo italiano di &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;fsfe&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    Colgo l'occasione per segnalare l'interessantissimo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robertogaloppini.net/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;robertogaloppini&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; di Roberto, che conosco da quando faceva parte anche lui del capitolo italiano di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsfeurope.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;fsfe&quot;&gt;Free Software Foundation Europe&lt;/a&gt;. Romano, da sempre è la testa di ponte tra il mondo dell'attivismo &amp;#8220;Freesoftwareista&amp;#8221; e l'impresa. Gira che ti rigira quando parli di queste cose, è il suo nome che salta sempre fuori.
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            <title>Le metamorfosi del computer contro il principio di esaurimento</title>
            <link>/le-metamorfosi-del-computer-contro-il-principio-di-esaurimento/</link>
            <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2007 23:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
            <guid>/le-metamorfosi-del-computer-contro-il-principio-di-esaurimento/</guid>
            <description>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; La riproduzione è riservata (vedi le &amp;lt;a title=&amp;quot;copyright&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;http://www.interlex.it/info.htm#copyright&amp;quot;&amp;gt;condizioni di copyright &amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;richieste dalla rivista). &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;h1&amp;gt; Le metamorfosi del computer contro il principio di esaurimento &amp;lt;/h1&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; di Carlo Piana&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.</description>
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<pre><code>  &lt;p&gt;
    La riproduzione è riservata (vedi le &lt;a title=&quot;copyright&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/info.htm#copyright&quot;&gt;condizioni di copyright &lt;/a&gt;richieste dalla rivista).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;h1&gt;
    Le metamorfosi del computer contro il principio di esaurimento
  &lt;/h1&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    di Carlo Piana&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana9.htm#*&quot;&gt;*&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8211; 28.02.07
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Un interessante &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://www.microsoft.com/italy/pmi/legale/licenza_preinstallato.mspx&quot;&gt;articolo di Simonetta Lavagnini&lt;/a&gt; prende spunto da alcune mie note su questa rivista &amp;#8211; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/copyright/c_piana8.htm&quot;&gt;Illegittimità delle limitazioni alla circolazione del software&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8211; e offre una visione critica alle mie posizioni sull'illiceità delle condizioni nelle licenze OEM che impediscono di trasferire il software su macchine diverse da quella di originale installazione.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La garbata trattazione dell'autrice a mio parere non convince, non tanto (e non solo) perché giunge a conclusioni non condivisibili, ma per i principi da cui parte. Uno di essi riguarda la natura stessa del copyright, inteso come diritto di copia, e il cosiddetto principio di esaurimento, da cui mi piace trarre spunto per una discussione più ampia della semplice polemica.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La prima affermazione sulla quale mi sembra di dover appuntare il più radicale dei disaccordi è quella secondo cui la circolazione del diritto d'autore, successivamente all'acquisto di una copia del lavoro protetto, possa e debba avvenire unicamente attraverso la circolazione materiale della copia intesa in senso rigorosamente fisico (il “&lt;em&gt;corpus mechanicum&lt;/em&gt;”). La dimostrazione di ciò sarebbe che l'ordinamento considererebbe sempre illecito trarre un'ulteriore copia, salva la possibilità di fare eccezionalmente una copia a fini di backup, ma su consenso del titolare e dietro la corresponsione di un compenso.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    La dimostrazione, per dire poco, non convince. Il compenso di cui si parla è in realtà una vera e propria accisa (&lt;em&gt;levy&lt;/em&gt;) che viene imposta su tutti i supporti di registrazione, indipendentemente dal fatto che il supporto vada a registrare contenuti protetti da copyright o in pubblico dominio, soggetti a licenza “proprietaria” o a licenze più o meno libere, musica o software, contenuti altrui o propri. Siccome io il diritto lo pago anche sui supporti nei quali registro i miei scritti (di cui detengo il copyright), mi pare dubbio che tale esazione sia un né un “corrispettivo” né “aggiuntivo” di alcun genere: se così fosse non dovrei pagare me stesso per qualcosa che io stesso ho il diritto di fare, e comunque il compenso lo percepirei io. Ma di quei soldi non ho mai visto una lira.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    In realtà il fondamento vero dell'imposizione è quello di compensare gli autori per gli abusi che si fanno degli “usi liberi”, non di pagare per un diritto.&lt;br /&gt; Sappiamo troppo bene che trarre conseguenze di ordine generale dalle disposizioni fiscali (e questa lo è) è operazione quantomeno rischiosa. È in genere più semplice concludere che dietro alle disposizioni fiscali si celino motivazioni di gettito e tuttalpiù antielusive. Anche il caso in esame non mi pare fare eccezioni (se non perché i soldi non vanno al fisco, ma a privati!).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Da un punto di vista logico, se la dimostrazione è criticabile, non per questo necessariamente il principio enunciato è inesatto. Dove la teoria si dimostra fallace è proprio nell'identificare il supporto come il fondamento stesso del diritto, stabilendo un'equivalenza assoluta tra copia e diritto. Ha ragione l'autrice quando ricorda come tale principio ha radicate ragioni storiche, ma il fatto che vi sia una tradizione in tal senso non giustifica che oggi si debba perpetuare tale tradizione. Oggi i contenuti soggetti a copyright sono in larga parte dematerializzati, non dipendono da un supporto fisico determinato. Il software, certamente, non lo fa.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    A volte il supporto nemmeno esiste, ce lo mette l'acquirente, come per la musica scaricata da Internet. Come la mettiamo? Dobbiamo dire “attenzione a come scaricate la musica (i filmati, il software) perché una volta che l'avete scaricato su un supporto, scordatevi di sentire la musica usando un supporto diverso”? Una parte dell'industria dei contenuti vorrebbe così. Vorrebbe che se scarico una canzone in un lettore portatile, non possa registrarla su un CD e sentirmela in macchina. Dovrei pagare una seconda volta, per la stessa canzone. E magari una terza per mettere la canzone su un computer e usarla come sottofondo quando faccio vedere le foto delle vacanze alla famiglia. E così via.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Tutto ciò non ha senso per la musica, tantomeno ha senso per il software. A differenza dei contenuti autorali, il software non ha una &lt;em&gt;chance&lt;/em&gt; che è una di essere usufruita più o meno direttamente sul supporto. Il software è una sequenza di istruzioni e di dati che vengono passati a un elaboratore perché esegua dei compiti. Tali istruzioni, per avere una qualsiasi utilità, devono essere lette da un dispositivo di lettura del supporto, caricate in uno spazio di memoria (dunque &lt;em&gt;copiate&lt;/em&gt;), passate a un'unità di elaborazione per essere processate, il risultato viene caricato in un altro spazio di memoria, e così via per le istruzioni successive. In questo il supporto è solo il punto di partenza, nemmeno necessario (pensiamo al software veicolato via web, tipo i servizi di webmail).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il computer non è un mezzo di distribuzione del software, al contrario: il software è il mezzo per far funzionare un computer. Certo, da una multinazionale del software ci si può aspettare di avere una visione software-centrica. Tuttavia, da ogni punto di vista possibile, un utente compra un computer, soprattutto un PC, come un attrezzo multipotenziale, in cui non ha alcuna importanza il software in sé, ma le funzionalità che il software consente. L'utente può essere contento se vi è del software precaricato, così si evita l'incomodo di installarselo. Ma non conosco nessuno che compra un computer solo perché sopra vi è del software. Mentre un CD musicale senza musica può servire al massimo come sottobicchiere, un computer senza software ha perfettamente senso, anche se oggi sembra impossibile acquistarne uno. Inoltre, oggi come oggi, è praticamente impossibile che il software precaricato all'origine dal produttore del computer rimarrà lo stesso quando il computer verrà abbandonato, tra service pack e upgrade vari, cambi di sistema operativo, installazione di nuovo software. E potremmo abbondare con esempi che confutano l'equazione computer = supporto del software.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Fin qui si può pensare che si tratti di un'innocua discussione sul sesso degli angeli. Nient'affatto. È un argomento molto, molto più importante. Reintroduciamo il concetto di esaurimento. Esso, nell'accezione usuale, vuole che una volta che una copia di un opera coperta da diritto d'autore viene venduta all'utente finale, il titolare perde il diritto di controllare l'ulteriore circolazione di quella copia. Ciò significa, in poche parole, che se io compro un libro, la “licenza” che viene incorporata in quella copia deve poter circolare con la copia stessa, senza che il titolare del diritto possa mettere parola (le parti non possono convenire niente di diverso).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Veniamo alle “versioni OEM” del software. Il principio di esaurimento si applica anche a queste versioni? Il sillogismo della legge è rigoroso: tutto il software legittimamente acquistato soggiace, il software OEM è legittimamente acquistato, il software OEM soggiace. Il principio di esaurimento si applica anche al software OEM.&lt;br /&gt; E qui viene l'importanza della distinzione. Si dice: ma se per vendere il diritto sull'opera-libro devo vendere il libro, e il tutto viene presidiato dal diritto di controllare le copie ulteriori (se non posso fare la copia del libro, devo proprio vendere e consegnare il supporto perché il diritto passi), per vendere il diritto sull'opera-software debbo vendere il supporto su cui la copia è &lt;em&gt;originalmente&lt;/em&gt; fornita. Per cui se vendo una copia del software il cui supporto è il computer, solo vendendo il computer posso cedere il diritto sulla copia. Siccome quando ho comprato il software, questo era su un computer, il computer è &lt;em&gt;il supporto&lt;/em&gt;. Il computer è il “licensed device” (ciò è detto a chiare lettere sulla licenza di Vista). Non sono io che compro il diritto di usare il software, io compro un computer che ha &lt;em&gt;lui&lt;/em&gt; la licenza di usare il software. In italiano si dovrebbe dire “esso”, ma siccome la titolarità dei diritti è attribuita solo alle persone fisiche e giuridiche, non può che essere o un lui, o una lei.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    E qui sta la furbata. Poiché non è possibile contraddire il principio di esaurimento, perché è un principio fondamentale del diritto d'autore, si cerca di zavorrare il principio, fondendolo con qualcosa di molto più grande. Siccome la circolazione del diritto deve avvenire con il supporto, facciamo finta che il computer sia il supporto, allora il diritto circola solo con questo il computer. Questa proprio sta alla pari con “&lt;em&gt;it's not a bug, it's a feature&lt;/em&gt;”. Parafrasando: “&lt;em&gt;it's not a computer, it's a storage medium”&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt; Poco sopra ho affermato, riportando un pensiero altrui, che il diritto circola sul supporto su cui la copia è &lt;em&gt;originalmente&lt;/em&gt; fornita (si noti l'enfasi). Nessuno mi ha dato però una dimostrazione di questo enunciato, che rifiuto. Un tale enunciato dimostra tutta la sua fallacia in un mondo in cui le opere, siano esse autorali che software, sono in larga parte dematerializzate.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    L'oggetto dei contratti di licenza di software (incluse le licenze pubbliche, che non ritengo essere &lt;em&gt;necessariamente&lt;/em&gt; contratti) e dei contenuti autorali deve essere considerato un bene giuridico, non un oggetto materiale. In tali contratti la causa risiede nel fatto che si cede un titolo di utilizzo personale, non certo l'oggetto-supporto. L'oggetto immediato di tale diritto è un bene il cui valore è creato in modo pressoché totale della scarsità artificiale del bene introdotta dal divieto di copia. Tale oggetto per sua natura sarebbe invece replicabile &lt;em&gt;ad libitum &lt;/em&gt;e dunque infinitamente disponibile e inconsumabile. È ciò che attribuisce un valore di scambio al software (almeno, a quello proprietario). Dunque anche la circolazione ulteriore ha come oggetto il bene giuridico, non certo e non tanto la copia fisica, che nel caso del software potrebbe benissimo non esistere. In tutto ciò non è rilevante il fatto che la copia sia &lt;em&gt;originale&lt;/em&gt; oppure no, ma se il cedente ha originalmente acquistato il diritto legittimamente e il trasferimento avviene a titolo definitivo, spogliandosi il cedente dalla possibilità di continuare a usare il bene immateriale (se si facesse il contrario, ciò costituirebbe una copia illecita).
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Ma l'originalità del supporto in tutto ciò ha solo la funzione di rendere facile la prova di tale trasferimento. Facile, non unica, come giustamente ha deciso il Tribunale di Bolzano in un famoso caso di cui si è trattato su questa rivista [link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interlex.it/testi/giurisprudenza/bz050331.htm]&quot;&gt;http://www.interlex.it/testi/giurisprudenza/bz050331.htm]&lt;/a&gt;.
  &lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p&gt;
    Il software non cambia se lo acquisisco scaricandolo da Internet, se vado in un negozio e compro un DVD, se me lo trovo installato sul computer quando lo compro, nuovo o usato. Quello che ne faccio non cambia, il suo valore non cambia. Sostenere che la forma di distribuzione del software faccia alcuna differenza, per cui se lo compro in occasione dell'acquisto di un PC che di per sé potrebbe anche esserne privo, allora lo posso usare solo su &lt;em&gt;quel computer&lt;/em&gt;, perché &lt;em&gt;quel computer&lt;/em&gt; ne è diventato, per una metamorfosi del tutto innaturale, semplicemente il supporto o il “dispositivo licenziato” mi sembra un sofisma inaccettabile.
  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
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            <link>/?p=384/</link>
            <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
            
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            <description>Modello Informativa Questo documento serve a rendere note alcune informazioni riguardo il trattamento dei dati personali di Farmacie.it e dei siti ad essa associati. Qualora qualsiasi informazione non sia chiara, puoi contattarci all’indirizzo amministrazione@nuzama.</description>
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<h1 class="title" id="modello-informativa">Modello Informativa</h1>
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<p>Questo documento serve a rendere note alcune informazioni riguardo il trattamento dei dati personali di <strong>Farmacie.it</strong> e dei siti ad essa associati. Qualora qualsiasi informazione non sia chiara, puoi contattarci all’indirizzo <a href="mailto:amministrazione@nuzama.it">amministrazione@nuzama.it</a> per ottenere chiarimenti.</p>
<h1 id="identità-e-i-dati-di-contatto-del-titolare-del-trattamento">1. Identità e i dati di contatto del titolare del trattamento</h1>
<p>Il titolare del trattamento è Nuzama S.r.l., Via Filippo Argelati 10 – 20143 Milano (Italia), indirizzo email <a href="mailto:amministrazione@nuzama.it">amministrazione@nuzama.it</a> (di seguito Nuzama).</p>
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<p>In questa sezione forniamo un elenco delle tipologie di trattamento e alcune informazioni importanti. Alcune tipologie possono avere più di una finalità e regole differenti per ciascuna finalità.</p>
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<p>Dati relativi alla connessione, raccolti tramite log automatiche di sistema. Il Sito Web inoltre salva sui dispositivi degli utenti dei cookie, secondo quanto meglio descritto nella <a href="#sec:sec_cookie_policy">cookie policy</a> al punto <a href="#sec:sec_cookie_policy">6</a>.</p>
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<li>Consenso liberamente espresso dall’interessato (mediante l’installazione di cookie, vedi <a href="#sec:sec_cookie_policy">cookie policy</a>).</li>
<li>Un interesse proprio del titolare, in particolare per perseguire le finalità, posto che vi è stata una valutazione delle misure per ridurre i rischi, tra i quali la cancellazione periodica dei dati, la pseudonomizzazione e i rischi specifici per la tipologia di contenuti e dati acceduti. (marketing diretto, social media, targeted advertisement)</li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li>Media manager.</li>
<li>Terze parti incaricate e fornitrici di servizi relativi, tramite strutture, servizi, cookie e parti di codice forniti da loro (vedi <a href="#sec:sec_cookie_policy">cookie policy</a>, punto <a href="#sec:sec_cookie_policy">6</a>)</li>
</ul>
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<p>Dati raccolti presso l’interessato al fine di ottenere l’iscrizione</p>
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<h1 id="diritti-dellinteressato">3. Diritti dell’interessato</h1>
<p>L’interessato ha il diritto:</p>
<ul>
<li>di ottenere:
<ul>
<li>l’accesso ai dati personali</li>
<li>la rettifica o la cancellazione degli stessi o la limitazione del trattamento che lo riguardano</li>
<li>la portabilità dei dati; <!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->1<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>di opporsi al loro trattamento;</li>
<li>di revocare il consenso in qualsiasi momento senza pregiudicare la liceità del trattamento che sia basato sul consenso (vedi <!-- raw HTML omitted -->punto <!-- raw HTML omitted -->2.2<!-- raw HTML omitted --> (Dati di marketing, social media, pubblicità, anche in collaborazione con terzi), punto <!-- raw HTML omitted -->2.3<!-- raw HTML omitted --> (Registrazioni volontarie)<!-- raw HTML omitted -->) prestato prima della revoca ;</li>
<li>di proporre reclamo all’autorità di controllo: Autorità Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali (Garante Privacy), <a href="https://garanteprivacy.it">https://garanteprivacy.it</a>{.uri}.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="altre-informazioni">4. Altre informazioni</h1>
<p>I dati non saranno utilizzati per un processo decisionale automatizzato ai sensi dell’art. 22 GPDR<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->2<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->.</p>
<p>La comunicazione di dati personali non è un obbligo legale o contrattuale, inoltre, non è un requisito necessario per la conclusione di un contratto;</p>
<p>L’interessato non ha ha l’obbligo di fornire i dati personali. La mancata fornitura dei dati avrà come conseguenza la sola impossibilità di fruire dei contenuti (per le log) e di ricevere ulteriori informazioni (dati forniti volontariamente).</p>
<h1 id="modifiche">5. Modifiche</h1>
<p>Questa informativa può essere occasionalmente modificata a discrezione di Nuzama, al fine di adattarla ai cambiamenti all’interno di Nuzama, agli sviluppi tecnologici in corso e alle modifiche legislative.</p>
<p>Gli utenti riceveranno una notifica su queste modifiche attraverso l’indirizzo email che hanno precedentemente fornito, se disponibile.<!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<h1 id="6-cookie-policy-secsec_cookie_policy">6. Cookie policy {#sec:sec_cookie_policy}</h1>
<p>Nuzama utilizza i cookie in modo che gli utenti possano godere della migliore esperienza possibile sul Sito Web, inclusi cookie di terze parti e di profilazione. In questa sezione includiamo solo informazioni generali. Per un maggiore dettaglio, si fa riferimento alla Cookie Policy completa, <code>[ XXX ]</code> <!-- raw HTML omitted -->.</p>
<h2 id="che-cosa-sono-i-cookie">6.1. Che cosa sono i cookie?</h2>
<p>Un cookie è un piccolo file fatto di numeri e lettere che viene salvato sul dispositivo dell’utente. Le funzioni del Sito Web saranno limitate se si rifiuta di accettare i cookie.</p>
<h2 id="quanto-tempo-rimarranno-i-cookie-sul-computer">6.2. Quanto tempo rimarranno i cookie sul computer?</h2>
<p>Questo Sito Web utilizza cookie di sessione e cookie persistenti.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><em>cookie di sessione</em>: si tratta di cookie temporanei che rimarranno sul dispositivo dell’utente fino a quando non lascia il Sito Web.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>cookie persistenti</em>: questi cookie verranno salvati fino a quando l’utente non li cancellerà o raggiungeranno la data di scadenza.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="quali-cookie-vengono-utilizzati-da-questo-sito-web">6.3. Quali cookie vengono utilizzati da questo Sito Web?</h2>
<p>Vi sono varie tipologie di cookie in relazione alla loro finalità. Questo Sito Web utilizza unicamente: <!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><em>cookie tecnici</em>, necessari per il corretto e sicuro funzionamento del Sito Web, utilizzati per il monitoraggio delle sessioni e memorizzazione di informazioni specifiche sugli utenti che accedono alle pagina del Sito (ed esempio la lingua utilizzata);</p>
</li>
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<p><em>cookie analitici e di profilazione di terze parti</em>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="come-si-possono-gestire-i-cookie">6.4. Come si possono gestire i cookie?</h2>
<p>Le impostazioni iniziali della maggior parte dei browser Internet consentono di accettare automaticamente i cookie. A meno che siano state modificate le impostazioni del browser per bloccare i cookie, il web server invierà cookie quando verrà aperto il Sito Web. L’utente può rifiutare i cookie modificando le corrispondenti impostazioni nel browser. Va tenuto presente che impostare il browser per rifiutare i cookie (in particolare i ‘Cookie tecnici’ come descritti in questa Cookie Policy) può influire sulle prestazioni del Sito Web e potrebbe impedire l’accesso ad alcune parti di esso. Se si utilizzano dispositivi diversi per accedere al Sito Web (come computer e telefoni cellulari), sarà necessario verificare le impostazioni di ciascun browser su ciascun dispositivo per assicurarsi che corrispondano alle proprie preferenze per i cookie. Gli utenti di telefoni cellulari potrebbero dover consultare le istruzioni per i loro telefoni per trovare ulteriori informazioni su come bloccare i cookie utilizzando i loro browser mobili.</p>
<p>Milano, 28/02/2020<!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
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